Research Journal of Recent Sciences _________________________________________________ ISSN 2277-2502 Vol. 4(1), 1-8, January (2015) Res.J.Recent Sci. International Science Congress Association 1 A preliminary checklist of vascular aquatic plants of Iran Mehdi Yousefi and Sanaz ToranjDepartment of Biology, Payam Noor University, Tehran, IRAN Available online at: www.isca.in,www.isca.me Received 2nd June 2013, revised 216th September 2013, accepted 26th December 2014Abstract A first checklist of vascular aquatic macrophytes of Iran is presented with data on their life forms, distributions, and the frequency of their occurrence in geographical parts of the country, via a complete literature survey as well as herbarium speciemens examination and field observations. As the results, there are about 284 species of vascular aquatic and semi-aquatic macrophytes belonging to 127 genera and 57 families in Iran among them 80.3% of the species are helophytes, 13.9% submerged, 3.5% floating leaved and 2.3% free floating. Twenty seven of the families are also true hydrophytes families. Distributional points of view, the highest number of the aquatic species is found in the north and the lowest amount of them is found in the east of the country. Keywords: Aquatic plants; checklist; Iran. Introduction The vast country of Iran, in South–West Asia, constitutes a peculiar geographical unit which displays aremarkable biodiversity and various ecosystems with specific biological contents. Although much of Iran is extremely dry, the country possesses a great diversity of wetland ecosystems among which about 22 sites have been recorded in Ramsar Convention as wetlands of international importance1,2. These ecosystems are comprised of a multitude of aquatic habitats in which a variety of aquatic plants may be found. Recently, many attentions have been devoted to the survey of these natural water ecosystems and several studies on their flora have been published3-5 Meanwhile, a major checklist of the aquatic plants had not been accomplished to date for Iran and there was an urgent need for providing such a list. Therefore, providing a preliminary checklist of aquatic vascular plants of Iran with data on their distribution and life forms was the goal of this work. According to Chamber et al, the aquatic macrophytes are a diverse group of aquatic photosynthetic organisms, all large enough to see with the naked eye and are classified into Macroalgae, Bryophyta, Pterydophyta and Spermatophyta. The aquatic macrophytes belonging to Pterydophyta and Spermatophyta were investigated in the present work. Material and Methods This work was based on a detailed literatures survey as well as on a taxonomical study of some herbarium specimens followed by field observations and many collections done by students during several semesters in Natural Resources Faculty, Isfahan University of Technology . The recently new records for the flora Iran were also added7-10. Nomenclatures were adopted from the Flora Iranica1112 and the scientific names were also checked with the International Plant Name Index The life forms of the mature plants were classified according to the system of Rankiaer13, as modified by Archibald14. Descriptive statistical method was also applied for analyses of the obtained data. Results and Discussion The results showed that a total of 284 species belonging to 127 genera and 57 families of aquatic or semi-aquatic vascular plants are indigenous in Iran (table-1), among them, 8 species (2.9%) are Pteridophyat (3 horsetails and 5 ferns) and 276 species (97.1%) are Spermatophyta (101 species (33.7%) dicotyledonous and 175 species (63.4%) monocotyledonous. The largest true hydrophytes family is Potamogetonaceae with 2 genera and 14 species, followed by Typhaceae with one genus and 12 species. The largest true hydrophytes genera are also Potamogeton (with 13 species) and Typha (with 12 species). Roughly 59.8% of species are obligate aquatic species and 40.2% are facultative wetlands (figure-1). So far, about 8000 species of vascular plants have been recorded from Iran15. From them, 284 species (about 3.4%) are aquatic or semi-aquatic macrophytes according to our results. Indeed, almost 1.9% of them are obligate and 1.3% is facultative aquatic species). Tiner16 stated that the obligate and facultative wetland species have the greatest affinity to aquatic ecosystems and wetlands, and are the best vegetative indicators of wetlands. There are about 167 vascular plant families in the flora of Iran11,15 among which 57 families (ca. 34%) included the aquatic species (table-1), but when considering only hydrophytes families, only 27 families (about 16%) of them are true hydrophytes. Research Journal of Recent Sciences _____________________________________________________________ ISSN 2277-2502Vol. 4(1), 1-8, January (2015) Res.J.Recent Sci. International Science Congress Association 2 Table-1 List of vascular aquatic macrophytes of Iran. Abbreviations: LF=Life Form; H=helophytes; F=floating leaved; f=free floating; S=submerges species. GD=Geographical Distribution; N=North; S=South; E=East; W=West; C=Central; TH=Throughout. The sequence of the families, genera and species follows alphabetic order. The true aquatic families are marked with an asterisk. A.Crypogames Equisetaceae Equisetum fluviatile L.H N E. palustre L.H N E. telmateia Ehrh.H N Marsileaceae* Marsilea strigosa Willd.F N M. quadrifolia L.F N Salviniaceae* Azolla filicoloides Lam.F N Salvinia natans (L.) All.F N Thelypteridaceae Thelipteris palustris SchottH N B.Dicotyledones Amaranthaceae Alternanthera sessilis (L.) Br.H N Apiaceae Apium nodiflorum (L.) Lag.H W, S Berula angustifolia (L.) Mertens and W. D. KochH N, C, S Centella asiatica (L.) UrbanH N Hydrocotyle ranunculoides L.f N H. vulgaris L.H N Oenanthe aquatica (L. ) Poir.H N O. fistulosa L.H W O. silaifolia M. B. H N Asteraceae Aster tripolium L.H N Bidens tripartita L.H N, C Eclipta alba (L.) Hasskn. H N E. prostrata (L.) L. H N, S Sonchus maritimus L.H N S. palustris L.H N Tussilago farfara L.H N, C Avicenniaceae Avicennia marina (Forssk.) Vierh. H S Boraginaceae Myosotis palustris (L.) Nath.H N, W Brassicaceae Nasturtium microphyllum Boenn. ex Reichenb.H W, C N. officinalis (L.) R. Br.H N, W, C, S Rorripa amphibia (L.) BesserH C R. islandica (Oeder) BorbasH N, W R. kurdica (Boiss. and Hausskn.) Hedge.H C R. sylvestris (L.) BesserH C Callitrichaceae* Callitriche brutia PetagnaS N C. palustris L.S N Caryophyllaceae Myosoton aquaticum (L.) MoenchH N Spergularia diandra (Guss.) Heldr. and SartH W, E, S S. marina (L.) Griseb. H N, W, C Ceratophyllacaee* Ceratophyllum demersum L.S TH C. submersum L.S N Chenopodiacaee Beta vulgaris . subsp. maritima (L.) ArcangeliH N, S Salicornia europaea L.H TH Elatinaceae* Bergia ammannioides Heyne ex Roth.H N B. aquatica Roxb.H W Gentianaceae Gentiana aquatica L.H N, E Lomatogonium carinthiacum (Wulfen) A. Br.H N Haloragaceae* Myriophyllum