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Reviewing the degradation of water quality of Hooghly river with relation to environmental issues using multivariate statistical techniques

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Author Affiliations

  • 1Dukhulal Nibaran Chandra College, Aurangabad, Murshidabad, 742201, West Bengal, India
  • 2The Neotia University, Diamond Harbour, West Bengal, 7443368, West Bengal, India
  • 3Dukhulal Nibaran Chandra College, Aurangabad, Murshidabad, 742201, West Bengal, India

Int. Res. J. Environment Sci., Volume 15, Issue (2), Pages 74-81, April,22 (2026)

Abstract

This study reviewing the degradation of water quality of Hooghly River with relation to environmental issues using multivariate statistical techniques. The river plays a vital role in supporting the ecological balance and meeting the water needs of a large population, especially in Kolkata. However, increasing anthropogenic activities and urbanization have significantly degraded its water quality. To understand the variation in water quality, samples were collected from three major ghats like Bag bazar, Babughat, and Howrah Ferry Ghat. Various physicochemical parameters such as temperature, pH, conductivity, total dissolved solids (TDS), dissolved oxygen (DO), and oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) were analysed during pre-monsoon and post-monsoon seasons. Multivariate statistical techniques, including Pearson correlation and Principal Component Analysis (PCA), were used to identify relationships among variables and major pollution sources. The Water Quality Index (WQI) was also applied to evaluate the overall suitability of water for use. The results indicate significant seasonal and spatial variations in water quality. High conductivity and TDS values, along with low DO levels, suggest the presence of organic and inorganic pollution mainly from sewage discharge, industrial waste, and urban runoff. PCA results revealed that anthropogenic activities and seasonal factors are the major controlling elements influencing water quality. The study highlights the urgent need for proper monitoring and management strategies to improve the water quality of the Hooghly River and ensure sustainable utilisation of water resources.

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