@Research Paper
<#LINE#>Problem Solving Performance in Mathematics: A Survey of Secondary Schools Students in Pakistan<#LINE#>Zaman@Amir,Farooq@R.A.,Ghaffar@Abdul,Riasat@Ali,Naz@Asia<#LINE#>1-5<#LINE#>1.ISCA-RJRS-2013-244.pdf<#LINE#>Department of Education, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, PAKISTAN<#LINE#>2/5/2013<#LINE#>5/9/2013<#LINE#>The main aim of this study was to assess problem solving performance of grade 9th students. A test of reasoning was administered to a sample of above 500. The results show differential performance of the students. Item wise performance with background variable as school sector shows that performance of private schools students was significantly better than students of public schools. Similarly male and urban students performed well than female and rural students respectively. Interaction analysis of gender, rural urban divide shows that some items show interaction effect by behaving differently in response to background variables. <#LINE#> @ @ Arora A., Creating a TIMSS 2003 Problem-Solving Scale and Examining the Problem Solving Achievement of United States Eighth-Grade Students in TIMSS 2003, Boston College Dissertations and Theses,  Paper AAI3272240 http://escholarship.bc.edu/ dissertations/ AAI3272240, (2003) @No $ @ @ Battista M., Spatial Visualization and gender difference in high school geometry, Journal for research in Mathematics Education, 21(1), 47-60 (1990) @No $ @ @ Burton L.,  Mathematical thinking: The struggle for meaning,  Journal for research in mathematics education, 15, 35-49 (1984) @No $ @ @ Burns M., About teaching mathematics: A K–8 resource (2nd d), Sausalito, CA: Math Solutions Publications (2000) @No $ @ @ Carr M. and Jessup D.L., Gender differences in first grade mathematics strategy use: Social and Meta cognitive influences, Journal of Educational Psychology, 98(2), 318-328 (1997) @No $ @ @ Christiansen B., Induction and Deduction in the Learning of Mathematics and in Mathematical Instruction Addresses of the First International Congress on Mathematical Education, Educational Studies in Mathematics, 2(2/3), 139-159 (1969) @No $ @ @ El Hassan K., Gender issues in achievement in Lebanon, Social Bahavoiur and Personality, 29(2), 113-124 (2001) @No $ @ @ Fennema E.H., Sex-related differences in mathematics achievement and related Factors: A further study, Journal for Research in Mathematics Education, 9(3), 189 (1978) @No $ @ @ Fennema E., Thomas P., Carpenter, Victoria R.  Jacobs, Megan L.  Franke and Linda W. Levi, A Longitudinal Study of Gender Differences in Young Children’s Mathematical Thinking DOI: 10.3102/0013189X027005006 1998; 27; 6 Educational Researcher http://edr.sagepub.com, (1998) @No $ @ @ Gallagher A.M., De Lisi, R., Holst, P.C., Mc-Gillicuddy- DeLisi, A.V., Morley M. and Cahalan C., Gender differences in advanced mathematical problem-solving, Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 75, 165-190 (2000) @No $ @ @ Johnson E.S., Sex differences in problem solving, Journal of educational psychology, 76(6), 1359 (1984) @No $ @ @ NTCM, http://standards.nctm.org/document/chapter3/ index.htm, (2000) @No
<#LINE#>Application of QUAL2Kw for water quality modeling in the Tunggak River, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia<#LINE#>M.A.@Hossain,Sujaul@I.M.,M.A.@Nasly<#LINE#>6-14<#LINE#>2.ISCA-RJRS-2013-612.pdf<#LINE#>Faculty of Civil Engineering and Earth Resources, University Malaysia Pahang, Kuantan, MALAYSIA<#LINE#>2/9/2013<#LINE#>20/11/2013<#LINE#>The Tunggak River receives waste water from the Gebeng industrial estate (GIE) and from some agricultural and homestead areas in Kuantan, Malaysia. Discharges of industrial effluents containing conventional and non-conventional pollutant with degradable organics and nutrients are the major cause of water quality deterioration in this river. Degradable organic and nutrients have resulted in decrease in DO concentrations along the river. With