spicatum L.S TH M. verticillatum L.S N Hipporidaceae * Hippuris vulgaris L.S N, C, S Lamiaceae Lycopus europeus L. H N, W, C Mentha aquatica L.H N, C M. longifolia (L.) Huds.H TH M. pulegium L.H N M. spicata L.H N Prunella laciniata L.H N Scutellaria galericulata L.H N Lentibulariaceae* Utricularia australis R. Br. S W U. minor L. S W U. ochroleuca R. Hartman S N U. vulgaris L. S N Lythraceae Ammannia auriculata Willd.H W, C A. baccifera L.H N A. multiflora Roxb.H S A. verticillata (Ard.) Lam.H W Lythrum salicaria L.H N, W, C, E Rotala densiflora (Roth.) Koehne H N Research Journal of Recent Sciences _____________________________________________________________ ISSN 2277-2502Vol. 4(1), 1-8, January (2015) Res.J.Recent Sci. International Science Congress Association 3 Malvaceae Althaea officinalis L.H N, W, C Kosteletzkya pentacarpus (L.) Ledeb. H N Menyanthaceae* Menyanthes trifoliata L.H N Nymphoides indicum (L.) O. Kontze.S N, W N. peltatum (Gmel.) O. Kontze.H N Nelumbonaceae* Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.H N Nymphaeaceae* Nuphar lutea (L.) Smith F W, S Nymphaea alba L.F N, S Onagraceae Epilobium hirsutum L.H TH E. minutiflorum Hausskn.H N, C E. palustre L.H N, C Ludwigia palustris (L.) ElliottH N Parnassiaceae Parnassia palustris L.H N Polygonaceae Polygonum amphibium L. F TH P. hydropiper L.H N, C P. lapathifolium L.H S Primulaceae Glaux maritima L.H E, C Lysimachia dubia Soland.H N L. vulgaris L.H N Pyrolaceae Pyrola rotundifolia L.H N Ranunculaceae Batrachium rionii Nym.S TH B. sphaerospermum (Boiss. and C.I.Blanche ) IranshahrH N, W, S, C B. trichophyllum (Chaix) Bosch S TH Caltha alba Jacquem.H W C. palustris L. H N, W Ranunculus lingua L.H N R. muricatus L.H N R. ophioglossifolius Vill.H N R. scleratus L.H N R. trichocarpus Boiss. and Kotschy S TH Rhizophoraceae Rhizophora mucronata Poir.H S Scrophulariaceae Baccopa monnieri (L.) PennellH S Gratiola officinalis L.H N Limosella aquatica L.H W, C Lindernia procumbens (Krock.) Philcox H N, S Veronica anagalis – aquatica L.H TH V. beccabunga L.H N, C V. peregrina L.H N V. serpyllifolia L.H N Solanaceae Solanum dulcamara L.H N, W, C Sphenocleaceae* Sphenoclea zeylanica Gaertn.H S Trapaceae* Trapa natans L.f N Verbenaceae Phyla nodiflora (L.) GreeneH TH C.Monocotylednes Alismataceae* Alisma gramineum Lej.S N A. lanceolatum With.H N, C. S A. plantago-aquatica L.H N Damasonium alisma MillerH N, S Sagittaria sagittifolia L.H N Butomaceae* Butomus umbellatus L.H N, C, S Cymodoceaceae* Halodule wrightii Ascheris.S S Thalassodendron ciliatum (Forssk.) Den HartogS S Cyperaceae Blysmus compressus (L.) Panzer ex LinkH N, W, C, S Bolboschoenus affinis (roth) Drob.H W, C B. glaucus (Lam.) S. G. SmithH TH B. maritimus (L.) PallaH W, C B. planiculmis (F. Schmidt.) T.V. EgorovaH N B. schmidii (Raymond) HolubH N, W Carex acuta L.H N, C C. acutiformis EhrhH N, W C. cuprina (Sandor ex Heuff.) Nendtv. Ex A. Kern. H N, W C. distans L.H W C. divisa Huds.H N, W, E C. elata All. H W C. flava L.H N, W C. extensa Good. H N C. melanantha C. A. MeyH N C. panacea L. H N, W C. pseudocyperus L.H N C, pycnostachya Kar. and Kir. H N C. riparia Curt.H N C. rostrata stokes H N C. serotina MeratH N, C C. tomentosa L.H N Cladium mariscus (L.) PohlH N, W, C, S Cyperus arenarius Retz.H S, E C. difformis L. H N, C, S C. distachyos All. H TH C. dives DelileH N C. esculentus L.H N Research Journal of Recent Sciences _____________________________________________________________ ISSN 