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Biodegradation of LDPE by Bacillus and Pseudomonas and its effects on Soil Phytotoxicity: A Comprehensive Review

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Author Affiliations

  • 1Shree Swaminarayan Science College, Swaminarayan University, Kalol, Gandhinagar, 382725, India
  • 2Shree Swaminarayan Science College, Swaminarayan University, Kalol, Gandhinagar, 382725, India
  • 3Shree Swaminarayan Science College, Swaminarayan University, Kalol, Gandhinagar, 382725, India

Int. Res. J. Environment Sci., Volume 15, Issue (3), Pages 25-34, July,22 (2026)

Abstract

Low density polyethylene (LDPE) is widely applied in agriculture, for example as mulch films, greenhouse covers, and packaging materials. Owing to its high durability, hydrophobic nature, and resistance to natural degradation, LDPE accumulates in soil ecosystems and causes adverse physicochemical and biological impacts. A growing body of evidence shows that LDPE residues and LDPE-derived microplastics can modify soil structure, adsorb agrochemicals and heavy metals, disturb soil microbial communities, and trigger phytotoxic responses in plants. Microbial biodegradation has therefore attracted attention as an eco-friendly approach to alleviate LDPE-induced soil phytotoxicity. Among soil microorganisms, Bacillus and Pseudomonas spp. are especially important because of their metabolic versatility and ability to colonies plastic surfaces. Bacillus spp. support long-term soil remediation by forming endospores and mediating moderate enzymatic oxidation of LDPE, thereby improving soil resilience, whereas Pseudomonas spp. generally achieves higher LDPE degradation rates through strong biofilm formation and diverse oxidative enzyme systems, resulting in more extensive polymer breakdown and lower phytotoxicity.

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