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Controlled Reflux Synthesis of MnO2 and SnO2: Influence of Water Medium on Product Yield and Synthesis Efficiency

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Author Affiliations

  • 1Chemistry Laboratory, VIVA College of Arts, Science and Commerce, Virar (West), India
  • 2Chemistry Laboratory, VIVA College of Arts, Science and Commerce, Virar (West), India
  • 3Chemistry Laboratory, VIVA College of Arts, Science and Commerce, Virar (West), India
  • 4Chemistry Laboratory, VIVA College of Arts, Science and Commerce, Virar (West), India

Res. J. Material Sci., Volume 14, Issue (3), Pages 1-3, August,16 (2026)

Abstract

Metal oxide semiconductors have gained considerable attention due to their excellent chemical stability, redox activity and potential applications in gas sensing, catalysis, energy storage, and electronic devices. In the present study, manganese dioxide (MnO2) and tin dioxide (SnO2) nanoparticles were synthesized using a simple and economical reflux-assisted chemical method. The influence of aqueous reaction medium, specifically distilled water and deionized water on synthesis efficiency and product yield was investigated. MnO2 was synthesized through an oxidation–precipitation reaction using manganese chloride tetrahydrate (MnCl2•4H2O) and potassium permanganate (KMnO4) under acidic conditions at controlled reflux temperature (95–100°C). SnO2 was prepared by hydroxide precipitation of anhydrous tin chloride (SnCl2) followed by oxidation using hydrogen peroxide under reflux conditions (80–90°C). The synthesized materials were obtained as brownish-black MnO2 and white SnO2 powders. The comparative study showed that the type of water medium significantly influenced the obtained yield indicating the important role of solvent purity in reaction kinetics and precipitation behavior. The reflux-based synthesis approach demonstrated good simplicity, reproducibility and scalability. The prepared metal oxides can be further explored for thin/thick film preparation and gas sensing applications.

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