Research Journal of Recent Sciences _________________________________________________ ISSN 2277-2502 Vol. 3(9), 119-127, September (2014) Res.J.Recent Sci. International Science Congress Association 119 Description of Public Participation Components in Rehabilitation and Renovation of the Deteriorated Urban Area: A Case study of Old District, Shiraz, Iran Alireza Abdollah Zadeh Fard, Alireza Andalib, Hamid Majedi and Mohammadreza Bazrgar Department of Art and Architecture, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, IRANAvailable online at: www.isca.in , www.isca.me Received 22nd September 2013, revised 19th November 2013, accepted 7th January 2014Abstract The aim of this work is describing public participation components in rehabilitation and renovation of the deteriorated urban areas of Shiraz City. Using cluster sampling, 385 subjects were selected among 53,256 living in old district of Shiraz. The city was divided into 12 planning districts and questionnaires were distributed based on the ratio of population to the whole district under study. Findings were analyzed using SWOT method and regression so that effective strategic factors in rehabilitation and renovation of the deteriorated urban are identified. Findings indicated 8 internal strength points versus 10 internal weak points. Also 10 external opportunities versus 11 external threats were identified and analyzed in the district under study. Thus, overall 18 strength and opportunities points were identified as advantages and 21 weak and threat points were identified as limitations for rehabilitation and renovation of the district. In addition, other findings indicate social participation and trust have important effect on public participation in rehabilitation and renovation of the deteriorated urban areas. Keywords: Participation, rehabilitation, renovation, deteriorated areas.Introduction Historical textures are the core and basic canon of the formation of cities and document of a nation's history, culture and identity, thus they are regarded as today national capitals of the countries and capital of future generations. Despite of unrepeatable characteristics and invaluable features mentioned for these sites, unfortunately currently these textures face various problems which are not related only to their deterioration and lack of strength in construction skeleton, although physical deterioration is both cause and effect for many disorders. The main problems of old textures include demographic and social issues, functional issues, economic issues and access and communication issues, and infrastructure issues. Evaluation of success of existing programs on development of deteriorated urban areas mainly suggests lack of total success of them in achieving the intended goals. One reason for this fact is lack of necessary comprehensiveness in studies and poor role of social concepts in recommendations of the programs especially lack of due and serious attention by the programs to public role and their participation in planning and implementing urban development plans. In other words, an explicit and serious imbalance between socioeconomic issues and skeletal issues is observed in these programs. It is clear intervention in these textures should not merely of skeletal actions type, that is, reconstruction, of destruction and re-building type. In most areas, rehabilitation with participation of the people living in the same area may provide a very sustainable and optimal method which can be done within short term and empower citizenship welfare in the area. It seems sectional top down perspective without feedback of public role in planning and development of the plans has led to not accomplishment of the goals by urban plans. Investigation of successful urban plans experiences in the world suggest they have reached to their goals about renovation of old textures by effective use of such strategies as maximum utilization of public participation, using various solutions to deal with multidimensional problems, using multiple feedbacks, reasonable designing consistent with the demands of stakeholders and influential ones. Existence of centralized planning system in Iran suggests plans which consider the city and the community living in it as one-handed way. Centralized planning system in Iran suggests programs which consider the city and its population one-handedly and reflection of the programs from the society has not been evaluated. Thus, public people and their real needs, have no effect on the plan codification and implementation. The main issue is that 'urban deteriorated areas' should be considered in these programs. In fact, it is the main and old center of the city which has been living health of the city. Thus, accurate and analytical study in this regard and development of intervention programs for it seems necessary. It is here that starting point and the way of coping with the issue (deteriorated urban area and intervention in it) becomes important. Participation becomes compatible with social changes as well as the community's approaches and attitudes, needs and institutions. The more public is the community changes; importance of participation and its status in social evolution process becomes more evident. Participation is a process of social and civil self-teaching. This change causes Research Journal of Recent Sciences ______________________________________________________________ ISSN 2277-2502Vol. 3(9), 119-127, September (2014) Res. J. Recent Sci. International Science Congress Association 120 new social and humanistic relationships. Autonomy is realization of participatory democracy. Social trust, social cohesion, and social participation constitute raw material of social capital which have vertical relationship. It means that social trust is formed through social familiarization. Social trust leads to social cohesion