the objective of modeling of the water quality of the river a one- dimensional river and stream water quality model QUAL2Kw was calibrated and confirmed using the data for the period of 2012-13. With some exceptions it represented the collected data quite good. Simulation of various water quality constituents was done applying the model during dry and wet season. The result shows that the DO concentration was very low in all parts of the river. BOD and COD was very high compare to standard level of Malaysia. Due to industrial wastewater the pollution was high and without taking improve management based on the simulated results, the scenario will not change.  <#LINE#> @ @ S.S., A. and B.N., S. Effect of Anthropogenic Activities on Zooplankton Population of Sogal Pond, Belgaum District, Karnataka, India, Res.J.Recent Sci., 2, 81–83 (2013) @No $ @ @ Kannel P.R., Lee S., Lee Y.S., Kanel S.R. and Pelletier G.J., Application of automated QUAL2Kw for water quality modeling and management in the Bagmati River, Nepal, Ecol.Model., 202, 503–517 (2007) @No $ @ @ Drolc A. and Konan J.Z., Water quality modelling of the river Sava, Slovenia, Water Res., 30, 2587–2592 (1996) @No $ @ @ Haribhau M.G., Trace Metals Contamination of Surface Water Samples in and Around Akot City in Maharashtra, India, Res.J.Recent Sci., 1, 5–9 (2012) @No $ @ @ Bottino F., Ferraz I.C., Mendiondo E.M. and Calijuri M.D.C., Calibration of QUAL2K model in brazilian micro watershed: effects of the land use on water quality, Acta Limnologica Brasiliensia, 22, 474–485 (2010) @No $ @ @ Sardinha D. and Conceição F., Evaluation of the water quality and auto-purification from the meio stream, Leme (SP), Engenharia Sanitaria e Ambiental, 13, 329–338 (2008) @No $ @ @ Brown L. and Barnwell, T., The enhanced stream water quality models QUAL2E and QUAL2E-UNCAS: documentation and user manual. (U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Athens, GA, 1987) @No $ @ @  Park, S. S. and Lee, Y. S., A water quality modeling study of the Nakdong River, Korea. Ecol.Mode., 152, 65–75 (2002) @No $ @ @ Chapra S. and Pelletier G., QUAL2K: A Modeling Framework for Simulating River and Stream Water Quality: Documentation and Users Manual, (Civil and Environmental Engineering Dept., Tufts University, Medford, MA., 2003) @No $ @ @ Pelletier G.J., Chapra S.C. and Tao H., QUAL2Kw – A framework for modeling water quality in streams and rivers using a genetic algorithm for calibration, Environ. Model. Soft., 21, 419–425 (2006) @No $ @ @ Pelletier G. and Chapra S., QUAL2Kw theory and documentation A modeling framework for simulating river and stream water quality, (Environmental Assessment Program Olympia, Washington 98504-7710, (2008) @No $ @ @ Gardner S., Griggs B., Handy J., Lemme N. and Paudel M.A, Qual2k water quality analysis of the Blanco watershed near Jalisco, Mexico, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Brigham Young University (2007) @No $ @ @ Oliveira B., Bola J., Quinteiro P., Nadais H. and Arroja L., Application of Qual2Kw model as a tool for water quality management: Cértima River as a case study, Environ. Monit. Assess., 184, 6197–210 (2012) @No $ @ @ Zainudin Z., Rahman N.,  Abdullah N. and Mazlan N.F., Development of water quality model for Sg. Tebrau using QUAL2K, Journal of Applied Sciences, 10, 2748–2750(2010) @No $ @ @ Sujaul I., Hossain M., Nasly M.A. and Sobahan M.A., Effect of Industrial Pollution on the Spatial Variation of Surface Water Quality, Am. J. Environ. Sci., 9, 120–129 (2013) @No $ @ @ Nasly M., Hossain M. and Islam M., Water Quality Index of Sungai Tunggak: An Analytical Study, in 3rd International Conference on Chemical, Biological and Environment Sciences (ICCEBS’2013 40–45 (2013) @No $ @ @ Andrew D., Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater, 1200, American Public Health Association, (2005) @No $ @ @ HACH, Water analysis guide (2005) @No $ @ @ Zhang R., Qian X., Yuan X., Ye R., Xia