2277-2502Vol. 4(1), 1-8, January (2015) Res.J.Recent Sci. International Science Congress Association 4 C. fuscus L.H TH C. glomeratus L. H N C. imbricatus Retz.H N C. iria L.H S C. longus L.H TH C. malaccensis Lam.H S C. michelianus (L.) DelileH N C. odoratus L.H N C. pannonicus Jacq.H N C. pygmaeus Rottb.H N, W, S C. rotundus L.H TH C. serotinus L.H N, S Eleocharis argyrolepis KierulffH N E. atropurpurea (Retz.) J.Presl and C.Presl.H S E. caduca (Delile) Schult.H N E. geniculata (L.) Roem and Schult. H E. mitracarpa Steud.H TH E. palustris (L.) Roemer and SchultesH TH E. quinqueflora (F. ex Hartmann) O. SchwarzH N E. uniglumis (Lind) Schult.H N, E, S Fimbristylis bisumbellata (Forrsk.) BubaniH TH F. dichotoma (L.) Vahl.H N, S F. miliacea (L.) Vahl H S F. squarrosa VahlH N F. turkestanica (Regel) B. Fdtsch.H N, S Fuirena pubescens (Poir.) KunthH C Isolepis setacea (L.) M. Br.H N, W, C Pycreus flavescens (L.) Reichenb. H N P. flavidus (Retz.) T. KoyamaH N, S P. sanguinolentus (Vahl) NeesH N Schoenoplectus bucharicus (Roshev.) Grossh.H N, W S. juncoides (Roxb.) pallaH N S. lacustris (L.) PallaH N, W, C S. litoralis (Schrad.) PallaH THE S. lupulinus (Nees) V. Krecz.H W, S S. mucronatus (L.) PallaH N, W S. triqueter (L.) palla. H N, W Schoenus nigricans L.H TH Scirpoides holoschoenus (L.) SojakH TH Hydrocharitaceae* Blyxa octandra (Royb.) Planch. ex Thw.S S Halophila ovalis (R. Br.) Hook.f.S S Hydrilla verticillata (L.f.) RoyleS N Hydrocharis morsus-ranae L.F N Vallisneria spiralis L.S N, C, S Iridaceae Iris pseudoacorus Grossh.H TH Juncaceae Juncus acutus L.H N, S J. alpigenus C. KochH N J. articulatus L.H N, W, C, S J. bufonius L.H N, W, C J. compressus Jacq.H N J. efusus L.H N, C J. fontanesii Gay H N, W, C J. gerardi Loisel.H S J. heldreichianus Marsson ex Parl.H N, C J. infelexus L.H N, C, S J. littoralis C. A. Mey.H N J. maritimus Lam.H W, N, C J. panctorius L.H S J. rigidus Desf.H C, S J. socotranus (Buchenau.) Snogerup. H S J. sphaerocarpus Nees in FunckH C J. subulatus Forssk.H S J. turkestanicus V. Krecz. and Gontsch. H N, W, C Juncaginaceae* Triglochin maritima L.H N, W, C T. palustris L.H N, W, C Lemnaceae* Lemna gibba L.f N, S L. perpusilla Torreyf S L. minor L.f N, C, S L. trisulca L.S TH Spirodella polyrhiza (L.) Schleidenf N Wolffia arrhiza (L.) Horkel ex Wimm. f N Liliaceae Fritillaria olivieri BakerH N, W F. reuteri Boiss.H C Najadaceae* Najas gracillima (A. Braun ex Engelm.) MagnusS S N. graminea DelileS S N. marina L.S N, S N. minor All.S N, W, C, S Orchidaceae Epipactis palustris (L.) CrantzH N, C Poaceae Alopecorus aequalis Sobol. H N, C A. myosuroides HudsonH N, W, C, S A. pratensis L.H W Arundo donax L.H N, S Beckmannia eurciformis (L.) HostH N Calamagrostis epigejos (L.) RothH N, C C. pseudophragmites (Hall.f.) Koel.H N, W, C Catabrosa aquatica (L.) P. Beauv. H N, W, C C. capusii Franch.H N Coix lacryma-jobi L.H N Crypsis aculeatua (L.) AitonH N Research Journal of Recent Sciences ______ ______________________________ Vol. 4(1), 1-8, January (2015) International Science Congress Association C. alopecuroides (Piller and Mitterp.) Schrad.H C. schoenoides (L.) Lam.H Deschampsis caespitosa (L.) P. Beauv. H Echinochloa colonum (L.) LinkH E. crus-galli (L.) P. Beauv. H Glyceria arundinacea (M.B.) KunthH Leersia oryzoides (L.) SwartzH Microstegium vimineum (Trin.) A. CamusH Paspalidium geminatum (Forssk.) Staff in PrainH Paspalum dilatatum Poir.H P. distichium L.H P. paspaloides (Michx.) ScribnerH P. urvillei