and ultimately resulting trust and cohesion ends to public participation flow through social networks (formal and informal). Role of trust is very critical in this communication, since trust making requires years of time, while it can be destroyed within one moment. Research Questions: i.What is role of residents' participation in rehabilitation of deteriorated urban areas? ii. What are reasons for not realization of rehabilitation plans in deteriorated urban areas? iii. What are strategies for motivating inhabitants for participation in rehabilitation of areas? Introduction of the District: Old texture of Shiraz is located in the center of the city in 380 hectares area. It accounts for 3 percent of the total city area, where initial core for formation of Shiraz city is located and it has experienced many changes and developments within different eras. Its boundaries are gates and fences around the city during the Zandiyan. In fact, it is Old Shiraz which has turned to as a subset of the whole city due to growth processes and urban development as well as growth of population. It has its own characteristics. Existence of 400 valuable works, 8 gates and 12 centers and several cultural axes can be manifestation of lifestyle, social relations, customs, beliefs, history and art, and generally represent the historical and cultural identity of each period. Population in the area is over 53,000 people. About half of them are non-native. The number of monuments in cultural historic texture in Shiraz is 12,706 units. Research Society and Sample: Cochrane Method was used in order to determine sample size in the current work. Based on this method, sample size was determined as 385 out of 53,256 people living in the old texture. Sampling method was cluster sampling. Thus, old texture was classified into 12 districts and the number of questionnaire was specified according to the population of the districts to total area under study. Research Tool: Data collection tool was questionnaire in this work. Cronbach's alpha is used to identify the reliability of this instrument. Questionnaire had 58% alpha in pre-test, which reached to 83% after elimination of some items, which is acceptable compared to the minimum reliability 67%. Data Analysis: A SWOT analysis (Strength, Weakness, Opportunity, and Threat) was used for analyzing condition of the area under study and for identifying status of participation. Aim of application of SWOT analysis is determining priority and status of residents' participation in the form of a proposed strategy for renovation and rehabilitation in the study area. List of SWOT factors was provided by participation of the experts in the form of 5-point Likert scale and following formula was used for identifying relative eight of factors which finally gives rating.  . : frequency of options :   5-pointLikert scale: S i Score of j th factor from group j : R ij Results and Discussion SWOT Matrix: In the framework for defining matrix, evaluation step includes tools which rely on information obtained from previous steps (internal and external environment evaluation) and compared external opportunities and threats and internal weak points and strengths. Process of comparison of internal and external factors plays a critical role. Thus, internal and external factors are compared in SWOT matrix. Considering identification and analysis of 4 factors of effective internal and external environment, now SWOT matrix is formed so that effective strategic factors in rehabilitation and innovation of the study area are investigated more accurately. Hence, considering identification of weak and strength points as well as opportunities and threats affecting rehabilitation and innovation of the study area, SWOT matrix is drawn (table 1). As in table 1, 8 internal strength points versus 10 points of internal weakness as well as 10 points of external opportunities versus 11 points of external threats were analyzed in the area under study. Thus overall 18 strength points and opportunities as advantages and 21 weakness points and threats as limitations for rehabilitation and renovation of the district were identified. Role and Status of Participation in Rehabilitation and Renovation Role of participation is examined using results obtained from rating table 1 after ordering advantages (strengths and opportunities) and limitations (weakness points and threats) (table 2). As it can be observed in prioritization of table 2, according to factual observations and survey of the author as well as interviews with experts in the field of advantages (opportunities and strength points), role of residents' participation is strong. In table 3, the prominent limitations are lack of residents' participation, lack of participation and trust spirit to each other and authorities as well as lack of appropriate mechanism for participatory planning. In the table 4, the most prominent advantages and limitations up to priority 3 are analyzed in the view of the experts in the studied fields (skeletal, socioeconomic and participatory). Research Journal of Recent Sciences ______________________________________________________________ ISSN 2277-2502Vol. 3(9), 119-127, September (2014) Res. J. Recent Sci. International Science Congress Association 121 Table-1 Weak and strength points as well as opportunities and threats affecting rehabilitation and innovation of the study area Internal Conditions External Conditions Strength Points Weak Points Opportunities Threats S1 Valuable elements in the region and enhancing its important role in the city W1 Severe physical deterioration, weakness and of buildings and instability of the texture O1 Existence of central capacities and the regional centrality T1 Tendency to more commercialization of the area without providing necessary infrastructure and support S2 Establishment of backbone and the historical