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Rituals of Silence: Menstruation, Stigma and Social Control in Agonda, South Goa, India

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Author Affiliations

  • 1Department of Sociology, Government College of Arts, Science & Commerce, Quepem– Goa, India
  • 2Department of Sociology, Government College of Arts, Science & Commerce, Quepem– Goa, India

Int. Res. J. Social Sci., Volume 15, Issue (3), Pages 6-9, July,14 (2026)

Abstract

Menstruation is a natural biological phenomenon, yet it continues to be surrounded by a wide range of traditions, taboos, and socio-cultural meanings that shape how it is experienced and understood in society. The present study examines menstruation as a socio-cultural construct in Agonda village, South Goa, with particular focus on Hindu women and their lived experiences. The research adopts a qualitative ethnographic approach, using in-depth interviews, observation, and participant observation to understand how menstrual practices are embedded within religious beliefs, family traditions, and social expectations. The study explores the various religious, social, economic, physical, personal, and non-religious functions associated with menstruation and critically analyses the myths, superstitions, fears, and logics that influence people’s attitudes toward this natural process. It also investigates the concept of ‘agency’ by examining whether women follow these practices willingly or under social pressure. The findings reveal that although menstruation is recognised as a natural and essential biological process, it is socially constructed as impure, leading to restrictions that regulate women’s behaviour. The study highlights the tension between tradition and change, as women increasingly question these practices while still being constrained by deeply internalised norms. It emphasizes the urgent need for awareness, open dialogue, and social transformation to normalise menstruation and dismantle stigma.

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