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Sustainability Assessment of Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicles versus Fossil Fuel Vehicles: A Canadian Perspective

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Author Affiliations

  • 1Faculty of Graduate Studies, University of Calgary, Canada and Department of Petrochemical Engineering, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Technological University, Lonere, Maharashtra, India
  • 2Faculty of Graduate Studies, University of Calgary, Canada
  • 3Faculty of Graduate Studies, University of Calgary, Canada
  • 4Faculty of Graduate Studies, University of Calgary, Canada

Res. J. Recent Sci., Volume 15, Issue (1), Pages 11-15, January,2 (2026)

Abstract

Transportation is a primary driver of Canada’s greenhouse gas emissions, contributing nearly 27% to the national total. To meet the ambitious Net-Zero 2050 targets, a paradigm shift from conventional internal combustion vehicles (ICVs) to cleaner propulsion technologies is imperative. This study presents a comparative sustainability assessment of Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicles (HFCVs) within the specific energy context of Alberta. Utilizing a scenario-based approach, we integrated Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) and Fuel Cycle Assessment with multidimensional indicators—environmental, economic, and social—aligned with the Triple Bottom Line. The findings demonstrate that HFCVs significantly reduce tailpipe emissions and noise pollution while improving energy efficiency, thereby supporting the decarbonization of the transport sector. However, the sustainability of HFCVs is heavily dependent on the hydrogen production pathway; currently, natural gas reforming offers lower emissions and superior cost-effectiveness compared to electrolysis, given Alberta’s fossil-fuel-intensive electricity grid. Techno-economic analyses highlight reduced operational costs and potential for job creation, while social metrics suggest improvements in accessibility and public health. These insights underscore the necessity for robust infrastructure development, targeted policy interventions, and strategic investment in the hydrogen economy to accelerate adoption. Future work will focus on dynamic modelling to guide evidence-based decisions for Canada’s sustainable mobility transition.

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