centrality of Shiraz city W2 Lack of public services needed by residents O2 Tendency of urban management and public institutions for renovation and rehabilitation of the area T2 Sustained severe physical exhaustion and lack of strength in the structures S3 Textures functional values as an important part of Shiraz city center (CBD) W3 Fine-grained components and disproportionate composition of components as an obstacle to integration O3 Being religious and cultural heart of Shiraz city and interest in holy shrines and religious places T3 Dedicated and shared ownership problem S4 Using abandoned and dilapidated buildings to compensate for the lack of services W4 Failure to fulfill the previously approved projects in the region O4 Access to employment opportunities in the town center T4 Continued conservation - restoration view and museum look at the district and texture S5 Existence of open space resulting from destructions to organize and reuse W5 Gradual depletion of texture from the original and old inhabitants, and identity loss of population O5 Possibility of using destructive spaces for construction of public parking T5 Continued tendency to have economic – commercial look at the historic area and neglecting sustainable development. S6 Existence of traditional social protection systems in parts of the district W6 Participation weakness and instable residency in the district, combined with a lack of sense of belonging to the place of residence O6 Tendency to expand service and commercial activities in the district T6 Migration of poor and low-income people including rural people and Afghans, including to the texture S7 Existence of endowments and charitable institutions in the district W7 Instability of social capital O7 Importance of the area due to existence of old buildings and passages T7 Continuing the trend of housing of low-income people with motivation of access to affordable housing S8 Grounds for relative public participation in urban affair management considering existing commonalities and accepting words of local trustees W8 Economic weakness of residents and lack of construction budgets in the old texture O8 Tendency to support and consult of civic organizations and NGOs T8 Continued increase of criminal gangs and enhancing criminal behavior considering social and economic problems Research Journal of Recent Sciences ______________________________________________________________ ISSN 2277-2502Vol. 3(9), 119-127, September (2014) Res. 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International Science Congress Association 122 W9 Lack of appropriate mechanisms and tools to communicate with people and citizens O9 potential and actual tourism capacities of the district T9 lack of trust spirit in people and their passive reaction toward participation W10 Poverty and low socioeconomic status of the district residents and lack of affordability for paying urban tax O10 Potential of using district's mosques as social institutions center T10 Confining participation to a type of forcible participation and lack of distribution of spontaneous participation patterns T11 Exit of original inhabitants of the town center Table-2 Priority of advantages (strengths and opportunities) in the study area Advantages Priority Strength Points Identifier Priority Opportunities Points Identifier 1 Grounds for relative public participation in urban affair management considering existing commonalities and accepting words of local trustees S8 1 Being religious and cultural heart of Shiraz city and interest in holy shrines and religious places O3 2 Existence of traditional social protection systems in parts of the district S6 2 Existence of central capacities and the regional centralityO1 3 Establishment of backbone and the historical centrality of Shiraz city S2 3 Tendency to support and consult of civic organizations and NGOs O8 4 Existence of endowments and charitable institutions in the district S7 4 Potential of using district's mosques as social institutions center O10 5 Texture functional values as an important part of Shiraz city center (CBD) S3 5 potential and actual tourism capacities of the district O9 6 Valuable elements in the region and enhancing its important role in the city S1 6 Importance of the area due to existence of old buildings and passages O7 7 Existence of open space resulting from destructions 8to organize and reuse S5 7 Possibility of using destructive spaces for construction of public parking O5 8 Using abandoned and dilapidated buildings to compensate for the lack of services S4 8 Tendency of urban management and public institutions for renovation and rehabilitation of the area O2 9 Access to employment opportunities in the town center O4 10 Tendency to expand service and commercial activities in the district O6 Research Journal of Recent Sciences ______________________________________________________________ ISSN 2277-2502Vol. 3(9), 119-127, September (2014) Res. 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International Science Congress Association 123 Table-3 Priority of limitations (weak points and threats) in the study area Limitations Priority Weak Points Identifier Priority Threat Points Identifier 1 Lack of appropriate mechanisms and tools to communicate with people and citizens W9 1 lack of trust spirit in people and their passive reaction toward participation in the urban management field T9 2 Participation weakness and instable residency in the district, combined with lack of sense of belonging to the place of residence and consequently weakness of social participation, civic and citizenship commitment and its related behavior W62 Sustained severe physical exhaustion and lack of strength in the structures against natural disasters T2 3 Economic weakness of residents and lack of construction budgets in the old texture W83 Confining participation to a type of