B. and Wang Y., Simulation of water environmental capacity and pollution load reduction using QUAL2K for water environmental management, Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 9, 4504–21 (2012) @No $ @ @ Anh D.T., Bonnet M.P., Vachaud G., Van Minh C., Prieur N., VU DUC L., and  LAN ANH L., Biochemical modeling of the Nhue River (Hanoi, Vietnam): Practical identifiability analysis and parameters estimation,Ecol.model., 193, 182–204 (2006) @No $ @ @ Cho J.H. and Ha S.R., Parameter optimization of the QUAL2K model for a multiple-reach river using an influence coefficient algorithm, Sci. Total Environ., 408,1985–91 (2010) @No $ @ @ Bowie G.L., Mills W.B., Porcella D.B., Campbel Carrie L., Pagenkop, James R., Rupp, Gretchen L., Johnson, Kay M., Chan, Peter W.H., Gherini, Steven A., Chamberlin and Charles E., Rates, constants, and kinetics formulations in surface water quality modeling, EPA (U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Athens, GA, 1985) @No $ @ @ Camargo R.D.A., Calijuri M.L., Santiago A.D.F., Couto E.D.A. De and Silva M.D.F.M.E., Water quality prediction using the QUAL2Kw model in a small karstic watershed in Brazil, Acta Limnologica Brasiliensia, 22, 486–498 (2010) @No $ @ @ Zhang, R., Qian, X., Li, H., Yuan, X. and Ye, R., Selection of optimal river water quality improvement programs using QUAL2K: a case study of Taihu Lake Basin, China, Sci. Total Environ., 431, 278–85 (2012) @No
<#LINE#>Effective Factors in Information Asymmetry from Managers Perspective<#LINE#>Kargar@EsmaeelFarzaneh,Kamran@GhorbanNejad,Ahmadi@GholamReza<#LINE#>15-19<#LINE#>3.ISCA-RJRS-2013-628.pdf<#LINE#>Department of Business Management and Customs, Faculty of Humanities, Hormozgan University, Bandar Abbas, IRAN @ Faculty of Management and Economics, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, IRAN @ Department of Accounting, Payame Noor University, Tehran, IRAN<#LINE#>6/9/2013<#LINE#>11/11/2013<#LINE#>The aim of this research is to investigate effective factors in information asymmetry of the listed companies in Tehran Stock Exchange from managers’ perspective. The difference between Approved Earnings per Share and Estimated Earnings per Share divided by Approved Earnings per Share was applied to measure information asymmetry from managers’ view. In the study, number of years of the firm attendance in the exchange (History), size of the company (Size), the percentage of active attendance in exchange transactions (Active Attendance) and the managers’ record were considered as the effective factors in information asymmetry from managers’ view. To this end, 97 listed companies in TSE during 2006-2010 were investigated. The pooled regression models (with fixed effects) and EViews Econometric Software were used for testing the hypotheses. Findings indicate there is the significant and negative relationship between managers’ record and information asymmetry, however, no relationship among History, Size, and Active Attendance with information asymmetry was observed. <#LINE#> @ @ Ghaemi M.H. and Vatan Parast M.R., Role of accounting information in reducing information asymmetry in Tehran Stock Exchange, Accounting and Auditing Studies, 41, 85-103 (2005) @No $ @ @ Alavi Tabari H. and Jalili A., Fundamental variables utility in predicting profit growth, Accounting and Auditing Studies,43, 119-134 (2006) @No $ @ @ Haghighat H. and Raygan E., Role of income smoothing on the information content of earnings regarding future profits prediction, Accounting and Auditing Studies, 46, 33-46 (2008) @No $ @ @ Ismaili S., Quality of earnings, Journal of Accounting, 184, 33-27(2007) @No $ @ @ Azad M., Information Content of predicting earnings of companies, MS Thesis, Department of Management, Allameh Tabatabai University, (2004) @No $ @ @ Moradzadeh Fard M., Rezapour N. and Farzani H., Role of accruals management in stock liquidity of listed companies in Tehran Stock Exchange, Financial Accounting