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Effect of Air Pollution in Kanpur and Unnao, UP, India

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Author Affiliations

  • 1Department of Applied Chemistry, Dr. AITD Kanpur, India
  • 2Department of Mechnical Engineering, HBTU Kanpur, India
  • 3Department of Applied Chemistry, Dr. AITD Kanpur, India

Int. Res. J. Environment Sci., Volume 15, Issue (2), Pages 45-53, April,22 (2026)

Abstract

At present, the air quality index (AQI) in Kanpur has significantly deteriorated due to the rapid expansion of industrial activities. While industrialization has played a crucial role in economic growth, it has also led to severe environmental consequences, with air pollution being one of the most pressing concerns. The World Health Organization (WHO) has reported that India is home to several highly polluted cities, with approximately 14 to 15 cities ranking among the worst in terms of air quality. Kanpur, in particular, has been identified as one of the most critically affected cities, experiencing dangerously high levels of air pollution in recent years. Observations over the past few years indicate that industrial sectors are a major contributor to the city's worsening air pollution, surpassing even population-driven pollution sources. Among the key pollutants, particulate matter (PM) is the most dominant, comprising about 75% of total air pollutants, primarily in the form of dust and soot. Additionally, around 16% of air pollution is attributed to biomass burning, while vehicle emissions account for approximately 8–9%. However, seasonal variations also influence pollution levels. During the summer months, particulate matter contributions decrease to around 36%, with vehicular emissions playing an equal role in air pollution. This study analyzes pollution data from different areas during moderate weather conditions, revealing that approximately 20–80% of these areas experience severe pollution, particularly during winter. The colder months exacerbate pollution levels due to atmospheric conditions that trap pollutants closer to the ground, leading to the presence of toxic substances in the air. This phenomenon not only affects rainfall patterns and the overall environment but also poses significant health risks. Prolonged exposure to air pollution has been linked to numerous adverse health effects, including respiratory diseases, cardiovascular complications, neurological disorders, premature births, increased mortality rates, and chronic irritation. Recognizing the gravity of the situation, various institutions and local communities have initiated efforts to mitigate pollution levels. Measures such as promoting the use of electric vehicles, encouraging carpooling and public transportation, planting more trees, and implementing stricter industrial emission regulations have been introduced. However, despite these ongoing efforts, the AQI in Kanpur remains well below acceptable standards. This paper aims to examine the underlying causes, sources, and impacts of air pollution in Kanpur, utilizing available data and literature to provide an in-depth understanding of pollution trends. Furthermore, it explores existing mitigation strategies and suggests potential solutions to improve air quality in the city.

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