forcible participation and lack of distribution of spontaneous and organized participation patterns in the district T10 4 Instability of social capital resulting from durable neighborhood ties with ethnic diversity without cohesion and social integration W74 Continuing the trend of housing of low-income people with motivation of access to affordable housing T7 5 Gradual depletion of texture from the original and old inhabitants, and identity loss of population W55 Continued increase of criminal gangs and enhancing criminal behavior considering social and economic problems T8 6 Poverty and low socioeconomic status of the district residents and lack of affordability for paying urban tax W106 Reduced tendency to live in cultural – historical area and migration of poor and low-income people including rural people and Afghans, including to the this area T6 7 Fine-grained components and disproportionate composition of components as an obstacle to integration W37 Dedicated and shared ownership problem for rehabilitation and renovation and serious delay in the path of rehabilitation and renovation of the texture and constructions T3 8 Lack of public services needed by residents W28 Continued tendency to have economic – commercial look at the historic area and neglecting sustainable development. T5 9 Severe physical deterioration, weakness and of buildings and instability of the texture W19 Exit of original inhabitants of the town center T11 10 Failure to fulfill the previously approved projects in the region W410 Tendency to more commercialization of the area without providing necessary infrastructure and support T1 11 Continued conservation - restoration view and museum look at the district and texture and preventing from fundamental and infrastructure changes for active protection and updating the texture T4 Research Journal of Recent Sciences ______________________________________________________________ ISSN 2277-2502Vol. 3(9), 119-127, September (2014) Res. J. Recent Sci. International Science Congress Association 124 Table-4 The most prominent advantages and limitations up to priority 3 Advantage Strength Grounds for relative public participation in urban affair management considering existing commonalities and accepting words of local trustees Existence of traditional social protection systems in parts of the district Establishment of backbone and the historical centrality of Shiraz city Opportunity Being religious and cultural heart of Shiraz city and interest in holy shrines and religious places Existence of central capacities and the regional centrality Tendency to support and consult of civic organizations and NGOs Limitation weakness Lack of appropriate mechanisms and tools to communicate with people and citizens Participation weakness and instable residency in the district, combined with lack of sense of belonging to the place of residence and consequently weakness of social participation, civic and citizenship commitment and its related behavior Economic weakness of residents and lack of construction budgets in the old texture Threats lack of trust spirit in people and their passive reaction toward participation in the urban management field Sustained severe physical exhaustion and lack of strength in the structures against natural disasters Confining participation to a type of forcible participation and lack of distribution of spontaneous and organized participation patterns in the district As it is observed in the table 4, considering observations obtained from survey and interview with experts, residents of the study area have relative trust in trustees of the district, which can make ground for cooperation of residents leading by trustees for promoting participation. On the other hands, urban management is fully aware of major role of public participation in planning success considering problems they faced in their previous projects. Thus, although participation is currently in its initial steps and some managers merely use participation in word, sometimes participation of the residents through financial partnership in the project shares is observed. This kind of participation is in fact forcibly and free from any feeling of influence by the residents. According to studies by the author, unfortunately presence and authority of citizens is not observed in none of plans prepared for rehabilitation and renovation of deteriorated urban area in Shirza. While according to results obtained from survey, if residents are concluded and participated and their presence is considered in plan preparation process, they will be willing to have physical, financial and intellectual participation. It denotes if people are present in an activity with awareness and knowledge and their presence is not in the form of public mobilization, they will cooperate up to the end of project and if their opinions are considered in the plan, public participation is increased considerably. Deductive Analysis of Survey Results Using regression analysis, impact of willingness to participation, satisfaction, social trust and district features on the participation. According to table 5, significance level is below 0.001 and it means regression line is meaningful. Considering table 5, significance level of regression coefficient at trust is 0.001 and it denotes impact of participation on the tendency to renovation. Significance level of regression coefficient at trust is 00.05&#x-3.3;女0.001 and it denotes impact of trust on the tendency to renovation. Significance level of regression coefficient at district features is 0.057 and it denotes approximate impact of district features on the tendency to renovation. But significance level of regression coefficient at satisfaction is 0.257 and it denotes no impact of satisfaction on the tendency to renovation. As it is observed in the table, regression coefficient in participation is 