International E-publication: Publish Projects, Dissertation, Theses, Books, Souvenir, Conference Proceeding with ISBN. 

Hydrogeochemical Analysis and Groundwater Suitability for Drinking and Irrigation of Kalyani Industrial Belt, West Bengal, India

Author Affiliations

  • 1Department of Chemistry, Mrinalini Datta Mahavidyapith, Birati, Kolkata-51, WB, India

Int. Res. J. Environment Sci., Volume 15, Issue (4), Pages 112-125, October,22 (2026)

Abstract

This study presents a comprehensive evaluation of groundwater quality for the year 2021 -2024 of the Kalyani industrial area using various statistical tools. The different had rochemical parameters like pH, Temperature (T), Total Hardness (TH), Total Alkalinity (TA), Total Dissolved Solid (TDS), concentrations of sodium ion (Na+), potassium ion (K+), calcium ion (Ca2+),magnesium ion (Mg2+), fluoride ion (F-), chloride ion (Cl-), sulphate ion (SO42-), nitrate ion (NO3-), bicarbonate (HCO3-) ion concentration etc have been analysed. After analysis, the quantitative results were equated with the drinking water quality standards set by WHO (World Health Organisation). Box and whisker plots have been used to understand the distribution of data of each parameter in different time scale. A correlation - regression study has been executed to assess the interrelationships amongst the various parameters of water quality. Hydro-geochemistry of this industrial belt has been explained by using Gibbs and Chadda diagram and analysis demands that the nature of the study zone is Ca-Mg-HCO3type. Ion exchange mechanism has been established trough bivariate relationship, ion exchange plot followed by Chloro-Alkaline Indices (CAI) analysis by using different ion concentration. Based on investigated parameters, the overall water quality was judged by calculating WQI (Water Quality Index) and the calculations demand that average WQI of the study area is 44.589, which is comparatively good for the usage of irrigation, domestic, industrialisation purpose. Furthermore, the irrigation suitability water for irrigation was also analysed, using some selected indices which revealed that water quality was fit for irrigation Overall, the water is appropriate for most uses with minimal treatment, though it must be treated before drinking. Irrigation suitability indices confirm that the groundwater of the Kalyani industrial belt is generally suitable for irrigation.

