Validation of Modified QuEChERS method using Low Cost Adsorbent and Screening of Selected Organochlorine and Organophosphorus Insecticides in Fruits and Vegetables
Author Affiliations
- 1Food Safety and Analytical Quality Control Laboratory, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore - 570020, INDIA
- 2 G.D. Rungta College of Science and Technology affiliated to Pt. Ravishankar University, Raipur 490023, INDIA
Int. Res. J. Environment Sci., Volume 4, Issue (5), Pages 18-27, May,22 (2015)
Abstract
A highly economical and simple sample preparation technique for the analysis of insecticide residues in fruits and vegetables was developed by modifying the existing Quick Easy Cheap Efficient Rugged and Safe (QuEChERS) technique and a full in-house validation was carried out for different pesticides belonging to organochloride and organophosphorus groups. In this newly developed sample preparation technique, easily available low cost fly ash which is a sugarcane industry waste was used as an adsorbent in place of expensive Primary Secondary Amine (PSA). Efficiency of the modified method was compared with that of original QuEChERS method by conducting parallel experiments. Insecticides were investigated at levels 0.01΅g/g in fruits (apple, grape and orange) and vegetables (cabbage, cauliflower, tomato and brinjal) using low cost adsorbent. Validation study fulfilled the requirement of SANCO guideline 2012. Experiments proved that the modified method can be adopted for routine monitoring of insecticide residues (dimethoate, malathion, alfa and beta-endosulfan) in fruits and vegetables. Out of seventy samples of fruits and vegetables collected from different outlets, Eleven samples were found to be contaminated with insecticides. Though residues were determined in tomato, cabbage, grape, orange and apple, they did not exceed the Maximum Residue Limit (MRL) prescribed under Food Safety Standard Authority of India. However, out of ten samples of cabbage analyzed, only one sample found to contain dimethoate residue, three times more the permitted level specified under Codex.
References
- Soerjomataram I., Oomen D., Lemmens V., Oenema A., Benetou V., Trichopoulou A., Coebergh J.W., Barendregt J. and Vries E., Increased consumption of fruit and vegetables and future cancer incidence in selected European countries, Eur J Cancer,46(14), 2563-2580 (2010)
- Rane Rajashree., Patil Sushma., Gangolli Divya and Ingawale Kanchan, The Ash and Iron Content in Apple Juice Concentrate Powder, Res. J. Recent Sci.,1(10), 59-62 (2012)
- Nwajei G.E., Okwagi P., Nwajei R.I. and Obi-Iyeke G.E., Analytical Assessment of Trace Elements in Soils, Tomato Leaves and Fruits in the Vicinity of Paint Industry, Nigeria, Res. J. Recent Sci.,1(4), 22-26 (2012)
- Motegaonkar Manorama B. and Salunke Shridar D., The Ash and Iron Content of Common Vegetable Grown in Latur District, India, Res. J. Recent Sci.,1(4), 60-63 (2012)
- World Health Organization (WHO)., Diet, Nutrition and the Prevention of Chronic Diseases; Geneva, Switzerland, Data files can be downloaded online at: http: www.who.int /dietphysicalactivity/publications/trs916/en /gsfao_introduction.pdf, (2003)
- Karl P. and Supa P., Fruits and Vegetables Consumption and Associated Factors among In-School Adolescents in Five Southeast Asian Countries, Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health,9, 3575-3587, (2012)
- Dastagiri M.B., Chand Ramesh., Immanuelraj T.K., Hanumanthaiah C.V., Paramsivam P., Sidhu R.S., Sudha M., Mandal S., Singh B., Chand K. and Ganesh B., American Journal of Agriculture and Forestry,1(1), 1-11 (2013)
- Mondal Debashri and Mondal Tamal, A Review on efficacy of Azadirachta indica A. Juss based biopesticides: An Indian perspective, Res. J. Recent Sci.,1(3), 94-99 (2012)
- Agnihotri N.P., Published all India coordinated research project of pesticide residues division of agricultural chemical, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, Pesticide safety evaluation and monitoring, 119146 (1999)