Research Journal, , 101-116 (2010) @No $ @ @ Ahmad Pour Kasgary A. and Ajam M., Relationship between accruals quality and information asymmetry in companies listed in Tehran Stock Exchange, Journal of the Stock Exchange, 11(3), 107-124 (2010) @No $ @ @ McCafferty J., The Long View, CFO Magazine (May 1) (2007) @No $ @ @ Taub S., Opposition Builds to Earnings Guidance, CFO Magazine (March 13) (2006) @No $ @ @ Koller T. and Rajan S.J., Why earnings guidance can be bad for corporate health, CFO Magazine (April 6) (2006) @No $ @ @ Donohue T.J.,  Enhancing America’s long-term competitiveness: Ending Wall Street’s Quarterly Earnings Game, Wall Street Analyst Forum (New York, NY, November 30) (2005) @No $ @ @ Hewitt M., Improving Investors’ Forecast Accuracy when Operating Cash Flows and Accruals are differentially Persistent, Working Paper,  Indiana University (2008) @No $ @ @ Choi J.H., Myers L.A., Zang Y. and Ziebart D.A., Do management EPS forecasts allow returns to reflect future earnings? Implications for the continuation of management’s quarterly earnings guidance, Review of Accounting Studies, 16(1), 143-182 (2011) @No
<#LINE#>Planning and Standardizing of Stress Questionnaire Based Upon Transactional Model<#LINE#>S.S.@MazloomyMahmoodabad,D.@ShojaeiZadeh,M.@Mohammadi,A.@Barkhordari,F.@Hosaini,M.H.@Kaveh,SakiMalehi@A.,M.K.@Rahiminezhad<#LINE#>20-25<#LINE#>4.ISCA-RJRS-2013-692.pdf<#LINE#>Yazd Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, School of Health, Yazd, IRAN @ Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IRAN @ Shiraz University of medical sciences, Shiraz, IRAN @ Jondishapoor University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, IRAN @ Department of Education and Training office, Yazd, IRAN<#LINE#>22/9/2013<#LINE#>29/11/2013<#LINE#>The importance of stress amongst the teachers, on one hand, and lake of a valid and reliable instrument to measure the stress based on Lazarus and Folkman Transactional Model, on the other hand, made us to provide a instrument for Iranian teachers to apply. The aim of this study was planning and standardizing of Stress Questionnaire Based upon Transactional Model. This survey is a descriptive- analytical one, which its sample population includes in Yazd teachers of primary schools. The total sample, 100 people, has been selected using categorical sampling. A primary 64 -questions list was provided to plan the questionnaire, first. Content validity, and CVR, CVI approaches; construct validity by confirmatory factor, criterion-related validity by Pierson Correction, Cronbach’s alpha coefficient, and correlation matrix were applied to study internal validity and adaption. SPSS 15 and Amos 21 were used to analyze the data collected. Planning 62-questions questionnaire was followed by validity and reliability processes. Content validity index appeared 0.85, which was acceptable. The results of the study of construct validity, came out of the analysis of confirmatory factor, represented relatively goodness of fit of the model used. In addition, criterion-related validity showed a significant estimation power for the instrument, r=0.75, (p0.001). Cronbach’s alpha results (=0.87) conformed the reliability of the instrument. According to the results, applying this instrument to recognize the people and their problems and removing the stress amongst them is recommended. <#LINE#> @ @ Bennett H. and Wells A., Metacognition, memory disorganization and rumination in posttraumatic, J Anxiety Disorder, 24(3), 318-25 (2010) @No $ @ @ Sarafino E.P., Health psychology: J of Anxiety Disorder, 24(3), 318-25 (2000) @No $ @ @ Kiecolt-Glaser J.K., Glaser R., Strain E.C., Stout J.C., Tarr K.L., Holliday J.E. and Speicher C.E., J ofBehavioral Medicine, , 5-21 (1999) @No $ @ @ Krishania S. and Agarwal K., Effects of heavy metal stress on callus induction and regeneration of Finger millet (Eleusine coracana) (L.) Gaertn, Research Journal of Recent Sciences, , 