References

  1. Liu, J., & Bridget, R. (2020)., Food-energy-water nexus for multi-scale sustainable development., Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 154(C).
  2. World Health Organization (2022)., Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality (4th ed., updated)., Geneva: WHO.
  3. Masindi. V. and Foteinis, S. (2021)., Ground water Contamination in sub-Saharan Africa: Implications for Groundwater Protection in Developing Countries., Clean. Eng. Technol., 2, 1–14.
  4. Subramani, T., Elango, L. and Damodarasamy, S.R. (2005)., Ground water quality and its suitability for drinking and agricultural use in Chithar River Basin, Tamil Nadu, India., Environ. Geol., 47, 1099–1110.
  5. Ravikumar, P. and Somashekar, R.K. (2017)., Principal component analysis and hydro-chemical facies characterization to evaluate groundwater quality in Varahi river basin, Karnataka state. India., Appl. Water Sci., 7, 745-755.
  6. Adimalla, N. (2020)., Controlling factors and mechanism of groundwater quality variation in semiarid region of South India: An approach of water quality index (WQI) and health risk assessment (HRA)., Environ. Geochem. Health, 42(6), 1725–1752.
  7. Rahman, M. M., Mondal, D., Das, B., Sengupta, M. K., Ahamed, S., Hossain, M. A., ... & Chakraborti, D. (2014)., Status of groundwater arsenic contamination in all 17 blocks of Nadia district in the state of West Bengal, India: A 23-year study report., Journal of Hydrology, 518, 363-372.
  8. Saha, D., Marwaha, S. and Mukherjee, A. (2018)., Groundwater Resources and Sustainable Management Issues in India., Springer Hydrogeology. Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. P 1-11.
  9. UNEP (2019)., Global Environment Outlook – GEO-6: Healthy Planet, Healthy People., Nairobi: United Nations Environment Programme
  10. FAO (2021)., The State of the World’s Land and Water Resources for Food and Agriculture 2021: Systems at Breaking Point., Rome: FAO. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
  11. Gibbs, R. J. (1970)., Mechanisms controlling world water chemistry., Science, 170 (3962), 1088–1090.
  12. Kumar, P., Singha, S.S. and Singha, S. (2026)., Assessing groundwater quality for drinking purposes using water quality index and machine learning techniques in the Raipur district of central India., Environ. Earth Sci., 85(96), 1-29.
  13. Gibrilla, A., Bam, E. K. P., Adomako, D., Ganyaglo, S., Osae, S., Akiti, T. T., ... & Agyeman, E. K. (2011)., Application of water quality index (WQI) and multivariate analysis for groundwater quality assessment of the Birimian and Cape Coast Granitoid Complex: Densu River Basin of Ghana., Water Quality, Exposure and Health, 3(2), 63-78.
  14. Vasanthavigar, M., Srinivasamoorthy, K., Vijayaragavan, K., Rajiv Ganthi, R., Chidambaram, S., Anandhan, P., ... & Vasudevan, S. (2010)., Application of water quality index for groundwater quality assessment: Thirumanimuttar sub-basin, Tamilnadu, India., Environmental monitoring and assessment, 171(1), 595-609.
  15. Tukey, J.W. (1977)., Exploratory Data Analysis., Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, USA.ISBN-0-201-07616-0
  16. Kumari, M., Tripathi, S., Pathak, V., & Tripathi, B. D. (2013)., Chemometric characterization of river water quality., Environmental monitoring and assessment, 185(4), 3081-3092.
  17. Ahmad, T., Gupta, G., Sharma, A., Kaur, B., Alsahli, A. A., & Ahmad, P. (2020)., Multivariate Statistical Approach to Study Spatiotemporal Variations in Water Quality of aHimalayan Urban Fresh Water Lake., Water, 12(9), 2365.
  18. Mudgett, B. D. (1922)., Elements of Statistics 4th Edition, Revised.,
  19. APHA (1992)., Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 18th ed., Washington, DC: American Public Health Association.
  20. Pearson, K. (1896)., Mathematical Contributions to the Theory of Evolution—III: Regression, Heredity, and Panmixia., Philos. Trans. R. Soc. A, 187, 253–318.
  21. Evans, J. D. (1996)., Straightforward Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences. Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole Publishing Company., ISBN 0-534-23100-4.
  22. Hem, J. D. (1985)., Study and Interpretation of the Chemical Characteristics of Natural Water (3rd ed.)., U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 2254.
  23. Karanth, K. R. (1987)., Ground Water Assessment: Development and Management. New Delhi: Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company., ISBN-13: 978-0-07-451712-3.
  24. Bouwer, H. (1978)., Groundwater Hydrology., New York: McGraw-Hill. ISBN-13: 978-0-07-006715-8
  25. Chadha, D.K. (1999)., A proposed new diagram for geochemical classification of natural waters and interpretation of chemical data., Hydrogeol. 7(5), 431–439.
  26. Schoeller, H. (1967)., Qualitative evaluation of groundwater resources., In Methods and Techniques of Groundwater Investigation and Development, Water Resources Series No. 33, UNESCO, Paris, pp. 44–52
  27. Al-Sabah, B. J. J. (2016)., Application of Water Quality Index to Assessment of Tigris River., Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. App. Sci., 5(10), 397–407.
  28. Horton, R. K. (1965)., An index-number system for rating water quality., J. Water Pollut. Control Fed., 37(3), 300–306.
  29. Brown, R. M., McClelland, N. I., Deininger, R. A., & Tozer, R. G. (1970)., A water quality index—Do we dare?., Water Sew. Works, 117(10), 339–343.
  30. Tripathy, J. K. and Sahu, K. C. (2005)., Seasonal hydrochemistry of groundwater in the barrier-spit system of Chilika lagoon., J. Environ. Hydrol., 12(7), 1-9.
  31. Giljanovic, N.S. (1999). Water quality evaluation by index in Dalmatia. Water Res., 33(16), 3423–3440., undefined, undefined
  32. Mohebbi, M. R., Saeedi, R., Montazeri, A., Vaghefi, K. A., Labbafi, S., Oktaie, S., Abtahi, M., & Mohagheghian, A. (2013)., Assessment of water quality in groundwater resources of Iran using a modified drinking water quality index (DWQI)., Ecol. Indic., 30, 28–34.
  33. Aliyu, G. A., Jamil, N. R. B., Adam, M. B., & Zulkeflee, Z. (2019)., Assessment of Guinea Savanna River system to evaluate water quality and water monitoring networks., Global J. Environ. Sci. Manage., 5(3), 345–356.
  34. Raghunath, H. M. (1987)., Ground Water (2nd ed.)., New Delhi: Wiley Eastern Ltd. ISBN 0-470-20698-5.
  35. Todd, D. K. (1980)., Groundwater Hydrology (2nd ed.)., New York: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0-471-87616-X.
  36. Michael, A. M. (1978)., Irrigation: Theory and Practice., New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd.
  37. Kelley, W. P. (1963)., Use of saline irrigation water., Soil Sci., 95(6), 385–391.
  38. Doneen, L. D. (1964)., Water Quality for Agriculture., Department of Irrigation, University of California, Davis, CA, P 48.
  39. Wilcox, L. V. (1955)., Classification and Use of Irrigation Waters., USDA Circular No. 969. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture.
  40. U.S. Salinity Laboratory Staff (1954)., Diagnosis and Improvement of Saline and Alkali Soils., U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Handbook No. 60. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.