International E-publication: Publish Projects, Dissertation, Theses, Books, Souvenir, Conference Proceeding with ISBN. 

Research progress in Synthesis and Characterization of Carbon based Nanomaterials

    ,

Author Affiliations

  • 1Department of Engineering Science and Humanities, Chameli Devi Group of Institutions Umikheda, Khandwa Road, Indore, India
  • 2Department of Applied Chemistry, Shri Govindram Seksaria Institute of Technology and Science, 23 Park Road, Indore, India

Res. J. Recent Sci., Volume 15, Issue (4), Pages 36-40, October,2 (2026)

Abstract

The enormous amount of plastic waste obstructs resource recovery and effective environmental management. Although plastic is a revolutionary material with thousands of applications, it constitutes a large portion of the waste generated worldwide. Experts have long worked to address this issue. Research in this area is still in its early stages, but it offers a feasible pathway for both waste reduction and the production of high-value carbon materials such as fullerenes, nanorods, graphene oxide nanosheets, quantum dots, carbon dots, and multi-walled carbon nanotubes. This review thoroughly discusses the synthesis, characterization, and remediation methods that use carbon-based products to remove harmful chemicals from wastewater, including heavy metals, dyes, pesticides, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Researchers employ synthesis techniques such as chemical vapor deposition, fuel-assisted combustion, sol-gel processing, pulsed wire discharge, hydroxide-assisted co-precipitation, and spray pyrolysis to prepare carbon nanomaterials. They characterize carbon nanoparticles using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, UV–visible spectroscopy, TEM, thermogravimetric analysis, XRD, Raman spectroscopy, and vibrating sample magnetometry. The review also describes waste water remediation processes, including adsorption, filtration, ultrasonic techniques, photocatalysis, phytoremediation, sedimentation, bioretention, and other nanotechnology-based approaches. Furthermore, it examines the synthesis of carbon nanoparticlesfromwasteplasticsusinglowenergyandenvironmentally benign methods to achieve the zero-waste hypothesis. Finally, it briefly discusses the environmental and energy-related applications of these materials.

