Research Journal of Recent Sciences _________________________________________________ ISSN 2277-2502 Vol. 3(7), 108-111, July (2014) Res.J.Recent Sci. International Science Congress Association      
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Review Paper  A Survey on the Perspectives in the Social PsychologySodabeh MirsadeghiDepartment of Education and psychology, Allameh Tabatabai University, Tehran, IRANAvailable online at: 
www.isca.in
, 
www.isca.me
Received 19th May 2013, revised 30th May 2014, accepted 27th June 2014Abstract  
Social psychological is for recognition factors that are affective on personal thoughts and feelings respect to others that cause to certain actions. Social psychologists, beside investigation on the mental and emotional issues, study the behavior and social interactions. They study the factors that are effective to leadership team, people interact with strangers, acquaintances and relatives and do research on the signs are set to scrutinize these transactions. In this paper we have an overview of on-going social psychology. Keywords: Social, psychology, perspectives, survey, attribution. IntroductionSocial psychology is influence the people's opinions and behavior to each other. Since most of us spend most of our time for interacting with other people so we have been impressed by them and will affect them. They make us happy, fun and angry so it is quite normal if many of us find assumptions about human social behavior. Although most of them examine their assumption closely as his consent, these examined experiments are scientifically rigorous. Most scientific research results are same as a people like. This is not surprising because the general wisdom is based on the observed subtle and has come out victorious from the test of time, but it is important that social psychologists to study to test the hypothesis. Even to test that the validity of their assumptions is obvious to us all because many things we know are true with detailed research brought wrong. For example, it seems reasonable and justified that threatening severe punishment for people who appeal to action eventually led to the disgust of the action. Careful scientific study has shown whenever people who are threatened with punitive mild shall be disinterest towards proscribed act, but if they are threatened with punishments maybe even a small increase in their tension to the prohibited action. If we informed that what someone has good talks behind us and other conditions are equal, we'll find attachment to them, this idea turned out correct. But also we have more interest to attachment to the people who besides talking our advantages consider our advantages behind us1,2. In an attempt occurs to understand human social behavior, professional social psychologists have major advantage to amateur social psychologists. Professional psychologist like amateur social psychologist usually starts with careful observation but do not wait to see what will happen, they causes to happen an event mean is that they perform test in circumstances which people are exposed. In addition, he can do the job in a position that everything is the same except for the case study. Thus, he can reach conclusions based on the variant raw data that are very accurate and the conclusions than amateur social psychologist that their observation is bounded to see that happen in the complex random condition.  Ellen Berscheid believe that people tend to attach labels to justify commit their bad behavior and thereby distinct them from the rest of his "good people". In that case no longer we will concern about his behavior. In Berscheid believes this way of thinking is dangerous because cause us to lose the ability to accept to have a situation in which are causing to bad behavior. To provide a set of diagnostic tests to determine who is a liar, who are hurting people, who is mad; a social act is to identify these people and put them in appropriate institutions. This does not mean that there is no psychosis or psychosis should not be placed in institutions. Also, I'm not going to say that people are all the same and all with the same madness intense response to the social pressures. I must to repeat; in my opinion some factors can provide position to many of us to make inappropriate actions. Therefore, it is very important to trying to identify factors, variables and processes that can cause to doing a bad behavior3,4,5. In other words, the main issue of social psychological is to find the factors that are affecting personal thoughts and feelings to others. In this case of study social psychologists have proposed certain questions. For example, how people are interpreting events and verdicts that? How clarify the events that happen to them? How tendencies formed, and change? And what is essentially the importance of connecting with others? Social psychologists study the mental and emotional issues pay attention to the study of behavior and social interactions. They study the factors affecting leadership, people interact with strangers, acquaintances and relatives and scrutinize the signs of these set of transactions. In each of these cases, the main issue of social psychology is a person. However, some others try to 
Research Journal of Recent Sciences ______________________________________________________________ ISSN 2277-2502Vol. 3(7), 108-111, July (2014) Res. J. Recent Sci.   International Science Congress Association 
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study the behavior of the group's work. The subject distinct of social psychology and other behavioral sciences, such as sociology, economics and anthropology, typically large collections of people and the way they practice their interactions. In fact, although some of the social psychology worked on topics like of mass communication, social , law, medicine, and ... , but the main effort in this field is based on the theory of development. In other words, social psychology instead of discussing on the criminal matters, explore and present thinking about  feelings and actions of individuals in certain social situations6.7.8. Cognitive Psychology The basic idea to cognitive approach to social psychology is that the method depends on a person's behavior is his understanding of social situations. People organize their own perceptions, thoughts and beliefs about one social status in the significance and simplest way; just as objects are classified into different classes. Whatever the situation is chaotic and disrupted, public order and organization that and this organization mean that; in which way this perception and interpretation of the world influence behave in the social situations.   