24-28 (2013) @No $ @ @ ChoiSang L., Ahmad J., Musibau A. and LimCheng G., A Review on Job Stressor in the Perspective of Health Care Industry, Research Journal of Recent Sciences, 2(3), 81-86 (2013) @No $ @ @ Iyer K. and Khan Z.A. Depression – A Review, Research Journal of Recent Sciences, 1(4), 79-87 (2012) @No $ @ @ Jarvis M., Teacher stress: A critical review of recent findings and suggestions for future research directions, 14, 12-16 (2002) @No $ @ @ Kyriacou C. and Sutcliffe S.J., stress: A review, Educational Review,  29, 299-306 (1987) @No $ @ @ Glanz K., Barbara K., and Rimer K., Stress, coping and health behavior in edtors health behavior and health education theory, research and practice, Jossey-Bass Publication, 4TH ed, (2011) @No $ @ @ Flavio CV., Isabella F.G. and Joao M., Stress in Organizations: between Efficiency and the  Institutionalization of Fear, Associacao Nacional De Pos-Graduacao, 5(1),37-52 (2008) @No $ @ @ Lawshe C.H., A quantitative approach to content validity, Personnel Psychology, 28, 563-575 (1995) @No $ @ @ Litze H.U. and Bentler P.M., Cutoff Criteria for Fit Indexes in Covariance Structure Analysis: Conventional Criteria Versus New Alternatives, Structural Equation Modeling: A MultidisciplinaryJournal, , 1-55 (2009) @No $ @ @ Kenny D.A. and McCoach D.B., Effect of the Number of Variables on Measures of Fit in Structural Equation Modeling, Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 10, 333-351 (2003) @No $ @ @ Wheaton B., Muthen B., Alwin D. and Summers  G., Assessing Reliability and Stability in Panel Models, Sociological Methodology,  , 84-136 (1987) @No $ @ @ Hooper D. and Coughlan J., Structural Equation Modelling: Guidelines for Determining Model Fit, The Electronic Journal of Business Research Methods,, 53-60 (2008) @No $ @ @ Kumar J.T. and Sharma A., Service Quality Model: Model Fit Indices Results, International Journal of Engineering Research and Technology, 10, 1-12 (2012) @No $ @ @ Bentler P.M., Comparative Fit Indexes in Structural Models," Psychological Bulletin,  107, 238-246 (1990) @No $ @ @ Tabachnick B.G. and Fidell L.S., Using Multivariate Statistics, Pearson Higher Ed USA Publication, 6th ed, (2007) @No $ @ @ Dillman D.A., Internet Surveys: The Tailored Design Method. 2nd ed, (2000) @No $ @ @ Cohen S., Kamarck T. and Mermelstein R.A., global measure of perceived stress, J Health Soc Behav, 24, 358-396 (1983) @No $ @ @ Robert F.D., Scale Development: Theory and Applications, SAGE Publication, 3th ed,  (2008) @No $ @ @ Kyunghee H., Gray N., Nathan C., Gregory T. and Nancy K.S. Evaluation of an Observe From of the Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations, SAGE Journal, 69(4),657-695 (2009) @No $ @ @ Karin G., Natvig: Coping with ageing and failing health: A qualitative study among elderly living alone, Journal of Nursing Practice,15, 257-264 (2009) @No $ @ @ Yaghmaie F., Content validity and its estimation, Journal of Medical Education Spring, , 25-27 (2003) @No 
<#LINE#>Ethnobotanical notes of the Rabha community in Mataikhar reserve forest of Kamrup district, Assam, India<#LINE#>Chunamoni@Das,Teron@Robindra<#LINE#>26-33<#LINE#>5.ISCA-RJRS-2013-716.pdf<#LINE#>Department of Botany, S.B.M.S College, Saulkuchi, Kamrup district, Assam- 781103, INDIA @ Department of Life Science and Bioinformatics, Assam University, Diphu Campus, Karbi Anglong, Diphu, Assam-782 460, INDIA <#LINE#>29/9/2013<#LINE#>21/11/2013<#LINE#>The pattern of interactions between people and forest constitutes key issue for conservation of protected areas. Ethnobotanical knowledge of the Rabha ethnic group residing in fringe area of Mataikhar reserve forest in Kamrup district, Assam is presented here. Field study design included Rapid Ethnobotanical Appraisal method; village walks and walk along forest transect with key informants, group discussion with women and interview of traditional healers.Though agriculture is the mainstay of the forest Rabhas wild