References

  1. Azara, A., Belbessai, S., & Abatzoglou, N. (2022)., A review of filamentous carbon nanomaterial synthesis via catalytic conversion of waste plastic pyrolysis products., Journal of environmental chemical engineering, 10(1), 107049.
  2. Mustafa, K., Kanwal, J., & Musaddiq, S. (2021)., Waste plastic-based nanomaterials and their applications. In Waste recycling technologies for nanomaterials manufacturing (pp. 781-803)., Cham: Springer International Publishing.
  3. Kapoor, A., Raghunathan, M., Lal, B., Kumar, P., Srivastava, N., Devnani, G. L., & Pal, D. B. (2024)., Sustainable valorization of waste plastic into nanostructured materials for environmental, energy, catalytic and biomedical applications: A review., Chemosphere, 364, 143279.
  4. Gautam, R., Bassi, A. S., Yanful, E. K., & Cullen, E. (2007)., Biodegradation of automotive waste polyester polyurethane foam using Pseudomonas chlororaphis ATCC55729., International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation, 60(4), 245-249.
  5. Ali, M. I., Ahmed, S., Javed, I., Ali, N., Atiq, N., Hameed, A., & Robson, G. (2014)., Biodegradation of starch blended polyvinyl chloride films by isolated Phanerochaete chrysosporium PV1., International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 11(2), 339-348.
  6. Nangan, S., Natesan, T., Sukmas, W., Okhawilai, M., Babu, K. J., Tsuppayakorn-Aek, P., & Sehgal, S. S. (2023)., Waste plastics derived nickel-palladium alloy filled carbon nanotubes for hydrogen evolution reaction., Chemosphere, 341, 139982.
  7. Chada, N., Romanos, J., Hilton, R., Suppes, G., Burress, J., & Pfeifer, P. (2012)., Activated carbon monoliths for methane storage., In APS March Meeting Abstracts (Vol. 2012, pp. W33-012).
  8. Choudri, B. S., Charabi, Y., & Ahmed, M. (2018)., Health effects associated with wastewater treatment, reuse and disposal., Water Environment Research, 90(10), 1759-1776.
  9. Masciandaro, G., Iannelli, R., Chiarugi, M., & Peruzzi, E. (2015)., Reed bed systems for sludge treatment: case studies in Italy., Water Science and Technology, 72(7), 1043-1050.
  10. Belbessai, S., Benyoussef, E. H., Gitzhofer, F., & Abatzoglou, N. (2022)., Carbon nanomaterial production using waste plastic pyrolysis over a new catalyst made from mining residues: Effect of plastic type., Chemical Engineering Journal Advances, 12, 100424.
  11. He, S., Xu, Y., Zhang, Y., Bell, S., & Wu, C. (2021)., Waste plastics recycling for producing high-value carbon nanotubes: Investigation of the influence of Manganese content in Fe-based catalysts., Journal of Hazardous Materials, 402, 123726.
  12. Wang, J., Shen, B., Lan, M., Kang, D., & Wu, C. (2020)., Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) production from catalytic pyrolysis of waste plastics: The influence of catalyst and reaction pressure., Catalysis Today, 351, 50-57.
  13. Yao, D., Zhang, Y., Williams, P. T., Yang, H., & Chen, H. (2018)., Co-production of hydrogen and carbon nanotubes from real-world waste plastics: Influence of catalyst composition and operational parameters., Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 221, 584-597.
  14. Yao, D., Li, H., Dai, Y., & Wang, C. H. (2021)., Impact of temperature on the activity of Fe-Ni catalysts for pyrolysis and decomposition processing of plastic waste., Chemical Engineering Journal, 408, 127268.
  15. Meng, W., Xing, B., Cheng, S., Nie, Y., Zeng, H., Qu, X., ... & Hong, S. W. (2024)., Preparation of high quality carbon nanotubes by catalytic pyrolysis of waste plastics using FeNi-based catalyst., Waste Management, 189, 11-22.
  16. Aboul-Enein, A. A., & Awadallah, A. E. (2019)., Production of nanostructure carbon materials via non-oxidative thermal degradation of real polypropylene waste plastic using La2O3 supported Ni and Ni–Cu catalysts., Polymer degradation and stability, 167, 157-169.
  17. Yao, D., & Wang, C. H. (2020)., Pyrolysis and in-line catalytic decomposition of polypropylene to carbon nanomaterials and hydrogen over Fe-and Ni-based catalysts., Applied energy, 265, 114819.
  18. Singh, V., Yadav, P., & Mishra, V. (2020)., Recent advances on classification, properties, synthesis, and characterization of nanomaterials., Green synthesis of nanomaterials for bioenergy applications, 83-97.
  19. Misra, Y., Kumar, D. J. P., Mishra, R. K., Kumar, V., & Dwivedi, N. (2025)., , Thermocatalytic pyrolysis of plastic waste into renewable fuel and value-added chemicals: A review of plastic types, operating parameters and upgradation of pyrolysis oil.
  20. Parashar, M., Shukla, V. K., & Singh, R. (2020)., Metal oxides nanoparticles via sol–gel method: a review on synthesis, characterization and applications., Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics, 31(5), 3729-3749.
  21. Kukovecz, A., Konya, Z., Nagaraju, N., Willems, I., Tamasi, A., Fonseca, A., & Kiricsi, I. (2000)., Catalytic synthesis of carbon nanotubes over Co, Fe and Ni containing conventional and sol–gel silica–aluminas., Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 2(13), 3071-3076.
  22. Nassar, K. I., Teixeira, S. S., & Graça, M. P. (2025)., Sol–gel-synthesized metal oxide nanostructures: advancements and prospects for spintronic applications—a comprehensive review., Gels, 11(8), 657.
  23. Salame, P. H., Pawade, V. B., & Bhanvase, B. A. (2018)., Characterization tools and techniques for nanomaterials., In Nanomaterials for green energy (pp. 83-111). Elsevier.
  24. Berthomieu, C., & Hienerwadel, R. (2009)., Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy., Photosynthesis research, 101(2), 157-170.2Al-Harbi, N., & Abd-Elrahman, N. K. (2025).
  25. Singh, V., Yadav, P., & Mishra, V. (2020)., Recent advances on classification, properties, synthesis, and characterization of nanomaterials., Green synthesis of nanomaterials for bioenergy applications, 83-97.
  26. Abdelbasir, S. M., McCourt, K. M., Lee, C. M., & Vanegas, D. C. (2020)., Waste-derived nanoparticles: synthesis approaches, environmental applications, and sustainability considerations., Frontiers in Chemistry, 8, 782.
  27. Sharma Sharma, S., Kalita, G., Hirano, R., Shinde, S. M., Papon, R., Ohtani, H., & Tanemura, M. (2014)., Synthesis of graphene crystals from solid waste plastic by chemical vapor deposition., Carbon, 72, 66-73.