The Main Principles This approach to social psychology strongly influenced by the ideas of Kafka, Kohler and other German psychologists in the 1930s. In their idea, people are not able to understand events and positions of the environment as a sum of whole parts, this known as Gestalt psychology. It is derived from the German word Gestalt means form or panel. Kurt Lewin's used these ideas in the social psychology and emphasis to the importance of perceive social media by the individuals, so-called psychological field Levine stressed. One of the central ideas in this view is this that People have a tendency to group objects. We grouped incentives that we are faced. Cognitive principles are important traits in the interpretation of the implicit and intangible aspects such as intentions, motives, attitudes or personality to them10.  Causal attribution  An important field of psychology is to study of causal attribution that means that how people use acquired information to determine the causes of social behavior. For example, how to understand the seller desire to help really his clients or says flatter to the customer to sell merchandise. Why viewing audiences have such excitement and interest to the actors play in the show? The answer to this question may cause a strong influence on our emotions and behavior. For example, if it turns out that because the audience cheers are good games that giving them, the players may to improve their game further encourage the other plays. Conversely, if the players come to the conclusions that they are just friends and families, and the rest of the audience applauds are following them, these feelings may not any effect in improving their performance11. Social cognition In recent times, the cognitive perspective in social psychology has found improvements in cognitive psychology revivification. Cognitive psychologists study how people using paid to process information. In the field of social psychology, social cognition Emphasizes research on the fact that social information about people, social situations, and how groups are processed. Social cognition researchers have studied the flow of information from the environment to humans. Research has focused on three aspects of this approach: Social perception: The social perception is investigated research in the field of the ways that people's perception of social stimuli and their coding. For example, why we pay attention to the some action of people and ignore the other actions? We do not pay attention to who itch, But if he or she we will consider it. Social memory: The social memory does research about how to collect social events by the people. Representations that people have in their minds about other people and social events, called a schema. Schema Designer is a material representation of knowledge integration. That our social environment, including people and events that we frequently encounter with them. There. Research on social memory has centralized to the fact that people how people recovering stored information when in need. For example a person who has witnessed a murder, how to save information about the crime? And investigators how can help to recall specific details of the incident?10     Social judgment: The social judgment is assessed research to find way to combine the information to reach conclusions or inferences about the social environment. For example, when candidates for the entrance examination are studying classify booklets for choosing, to reach this conclusion that which field and which of them more appropriate to select the attributes and features and which strings can be marked as the next choice and finally Mark Strand benefit which they would not get the chance to pass not them?  Finally, arises that cognitive approaches are different to learning that the two approaches: First, cognitive approaches focus on the present, not the past. Second, cognitive approaches emphasize the importance of perception or interpretation of individual facts, not the reality of a situation, people may have. Be seen by a neutral observer a dealing with the representatives of law in clarifying approaches, Ahmad interpreted cognitive approach emphasizing the present situation. Ahmed tried to understand how their actions in removing carpets? When the police officer is guilty that his arrest. Imagined, perhaps the police who thought she was the pessimistic view of people like him and has prejudge or even cruel. Perhaps he was thinking the officer will work the same way. Ahmed was facing the other police, had surgery. Finally, Ahmed interpretations of the situation that led to his shout the police.  
Research Journal of Recent Sciences ______________________________________________________________ ISSN 2277-2502Vol. 3(7), 108-111, July (2014) Res. J. Recent Sci.   International Science Congress Association 
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A review to attribution Attribution is included the process by which people are employed to link events (or behaviors) are underlying causes. Social psychologists in the analysis of case records, as with many other issues, not full consensus. It from different perspectives have been studied and analyzed, various theories have been imposed in this case, and some of the main attribution theories explain. The ancient attribution theory is observed and formulated in the Hayder works. In his opinion, most people are new to psychologists that trying to understand the behavior of others to make the world more predictable. According to Hayder more people, in this case apply one of the three following explanations6,7: i. They may assume that situational factors of other persons such as economic factors are from the behavior or social pressures. ii. They may imagine that the behavior was unintentional and accidental and probably will not happen in the future. iii. The third explanation is this that the person developed the own behavior and their own personal traits. Hayder believes that the personal attributions are the most obvious that medium allows a variety of behaviors. When personal attributions were deduced on one person's, these attributions may be used to predict behavior.   