SteudH Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud.H Polypogon maritimus Willd.H P. monspeliensis (L.) Desf.H Puccinella distans (L.) Parl.H Zingeria trichopoda (Boiss.) P. Smirn. H Pontederiaceae* Monochoria vaginalis Persl.H Potamogetonaceae* Groenlandia densa (L.) Fourr.S Potamogeton alpinus Balb.S P. amblyphyllus C. A. Mey.S P. berchtoldii Fieb.S P. crispus L.S P. filiformis Pers.S The largest vascular aquatic genera ( According to Sculthorpe17 all true aquatic plant species of the world are classified in 34 families, including 5 cryptogams, 11 dicotyledonous and 1 8 monocotyledons. Therefore, the occurrence of 27 true aquatic families (about 76.5% of the world families) including 2 cryptogams, 11 dicotyledonous and ______________________________ __________ _______________ International Science Congress Association W N, C, S N, W, C W, C, S N, C N N N N N N N N TH TH TH N, S W, S N N N C, S N, W, S N, C, S N P. gramineus L. P. lucens . P. natans L. P. nodosus Poir. P. pectinatus L. P. perfoliatus L. P. pusillus L. P. trichoides Cham. and Schltdl. Ruppiaceae* Ruppia cirrhosa (Petagna) Grande R. maritima L. Sparganiaceae* Sparganium erectum L. Typhaceae* Typha angustifolia L. T. azerbaijanensis Hamdi and Assadi T. caspica Pobed. T. domingensis Persl T. grossheimii Pobed. T. kalatensis Assadi and Hamdi T. latifolia L. T. laxmannii Lepechin. T. lugdunensis Chab. T. minima Funk in Hoppe T. shuttleworthii W. Koch Sonder T. turcomanica Pobed. Zannichelliaceae* Althenia filiformis Petit Zannichellia palustris L. Zosteraceae* Zostera nolii Hornem. Figure-1 The largest vascular aquatic genera ( 5 species) occurring in the Flora of Iran all true aquatic plant species of the world are classified in 34 families, including 5 cryptogams, 11 8 monocotyledons. Therefore, the occurrence of 27 true aquatic families (about 76.5% of the world families) including 2 cryptogams, 11 dicotyledonous and 14 monocotyledons in Iran indicates the richness of biodiversity in this country. As table- 1 show, in respect to life forms, helophytes with 223 species (80.3% of the all aquatic species) are predominant life _______________ ISSN 2277-2502 Res.J.Recent Sci. 5 S N S E, S F N S N, W, C, S S TH S N, W, C, S S N, C, S S N (Petagna) Grande S S S N, C, S H TH H N, W, C Assadi H N H N H N, W, C, S H N, , C, S H N H N, C H N, W, C, S H N, C H N, C W. Koch and H N, W H N S S S TH S N occurring in the Flora of Iran 14 monocotyledons in Iran indicates the richness of biodiversity 1 show, in respect to life forms, helophytes with 223 species (80.3% of the all aquatic species) are predominant life Research Journal of Recent Sciences _____________________________________________________________ ISSN 2277-2502Vol. 4(1), 1-8, January (2015) Res.J.Recent Sci. International Science Congress Association 6 forms among the aquatic macrophytes of Iran and the rest are true hydrophytes of which 45 species (13.9%) are submerged, 9 species (3.5%) are floating leaved and 7 species (2.3%) are free floating (table-2 and figure-2). The helophytes were treated here according to Archibald method 13 and includes the marsh and emergent herbs and some hygrophytes. Figure-2 Life form spectrum in vascular aquatic species occurring in the Flora of Iran A great number of aquatic and semi-aquatic species (ca. 176), are found in the north parts of Iran (also including NE and NW). However, the west and central of the country are also rich in aquatic species (figure-3). The most