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Earth and Geology: Understanding Planetary Systems, Processes, and Human Interactions

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Author Affiliations

  • 1Ssvp's Late Karmveer, Dr.P.R. Ghogrey Science College, Dhule, MS, India
  • 2Department of Geography, Abhay Mahila Mahavidyalaya, Dhule, MS, India

Int. Res. J. Earth Sci., Volume 14, Issue (1), Pages 5-7, February,25 (2026)

Abstract

Earth is a dynamic, multi-layered planet whose internal structure and surface processes sustain life and shape human societies. Geology—the study of Earth’s materials, structures, and processes—helps explain planetary evolution, natural hazards, resource distributions, and the consequences of human activities. This paper outlines Earth’s internal architecture, major geological cycles (rock cycle, plate tectonics, volcanism, seismicity), and the connections between geology and the other Earth systems (hydrosphere, atmosphere, biosphere). It also examines human reliance on geological resources, the environmental impacts of their misuse, and the role of geological knowledge in disaster risk reduction and sustainable policy. Case studies (Himalayan orogeny, groundwater depletion in India, Japan’s seismic preparedness) illustrate how geoscience informs practical solutions.

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