- Abhilash P.C. and Singh N., Pesticide use and application: An Indian scenario Hazard Mater, 165(1-3), 1-12 (2009)
- Srivastava A.K., Trivedi P., Srivastava M.K., Lohani M. and Srivastava L., Monitoring of pesticide residues in market basket samples of vegetable from Lucknow City, India: QuEChERS method, Environ Monit Assess,176,465472 (2011)
- Bhanti M. and Taneja A., Contamination of vegetables of different seasons with organophosphorous pesticides and related health risk assessment in northern India, Chemosphere,69, 6368 (2007)
- Wang L., Yongchao L. and Xin J., Analysis of eight organphosphorus pesticide residues in fresh vegetables retailed in agrictural product market of Nanjing, China, Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology,81, 377382 (2008)
- Quintero A., Caseiies M.J., Ettiene G., De-Colmenares N.G., Ramirez T. and Medina D., Monitoring of organphosphorus pesticide residues in vegetables of agricultural area in Venezuela, Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology,81, 393396, (2008)
- Torres R.L., Torres I.L.S., Gamaro G.D., Fontella F.U., Silveira P.P. and Moreira J.S.R., Lipid peroxidation and total radical-trapping potential of the lungs of rats submitted to chronic and subchronic stress, Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research,37, 185192 (2004)
- Cox I., Karakaya A.E., Afkham B.L. and Burgaz S., Organochlorine pesticide contaminants in human milk samples collected in Tebriz (Iran), Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology,63, 444450 (1999)
- India Koul Nishtha,Lokhande R.S. and Dhar J.K., Physico-Chemical, Bacteriological and Pesticide analysis of Tap Water in Millennium City Gurgoan, Haryana, India, I. Res. J. Environmen Sci.,1(2), 1-7 (2012)
- Mumtazuddin S., Azad A.K., Bharti Prabhat and Ranjan Rakesh., Physico-chemical analysis of groundwater of the Budhi Gandak belt in Muzaffarpur district, India, I. Res. J. Environmen Sci.,1(1), 7-11 (2012)
- Kumar A., Daya P., Shukla G., Singh, G. and Joseph P.E., DDT and HCH residue load in mother's breast milk: A survey of lactating mother's from remote villages in Agra region, Environmental International,32(2), 248-251 (2006)
- Kumari B., Madan V.K., Kumar R. and Kathpal T.S., Monitoring of seasonal vegetables for pesticide residues, Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 74, 263270 (2002)
- Kumari B., Gulati R. and Kathpal T.S., Monitoring of pesticidal contamination in honey, The Korean, Journal of Apiculture, 18(2), 155160 (2003a)
- Ash B., Satapathy D., Mukherjee P.S., Nanda B., Gumaste J.L. and Mishra B.K., Characterization and application of activated carbon prepared from coir pith, J. Sci. Ind. Res.,65, 1008-1012 (2006)
- Cui H., Cao Y. and Pan W.P., Preparation of activated carbon for mercury capture from chicken waste and coal, Anal. Appl. Pyro,80, 319-324 (2007)
- SANCO Guideline, http://ec.europa.eu/food/plant/ protection /Pesticides/docs, (2012)
- Wentwortha W.E., Huanga J., Suna K., Zhanga Y., Raoa L., Caib H. and Stanley D.S., Non-radioactive electron-capture detector, Journal of Chromatography A,842(12), 229266 (1999)
- Torres R.L., Torres I.L.S., Gamaro G.D., Fontella F.U., Silveira P.P. and Moreira J.S.R. Lipid peroxidation and total radical-trapping potential of the lungs of rats submitted to chronic and subchronic stress, Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research,37, 185192 (2004)
- Lehotaya S.J., Sonb K.A., Kwonb H., Koesukwiwata U., Fud W., Mastovskaa K., Hoha E. and Lee-pipatpiboon N., Comparison of QuEChERS sample preparation methods for the analysis of pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables, Journal of Chromatography A,1217,25482560 (2010)
- Torres C.M., Picσ Y. and Maρes J., Determination of pesticide residues in fruit and vegetables, Journal of Chromatography A,754(1), 301-331 (1996)
- Hayge W.J. Jr., Handbook of pesticide toxicology, San Diego: Academic, 13 (1991)
- Bhanti M. and Taneja A., Monitoring of organochlorine pesticide residues in summer and winter vegetables from Agra, India - a case study, Environ Monit Assess,110(1-3), 341-346 (2005)