wetland ecosystems of Iran could be grouped into six major systems, of which the wetlands of the south Caspian lowlands in Gilan and Mazandaran provinces in northern of the country are of the most important ones1,2. The richness of aquatic species as well as the other life forms in these areas is due to the presence of Caspian Sea and Alburz ranges. In fact, only these parts of the country, receiving 800 to 2000 mm annual rainfall, are most humid parts of Iran2,18. In contrast, the east of the country, due to the arid conditions and receiving with less than 100 mm annual precipitation, has rather low amount of aquatic plants (ca. 26 species). Nevertheless, some of the species listed here are of special interest from the distributional and geographical points of view; for example Ceratophyllum submersum L., Potamogeton natansL. and Carex pseudocyperus L. are limited to Sulukli lake in Golestan National Park in NE Iran19, Zostera noltii Hornem. is restricted to Anzali marsh in N, Althenia filiformis Petit is limited to Neyriz lake in S, Halodule wrightii Ascheris. is found only in Bushehr province (South of Iran), Thalassodendron ciliatum (Forrk.) Den Hartog is confined to Chahbahar in SE, and Sphenoclea zeylanica Gaertn. is restricted to Shadegan marsh in SW Iran20. These species must be lie under protection and conservation laws. Figure-3 Geographical distribution of vascular aquatic species in Iran There was no endemic species among the aquatic plants of Iran. This is not surprising, because a majority of aquatic plants are Helophytes79%Submerged15%Floating3%Free Floating3%  \n       NorthSouthWestEastCentral Dicotyledons Monocotyledons Pteridophytes Research Journal of Recent Sciences _____________________________________________________________ ISSN 2277-2502Vol. 4(1), 1-8, January (2015) Res.J.Recent Sci. International Science Congress Association 7 cosmopolite21,22. Iran is rich in plant diversity as a result of the major environmental variation1,2,18,15. The results of our survey are on supporting of this fact. Wetlands in Iran, as elsewhere in the region, are increasingly coming under pressure from man's activities. Undoubtedly, the vegetation of these ecosystems is under influence of such pressures. Therefore, the conservation of the rare aquatic plants should be a part of the national development plans. Conclusion Iran is the habitat of innumerable plant species including a large variety of vascular aquatic and semi-aquatic plants. According to our findings a total of 284 species belonging to 127 genera and 57 families of aquatic or semi-aquatic vascular plants are indigenous in Iran. Considering aquatic plants as an important part of plant species diversity, Iran is one of rare countries, at least in the Middle East, with a great profusion of such diversity. A great number of aquatic and semi-aquatic species are found in the north parts of Iran (also including NE and NW). However, the west and central of the country are also rich in aquatic species. In contrast, the east of the country has rather low amount of aquatic plants. Wetlands in Iran, as elsewhere in the region, are increasingly coming under pressure from man's activities and the vegetation of these ecosystems is under influence of such pressures. Therefore, by providing the general public with information and education concerning the actual state of the vegetation, the public must be awakened to the importance and sensitivity of this problem and made aware of