0.38. In fact, it can be said one unit increase in participation increases tendency to renovation by 0.38. Regression coefficient in trust is 0.066. In fact, it can be said one unit increase in trust increases tendency to renovation by 0.066, and regression coefficient in district features is -0.052. Actually it can be said one unit increase in district features reduces tendency to renovation by 0.052. Table-5 Regression test coefficients Regression Model Coefficient Standard Deviation T Significance Level Constant 9.8 0.615 15.946 0.001 Willingness to Participation 0.38 0.026 14.684 0.001 Satisfaction -0.026 0.022 -1.136 0.257 Social Trust 0.066 0.025 2.636 0.009 District Features -0.052 0.027 -1.907 0.057 Research Journal of Recent Sciences ______________________________________________________________ ISSN 2277-2502Vol. 3(9), 119-127, September (2014) Res. J. Recent Sci. International Science Congress Association 125 Obstacles for Realization of Participation in Study Area: Obstacles for realization of participation in the study area are classified as following table. Table-6 Obstacles for realization of participation in the study area Obstacles for realization of participation Political obstacles Presence of central planning system Lack of participatory management One-dimensional attitude towards participation by some authorities and stakeholders Lack of strong support from corporate organizations and institutions Social – cultural obstacles Low level of education and public awareness Social heterogeneity (existence of ethnic or linguistic diversity ...) Having failed experiences of participatory projects Conservatism and the public's distrust to government officials Lack of participatory institutions Economic obstacles Financial atrophy Seeking personal interest instead of seeking collective interest Financial abuse in implementation of some projects Lack of proper mechanisms proportionate with the economic power of people existence of restrictive regulations Mechanisms for Motivating People and Attracting Participation in Urban Development Plans in Study Area: Creating grounds for participation: As it was mentioned, participation is a process, not an event, thus a set of different elements would influence in its realization, parts of which are prerequisites and the other part are considered as outcomes of participation, which will be discussed: Changing attitude of authorities toward participation: One of the obstacles which prevent from public participation in urban development projects, is not disbelief of authorities to participation and sometimes one-dimensional attitude of them toward participation. In other words, universality and comprehensiveness of participation is not considered and sometimes imperfect forms of participation are pursued, stability and continuation of which is very low. Thus, if it is to attract public participation, grounds for participation of the whole people should be prepared and people should participate in all steps of plans and projects, which includes need finding and prioritization of needs, decision making, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of activities. Naturally such presence can be effective. Promoting awareness of citizens through training and promotional activities: If authorities and urban managers believe in participatory management and wish for its implementation, naturally people should be aware about the participation and the way of their participation should be specified, since they are audience and target of the plans and projects. Participatory Institutionalization: Following providing grounds for participation, another step should be taken for stabilization of participation. It is participatory institutionalization. Participatory institutions in fact make grounds for people gathering and presence. Formation of these institutions can be effective in attracting public participation and they are effective in training people on the ways of participatory management. Clarification of areas for attracting participation: The last step is defining and describing areas for participation of people and different bodies and even private sector in the development process of urban plans. Specific needs, prioritizing needs with participation and presence of people and specifying mechanisms for attracting public participation are related activities. Areas for Public Participation in Study Area: Considering mentioned facts about participation as well as social, economic, cultural and skeletal features of the district, application of participatory mechanisms in this district is necessary. To this end, some points are made before describing areas and important of participation in this district. Step 1 is accurate understanding of participation and its principles by the management authorities. Step 2 is providing necessary grounds and infrastructures includingtraining urban managers on mechanisms of participation attraction, coordination among participatory and management institutions, awareness and informing people and explaining to them about areas of participation. Step 3 involves participatory institutionalization for operationalizing public participation grounds. Public participation in district's development plans can be realized in the following areas: Public participation in retrofitting buildings: Considering relatively high antiquity of cultural and historical texture, considerable part of buildings suffers from severe exhaustion especially in the residential textures. It is clear that rehabilitation and renovation of these textures cannot be done by just one governmental or managerial institution. To this end, residents of buildings in this district can participate in retrofitting and updating their buildings using appropriate construction patterns for meeting needs and services. Research Journal of Recent Sciences ______________________________________________________________ ISSN 2277-2502Vol. 3(9), 119-127, September (2014) Res. J. Recent Sci. International Science Congress Association 126 Public participation in provision of needed services: Considering exhaustion of the environment and performance have been influential on social, economic and skeletal structures, not only needed facilities and services have been provide at urban, regional and district level in this district, but such factors have cause that major part of these services are lost. Hence, in order to updating the texture, public participation may be effective in providing services such as developing passages network and local access, establishment of educational, religious, and health centers and etc. Attracting participation of people and NGOs in local management: The other area for manifestation of public participation is implementation of the neighborhood management. It can be very effective by participation of residents of different neighborhoods and municipality and by selection of representatives as manager of neighborhoods in decision makings and it can help creating cohesion and coordination and consensus. Organizing historical and religious buildings: Historical and religious buildings are among urban elements which people pay attention to them due to their nature, and their protection and maintenance is highly emphasized. Thus, for repair and rehabilitation of them, municipality can rehabilitate these buildings in interaction with cultural heritage organization and residents and even old residents and those interested in such locations, and act for their maintenance and protection by formation of public institutions. Organizing passages and historical centers: Historical passages which mainly played role as commercial places were very important in promoting and living of the city and its neighborhoods. Thus maintenance and protection of these passages through their repair and renovation can be effective in preserving historical identity, attracting tourists, increasing environmental attachment inshopkeepers and merchants, etc. Participation in façade-making of buildings: One of effective actions in promoting social life and renovation of historical and cultural identity of the district is faced-making of the buildings which can be implemented in interaction between municipality and resident, especially shopkeepers and merchants.Establishment of residential service units (hotel, inn, etc.): Another project which can be implemented participatory in District 8 is developing service centers for tourists, pilgrims and ... which is useful in social and economic prosperity and intercalation with other parts of the country. ConclusionToday social participation has become a key concept in planning and political reforms in global movements, democracy promotion, justice and stability. Thus, social participation is necessary in fair and proxy decision making in modern urban planning and it is a key element in reaching to sustainable development. Whenever social groups are actively involved in planning and implementation process, it is probable to have more coordination and compatibility between plans with needs, taste and expectations of citizens and stakeholders and they will be helped to obtain ecological and social advantages. According to Action Plan 21, one of prerequisites of achieving sustainable development is widespread public participation in decision making, especially decisions which direct influence communities where citizens live and work there. Democracy requires that citizens influence the government which depends on citizen participation. Participation leads to empowerment of the people and empowerment is part of development and promotion process. Participation increases public trust, skills and knowledge which is final product of participation and it causes success of people in their autonomous and self-regulated activities. Public participation, which guarantees people commitment and guidance in planning process, is the most important category in development and revolution process of future cities. In human development perspective, participation is both means and goal. In one hand, the aim of a human development plan is investigating capabilities of human for ensuring optimal and useful utilization of abilities and capacities in all fields, and thus full-scale participation is a tool for promoting development level with socioeconomic aspects. On the other hand, human development is related to evolution of individuals, and dynamic participation allows people to recognize their potentials. Hence, participation is also considered as a goal. Overall it can be stated when participation is talked in its accurate and scientific meaning, in fact aschematic of participation is considered with two implicit aspects: universality and comprehensiveness. Naturally such participation has following features: i. Enabling people for critical understanding of their problems and situations, ii. Ability to define and prioritize their needs, iii. Providing appropriate solutions to meet the needs, iv. Mobilizing local resources for implementing activities, v. Administrative management of activities and monitoring and evaluation of their effects. With such attitude to participation and given the fact that participation is a process, not an event, full-scale participation can be described as participation in need finding (statement of the problem), participation in decision making (providing solutions), participation in implementing activities, participation in optimal utilization, participation of maintenance, and participation in evaluation. Research Journal of Recent Sciences ______________________________________________________________ ISSN 2277-2502Vol. 3(9), 119-127, September (2014) Res. J. Recent Sci. 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