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Biotic Threats in Centella asiatica (L.) Urban and its Impact on Pharmacological Potential

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Author Affiliations

  • 1Plant Pathology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur, UP, India
  • 2Plant Pathology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur, UP, India

Int. Res. J. Biological Sci., Volume 15, Issue (2), Pages 14-18, May,10 (2026)

Abstract

Centella asiatica (L.) Urban, widely known as gotu kola or Asiatic pennywort, is a small yet highly valued medicinal herb of the family Apiaceae. Native to the India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Nepal, Southeast Asia, China, and some tropical islands. The plant is enriched with diverse bioactive constituents, particularly triterpenoid saponins—including asiaticoside, asiatic acid, madecassoside, and madecassic acid—along with flavonoids, phenolic acids, tannins, alkaloids, volatile oils, and essential minerals. Traditionally recognized as a “brain tonic,” it is now supported by modern research for its neuroprotective, anxiolytic, and memory-enhancing properties. Additionally, its extracts promote microcirculation and strengthen the vasculature, making it beneficial for chronic venous insufficiency, varicose veins, and related disorders. Its antimicrobial, anti-ulcer, anti-stress, and mild sedative properties further support its application in gastrointestinal disturbances, fatigue, epilepsy, and general wellness. However, several biotic stresses, like fungal, bacterial, and viral pathogens, cause leaf spots, wilt, blight, mosaic symptoms, and tissue deterioration. Insect infestation further exacerbates yield losses and compromises phytochemical quality. In this study, we have done preliminary anatomical observations of infected versus healthy tissues, revealing significant discoloration, blackened lesions, and stomatal abnormalities, indicating pathogen-induced structural damage. These biotic constraints are crucial for developing integrated disease management strategies and ensuring the sustainable cultivation and pharmaceutical quality of Centella asiatica.

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