the importance of conserving the plant species diversity which is a life giving-factor in man’s environment. Acknowledgement We appreciate our colleges at the Payam Noor University for their helps and supports. References 1.Scott D.A., A directory of wetlands in the Middle East, IUCN Environmental Policy and Law Papers, New York Oceana Publications, (1995)2.Zehzad B., Kiabi B.H. and Madjnoonian H., The natural areas and landscape of Iran : An overview, Zoology in the Middle East,26(1), 7-10 (2002)3.Karami M., Zehzad B. and Kasmani M.E., Dominant aquatic vegetation at Hashilan wetland, Natural Resources Journal,53(1), 79-85 (2000)4.Karami M., Kasmani M.E. and Alamesh A.A., Plants of Hashilan wetland, Kermanshah, Iran, Journal of Scinces. Islamic Republic of Iran,12(3), 201-207 (2001)5.Shokri M., Safaian N., Ahmadi M.Z.T. and Amiri B.J., A second look on biogeographical province of Miankaleh biosphere reserve, Applied Ecology and Environmental Research,2 (1), 105-117 (2004)6.Chamber P.A., Lacoul P. and Murphy K.J., Global diversity of aquatic macrophytes in freshwater, Hydrobiologia,595(5), 9-26 (2008)7.Dinarvand M.A, new record of the genus Ruppia(Ruppiaceae) for the aquatic flora of Iran, Iranian Journal of Botany,14(2), 100-101 (2008)8.Dinarvand M., Two new records of the genus Potamogeton (Potamogetonaceae) for the aquatic flora of Iran, Iranian Journal of Botany,15(2), 164-166 (2009)9.Dinarvand M., Two new records of the genera Najas(Najadaceae) and Lemna (Lemnaceae) for aquatic flora of Iran, Iranian Journal of Botany,16 (2), 233-236 (2010)10.Dinarvand M., New record of the genus Potamogeton(Potamogetonaceae) for the aquatic flora of Iran, Iranian Journal of Botany,17 (2), 230-232 (2011)11.Rechinger K.H., Flora Iranica, Nos. 1-175, Academische Druck-u. Verlagasantalt, Graz-Austria (1963-2005) 12.Amini Rad M., Cyperacee. In: Assadi, M. Flora of Iran, Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, Tehran, Iran, (2011)13.Raunkiaer C., The life forms of plants and statistical plant geography, The Clarendon Press, Oxford, (1934) 14.Archibald O.W., Ecology of world vegetation, Chapman and Hall (1995) 15.Ghahreman A. and Attar F., Biodiversity of plant species in Iran. Tehran University Publication, (1999)16.Tiner R.W., List of potential hydrophytes for the United States: a regional review and their use in wetland identification, Wetlands,26(2), 624-634 (2006)17.Sculthorpe C.D., The biology of aquatic vascular plants. New York, Edward Arnold (Publisher) Ltd. London (1985)18.Frey W. and Probst W.A., synopsis of the vegetation of Iran. In: Kurschner, A. (ed.), A contribution to the vegetation of southwest Asia, 9-43, Ludwige Rreichert Verlag, Wiesbaden (1986) 19.Akhani H., The Illustrated Flora of Golestan National Park, Iran, University of Tehran Press (2005)20.Jalili A. and Jamzad Z., Red Data Book of Iran, The Iranian Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands Publications, (1999)21.Muhlberg H., The complete guide to water plants. EP Publishing Limited (English translation), (1982) Research Journal of Recent Sciences _____________________________________________________________ ISSN 2277-2502Vol. 4(1), 1-8, January (2015) Res.J.Recent Sci. International Science Congress Association 8 22.Reed P.B.J., Revision of the national list of plant species that occur in wetlands. In cooperation with the National and Regional Interagency Review Panels: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, DC, USA (1997)