plant resources collected from Mataikhar reserve forest is indispensable for food security, medicines and socio-cultural well-being.Their cultural practices of resource utilization and beliefs have elements of sustainability which acted as natural deterrents against over exploitation.Value addition of local products can contribute to food security, health and well-being of rural mass and forest people. Studies on people-forest interactions must incorporate the role of women because despite being active users of biodiversity their invaluable contribution remained neglected in many instances.   <#LINE#> @ @ Harshberger J.W., The purposes of ethnobotany, Bot. Gaz., 21, 146-158 (1896) @No $ @ @ Jain S.K., Ethnobotany: Its scope and study, Indian Museum Bull.,2(1), 39-43 (1967b) @No $ @ @ Wickens G.E., What is economic botany? Econ Bot., 44, 12-28 (1990) @No $ @ @ Mitra A., West Bengal: District Handbooks: Jalpaiguri, Govt. of West Bengal (1953) @No $ @ @ Dutta B.K. and Dutta P.K., Potential of ethnobotanical studies in North East India: An overview, Indian J of Traditional Knowledge, 4(1), 7-14 (2005) @No $ @ @ Jain S.K. and Dam N., Ethnobotanical notes from Northeastern India, Economic Botany, 33(1), 52-56 (1979) @No $ @ @ Deka D. and Sarma G.C., Traditionally used herbs in the preparation of rice beer by the Rabha tribe of Goalpara district, Assam, Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge, 9(3), 459-462 (2010) @No $ @ @ Paul S., Devi N. and Sarma G.C., Medicinal plants of Ultapani Range Forest under Holtugaon Division, Manas Biosphere Reserve (ASSAM), International Journal of Applied Biology and Pharmaceutical Technology, 2(4), 257-263 (2011) @No $ @ @ International Society of Ethnobiology, International Society of Ethnobiology Code of Ethics (with 2008 additions), http://ethnobiology.net/code-of-ethics/ (2006) @No $ @ @ Martin G.J., Ethnobotany. A “People and Plants” Conservation Manual, World Wide Fund for Nature, Chapman and Hall, London, (1995) @No $ @ @ Kanjilal et al. Flora of Assam. Volumes I-V, Govt. of Assam, India (1943-1940) @No $ @ @ Haridarsan K. and Rao R.R., Forest Flora of Meghalaya, Vols. I & II, Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, Dehradun, (1985 & 1987) @No $ @ @ Jain S.K. and Rao R.R., A Handbook for field and herbarium methods, Today & Tormmorow Publishers, New Delhi, (1977) @No $ @ @ Sajeev K.K. and Sasidharan N., Ethnobotanical observations on the tribals of Chinnar Wildlife Sanctuary. Ancient Science of Life, XVI(4), 284-292 (1997) @No $ @ @ Parinitha M., Harish G.U., Vivek N.V., Mahesh T. and Shivana M.B., Ethnobotanical wealth of Bhadra wildlife sanctuary in Karnataka. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge, 3(1), 37-50 (2004) @No $ @ @ Ramachandran V.S., Shijo Joseph and Aruna R., Ethnobotanical Studies from Amaravathy Range of Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary, Western Ghats, Coimbatore District, Southern India, Ethnobotanical Leaflets13, 1069-1087 (2009) @No $ @ @ Kutum A., Sarmah R. and Hazarika D., An ethnobotanical study of Mishing tribe living in the fringe villages of Kaziranga National Park, Assam, India, International Journal of Fundamental and Applied Life sciences, 1(4),45-61 (2012) @No $ @ @ Borah S.M., Borah L. and Nath S.C., Ethnomedicinal plants from Disoi Valley Reserve Forest of Jorhat District, Assam, Plant Sciences Feed, 2(4), 59-63 (2012) @No $ @ @ Rodrigues J.C., Ascensao L., Bonet M.A. and Valles J., An ethnobotanical study of medicinal and aromatic plants in National Park of “Serra de Sao Mamede” (Portugal), Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 89, 199-209 (2003) @No $ @ @ Betti J.L., An ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants among the Baka pygmies in the Dja Biosphere Reserve, Cameroon, African Study Monograph, 25(1), 1-27 (2004) @No $ @ @ Kaeslin E. and Williamson D., Forest, People and Wildlife: Challenges for a common future, Unsylva 236, 61, 3-9 (2010) @No $ @ @ Wayangal T.W., Ethnobotanical knowledge of local communities of Bumdeling Wildlife Sanctuary, Trashiyangste, Bhutan, Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge, 11(3), 447-452 (2012) @No $ @ @ Cox P.A. and Balick M.J., The Ethnobotanical Approach to Drug Discovery, Scientific American, 270(6), 82-87 (1994) @No
