Research Journal of Recent Sciences _________________________________________________ ISSN 2277-2502 Vol. 4(IVC-2015), 6-8 (2015) Res. J. Recent. Sci. International Science Congress Association 6 Review Paper Exploration of Flower Based Natural Dyes - A ReviewSingh R. and Srivastava S. Department of Home Science, University of Allahabad, U.P. INDIA Available online at: www.isca.in, www.isca.me Received 4th April 2015, revised 11th May 2015, accepted 23rd May 2015 AbstractNowadays, demand for natural dyes has been growing rapidly due to increased awareness on hazardous, toxic and allergic reactions associated with synthetic dyes. Natural dyes are obtained from natural sources such as plants, insects and minerals. Among all the plant based dye sources i.e. bark, flowers, seeds etc. floral dye sources are more important for textile dyeing as it provides both dye as well as fragrance. This paper reviews the available floral dye sources, application and extraction of colourant from flowers and effect of different mordant. Keywords: Natural dye, colourant, mordant and floral dyes. Introduction These days environmental protection has become a challenge for the textile industry because it utilizes a lot of chemicals for colouration of textile materials. These chemicals are harmful for both human as well as environment. Synthetic dyes suffer from several draw-backs. Some of the synthetic dyes which are even carcinogenic and mutagenic have been banned. In this era of green minded consumer, interest in natural dyes has grown mainly because natural dyes have been shown to possess health-promoting and eco-friendly properties. There is found a wide range of natural products in India as it is one of the 17 mega-diverse countries. Two such natural products are flower and colour. India is the well known country of colours as it harbours a wealth of beautiful floral resources. Floral dye sources are more important for dyeing of textile materials as it provides both dye as well as fragrance. Dye pigments of flower provide colour to the textile while fragrance of the floral dye will help in retaining freshness of the textile material by keeping body odor away from the garment for a long period of time. In the present review article, an attempt has been made to provide valuable information on floral dye extracted from natural resources. Natural dyes Natural dyes are obtained from various sources. These dyes can be classified as: i. Natural dyes obtained from plants - Berry, flower, bark, leaf, seed etc (e.g. catechu, Indigofera, myrobalan, pomegranate). ii. Natural dyes obtained from insects – Cochineal and lac. iii. Natural dyes obtained from animal – Mollusk, murex snail, cuttlefish and shellfish. iv. Natural dyes obtained from mineral – Clay, ochre and malachite. A vast array of natural colourant exists in the above sources. These colours are exhibited by various coloured pigments. Colour of the pigment is due to chromophores present in dye yielding plants to display the hue of the colour. MordantsNatural dyes require an element to create a bonding between fabric and the dye particle. The mordant is known as the element which can facilitate the chemical reaction taking place between the textile fibre and the dye or pigment; as a result, the dye is absorbed into the textile material. A mordant is utilized to fix the dye to the fabric and to increase the colour fastness. Mordants can be classified as: i. Metallic mordants- Metal salts of chromium, iron, aluminium, copper and tin. ii. Oil mordants- Turkey red oil. iii. Natural mordants- tea leaves, myrobalan, vinegar. Floral sources of natural dyes: Many natural dyestuff and stains were obtained mainly from plants and dominated as sources of natural dyes, producing different colours like red, yellow, blue, black, brown and a combination of these. Almost all parts of the plants like root, bark, leaf, fruit, wood, seed, flowers, etc. produce dyes. Some important dye yielding floral plants habitats are given in the table 1. Research Journal of Recent Sciences ______________________________________________________________ ISSN 2277-2502Vol. 4(IVC-2015), 6-8 (2015) Res. J. Recent. Sci. International Science Congress Association 7 Table-1 Floral sources of dyes and mordants S. No. Plant Appearance Botanical name Colour obtained Textile material Mordants 1 African marigoldTagetes erecta L. Yellow Cotton and silk fabrics Alum, Copper sulphate, Stannous chloride and Ferrous sulphate. 2 African tulipSpathodea campanulata Red Silk and cotton fabrics Alum, Copper sulphate, Ferrous sulphate, Myrobolan, Stannous chloride, Potassium dichromate 3 Bottle brushCallistemon citrinus Purple Cotton cloth Copper sulphate and Ferrous sulphate 4 Pink Hollyhock Alcea Rosea Green Cotton, silk and wool Alum, Stannic chloride, Stannous chloride, Copper sulphate, Potassium dichromate and Ferrous sulphate 5 Saffron Crocus Sativus Linn Dark yellow Pashmina wool Aluminum sulphate, Stannous chloride and Ferrous sulphate 6 Night-flowering jasmineNyctanthes arbor-tristis Brown Cotton and wool fabric Alum, Copper sulphate, Vinegar and Ammonia 7 AparajitaClitoria ternatea Blue Cotton and wool fabric Alum, Copper sulphate, Vinegar and Ammonia 8 Flame of the ForestButea monosperma Yellow Cotton, silk and wool Alum, Chrome, Copper sulphate and Ferrous sulphate Research Journal of Recent Sciences ______________________________________________________________ ISSN 2277-2502Vol. 4(IVC-2015), 6-8 (2015) Res. J. Recent. Sci. International Science Congress Association 8 9 Yellow flax Rein wardtia Yellow Silk Stannous chloride, Ferrous sulphate, Indian gooseberry and Babool 10 Fire Flame BushWoodfordia fruticosa Yellowish brown Yarn - Silk, wool, cotton fabrics - cotton, cotton synthetic blend, cotton jute blend Myrobalan, Ferrous sulphate, Stannous chloride and Potassium dichromate 11 Scarlet Cordia10Cordia Sebestena Brown Silk Myrobolan, Nickel sulphate, Aluminium sulphate, Potassium dichromate, Ferrous sulphate, Stannous chloride 12 Cosmos orange11 Cosmos sulphureus Cav. Yellow, orange, brown Wool yarns Alum, Copper Sulphate, Ferrous Sulphate Conclusion Due to increasing awareness among people about the harmful effects of synthetic dyes, products made from natural materials are gaining popularity. As natural dye shows non-toxic, non-allergic effects and results in less pollution as well as less side effects, it become a thrust area in the field of textile dyeing research. In spite of being gifted with treasure of diverse flora and fauna, only a little has been exploited to fulfill the need of textile coloration. The study on review collected on natural dyes is an important step towards documenting these treasures of indigenous knowledge on the utilization of resources of natural dyes. Such review is collection, documentation and analysis of data on valuable floral resources available for natural dyeing. It focuses on forming strategy for conservation of floral dye resources. 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