Combination Documentation Theory Shaver Shaver combination the three attribution theories and construct a more general theory. He formulated the theory of attribution based on the three assumptions about human nature. First, the behavior does not occur randomly, but organized and therefore are predictable. Second, the people desire to understand and explain and predict the behavior of others. If predict done correctly this allows one to more effectively cope through their environment. The third assumption is base on that the visible behavior give credible information about their underlying causes, especially about character and personal traits (the latter assumption is questionable because studies suggest behavior does not always reflect a person's attitude, and situational factors can make this cases)4,5. Weiner classification of attribution Overall, the general theory tells us what kind of personal information or situational made attribution. But between these two types of attribution many others attribution can exist. For descriptions of other attribution, Bernard Weiner (1986) assumes three-dimensional classifications that describe the attribution of success and failure. According to Weiner theory, People behavior returns their attribution not only to the factor i. intrinsic (personal) or external (situational), but it is possible to attribute to the factors ii. that stable or unstable, or iii. are controllable or uncontrollable.  Fundamental attribution error We are interested to attribute the failures of others to internal factors and success to the external factors. Why people are presentence to attribute much in the same characteristics, while they are ignoring situational factors? Daniel Gilbert and others  believe that the problem lies in how we attribute to us. Social psychologists have generally assumed Perceivers have reviewed the available evidence and make a decision to state personal attribution (orientation) or situational attribution? But Gilbert's claim, the attribution is a two stage process: First, we give a quick orientation attribution and then we then deduce the correction or adjustment to do explanation the position. The first step is simple and automatic, Like a mirror, the second step requires attention, thought and effort from us  it is complex and difficult. Attribution orientationAttribution to others: This has been mentioned in several studies that individuals attribute in various forms to comparison with other. The first was to consider it, we attribute the behavior of others to further their personal feeds, but our record is greater on our own behavior to situational factors. The explanation for this tendency is provided is that the knowledge is more about the causes of individual behavior to reason about the behavior of others. It means that persons are informed from the position of many of the obstacles and pressures that influence behavior. Most of situational factors on the behavior of others are not evident in their actions and the people are resorting to explain their behavior, personality factors to others. A review of the literature related to this subject by the monsoon and Snyder (1977) was led to this conclusion. Remember that a person's knowledge of emotions, attitudes, aptitudes and pressures are related to their position and attribution that is given to its far better than the others. Attributions about own: This attribution is one of the most interesting hypotheses in theory which state that people perceive their internal states the same way as perception to other states look. This notion stems from the public's thoughts that the emotions, attitudes, traits and abilities are often ambiguous and unclear. We reveal perception of the characteristics of their behavior and the environmental factors that surround us. In our self-perception, we want to understand us according to this approach, perception of others as well as to search for other cause and we apply the discounts principle of shared responsibility for causes that is close to acceptable. If we feel that external powerful forces pushing us to behave ourselves, more likely to reach to a situational attribution. Obviously, in the absence of external forces, we're supposed that an oriented attribution is correct. This approach leads to a considerable amount of research.  Application of attribution theory: During last decade we saw an explosion in research related to attribution. A recent study by 
Research Journal of Recent Sciences ______________________________________________________________ ISSN 2277-2502Vol. 3(7), 108-111, July (2014) Res. J. Recent Sci.   International Science Congress Association 
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sourcing social computing resources has identified more than 5,000 books and articles that related to some aspects of the attribution theory. Primary emphasis has been focused to assessment processes and to identify factors associated attribution on them. But recent research on the theory of documents have been emphasized in various fields, including curriculum development, job performance, employee productivity, job satisfaction, athletic achievements, deviations, crime, alcoholism, divorce.   Conclusion Attribution theory in social psychology in emphasis on a main issue have been successful on topic how and under what conditions a person can determine personal or situational attribution caused to others behavior.  It is conclude that, there is no reason to assume that people always think that what is the cause of their own or others behavior. This explains in not for reduction the significant of attribution process but only to say that there are some of the limitations in this theory.   References1.Anderson, Symbolic Psychologic: A model of attiludinal Cognition, Behavioral Science, , 1-13 (2001)2.Arkin R.M., Gleason J.M. and Johnston S., Effects of perceived choice, expected outcome, and observed outcome of an action on the causal attribution of actors, Journal of Experimental and Social Psychology, 12, 151-158 (1976)3.Bechara, A relational obligations approach to the foot-in-the- mouth effect, Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 24, 546-556 (2000)4.Barown J., An introduction to motivation, New York, vonnostrand, 31, (2000) 5.Baker H., Introduction to Mental Health in the Exceptional Children, NewYork: The Macmillan Company (2003)6.Bar-On, R., The Emotional Quotient Inventory (EQ-i): Technical Manual, Toronto, Canada: Multi-Health Systems, Inc. (2000)7.Eleftheriadou dimitra, Acomparison of regular and special education teachers attribution patterns of childrens difficulties in learning (2008)8.Edleman, Crowding and personal control: Social density and the development of learned helplessness, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 36, 1000-1011 (1997)9.Emmerling, Audienc influence, In P.B. Paulus. Psychology of Group Influence, Hillsdale, (2003)10.Gilbert D.T., Thinking lightly about others: Automatic components of the social inference process, In J.S, Uleman and J.A Bargh (Eds.), Unintended thought: Limits of awareness, intention and control, NewYork: Guilford (1989)11.Gottman J.M., What Predicts Divorce? The Relatioship between Marital Processes and Marital outcomes, Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum (1994)12.Goleman D., Working with Emotional Intelligence, New York: Bantam (1998)  
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