<#LINE#>Legal Restrictions on Democracy in the Islamic Republic of Iran<#LINE#>Negahdari@Evaz<#LINE#>34-39<#LINE#>6.ISCA-RJRS-2014-027.pdf<#LINE#>Department of Law, Shiraz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, IRAN<#LINE#>6/1/2014<#LINE#>9/3/2014<#LINE#>  Democracy is one of the best practices in the governance of the world. Although this approach has met with some criticism of the ruling party in the world today but has not yet found a replacement for it. It seems that the legal system of the Islamic Republic of Iran has used a combination of democracy, that democracy and religious practices. In this way, it is believed that democracy does not conflict with religious principles can be established for a reconciliation between the two. However, this technique has been crystallizing in Iran today in the principles of the constitution. However, this mechanism is faced with a series of restrictions on the Iranian legal system. These limitations can be examined from both individual and collective. This paper has attempted to explain these limitations by an overview of some of Iran's constitution and statute.  <#LINE#> @ @ Hiwood A., Key concepts in political science, translation Abbas Hassan Saeed Kolahi and Abbas Kardan, publishing Scholarly publishing company, First Edition, 152 (2008) @No $ @ @ Robert k., fleck F, Andew H, the origin of democracy, a model with application to ancient Greece, Department of agricultural and economic and economies, 2 (2002) @No $ @ @ Haghighat S.S., Concepts of contemporary political turmoil in Iran, Journal of Political Science, 624, 88 (2003) @No $ @ @ Falsafi N., The status of democracy in the Islamic Republic of Iran, Journal of Fundamental Rights, the fourth year, 8,154 (2007) @No $ @ @ Barzegar E., Religious democracy in Iran, fears and hopes, The Islamic University Journal, 20, Winter, 22 (2003) @No $ @ @ Admit F., Think of the social democratic movement of the Iranian Constitution, broadcast message, first edition, 13 (2000) @No $ @ @ Hashemi S.M., Fundamental Rights of the Islamic Republic of Iran, , Publication of Justice, Eighth Edition, 55 (2008) @No $ @ @ Rabert D., About Democracy, translated by H. Fesharaki, publishing Headband, First Edition, 2 (2000) @No $ @ @ Deutchland M., press freedom is human rights, the freedom of expression, 1, (2000) @No $ @ @ Tabatabaee M., Public Liberties and Human Rights, Tehran University Publication, third edition, 102 (2003) @No $ @ @ Katozian N., Foundations of public law, the publication rate, second edition, 448 (2004) @No $ @ @ Boshehri J., Fundamental rights, principles, publishing, publishing company, First Edition, 53 (2005) @No $ @ @ Shamee M., Introduction to Criminalization and Decriminalization, Publishing Jungle, First Edition (2013) @No $ @ @ Karami S., Foundations of criminalization in the territory of the press, the Etemad newspaper, December, 5 (2007) @No $ @ @ Rashidi A., The key to the realization of democratic meritocracy, Part IV, Journal of Political Economy, 66,225-226 (2008) @No $ @ @ Gey A., What Laeeseh translated by Abdul Wahab Mahmoud, Agah Publication, First Edition, Winter, 14 (2006) @No $ @ @ John B., David L, Addressing corruption through international treadies and commitment, Department of State, 11(12)(2006) @No $ @ @ Mangang P.N., Health Beliefs and Perception of Wellbeing among the Lois of Thanga in Manipur, India, Research Journal of Recent Sciences,1(4), 46-52 (2012) @No $ @ @ Nwajei G.E., Okwagi P., Nwajei R.I. and Obi-Iyeke G.E., Analytical Assessment of Trace Elements in Soils, Tomato Leaves and Fruits in the Vicinity of Paint Industry, Nigeria, Research Journal of Recent Sciences,1(4), 22-26 (2012) @No $ @ @ Amanchi N.R. and Mohd M.H.,Ecophysiological and cytopathological impact of delfin insecticide (Bacillus thuringiensis) to a unicellular ciliate protozoan, Euplotes patella, Research Journal of Recent Sciences,1(4), 64-67 (2012) @No
<#LINE#>Impact of Effective Advertisement on Brand Equity and Brand Switching Behavior; Study of Food and Beverages Industry in Emerging Market<#LINE#>M.I.@Tariq,A.A.@Humayon,M.H.@Bhutta,R.Q.@Danish<#LINE#>40-45<#LINE#>7.ISCA-RJRS-2014-165.pdf<#LINE#>National College of Business Administration and Economics, Lahore, PAKISTAN @ COMSATS Institute of Information and Technology, Vehari, PAKISTAN @ Pakistan Society of Criminology, PESHAWAR @ Hailey College of Commerce, University of the Punjab, Lahore, PAKISTAN<#LINE#>2/1/2014<#LINE#>28/3/2014<#LINE#>The aim of this study is to examine the relationship of effective advertisement on brand equity and brand switching behavior of the customers regarding major soft drink brands of Pakistan. 206 students of higher learning institutes of Lahore, Pakistan were selected on the basis of simple random sampling and were asked to fill the questionnaires along with open-ended questions in the form of interviews to investigate their intrinsic feelings. SPSS 16.0 was used to measure the results of the data collected. The findings suggest that effective advertisement is positively related to brand equity and negatively related to brand switching behavior of the customers. Future directions and practical implications for managers are discussed in detail at the end of this study. <#LINE#> @ @ Ballester E.D. and Aleman J.L.M., Does brand trust matter to brand equity? (2005) @No $ @ @ Yoo Boonghee, Naveen Donthu and Sungho Lee, An examination of selected marketing mix elements and    brand equity, Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science,28(2), 195-211 (2000) @No $ @ @ Yoo B. and Donthu N., Developing and validating multidimensional consumer-based brand equity scale,Journal of Business Research, 52, 1-14 (2001) @No $ @ @ Mustafa K.B., Shahid S.A. and Akhtar A., Role of trust: brand equity, Journal of Indian Management, 12-22, (2009) @No $ @ @ Keller K.L., Choosing the right brand elements and leveraging secondary associations will help marketers build brand equity, Marketing Management, 14(5), 19-23 (2005) @No $ @ @ Machleit K.A. and Wilson R.D., Emotional Feelings and Attitude Toward the Advertisement: The Roles of Brand Familiarity and Repetition, Journal of Advertising, 17(3),27-35 (1988) @No $ @ @ De Ros, K.M., A Content Analysis of Television Ads: Does Current Practice Maximize Cognitive Processing?.Indiana University, Effectiveness, American Academy of Advertising, article 1502a (2008) @No $ @ @ Hall B.H., Howard, Merrell and Partners, A new approach to measuring advertising (2001) @No $ @ @ Tsai C.H. and Tsai M., The impact of message framing and involvement on advertising effectiveness: The topic of oral hygiene as an example, Journal of American Academy of Business, 8(2), 222-226 (2006) @No $ @ @ Ranjbarian B., Abdollahi S.M. and Khorsandnejad A., The Impact of Brand Equity on Advertising Effectiveness (Samsung and Snowa brand names as a case study), Interdisciplinary Journal of contemporary research business, 3(5), 229-238 (2011) @No $ @ @ Erdem T., Swait J., Broniarczyk S., Chakravarti D., Kapferer J.N., Keane M., Roberts J., Steenkamp J.B.E.M., and Zettelmeyer F., Brand Equity, Consumer Learning and Choice, Marketing Letters, 10(3), 301-318 (1999) @No $ @ @ Slotegraaf R.J. and Pauwels K., The Impact of Brand Equity and Innovation on the Long-Term Effectiveness of Promotions, Journal of marketing research, XLV, 293-306 (2008) @No $ @ @ Washburn J.H., Till B.D. and Priluck R., Co- branding: brand equity and trial effects, Journal of consumer marketing, 17(7), 591-604 (2000) @No $ @ @ Keller Kevin L. and Donald R., Lehmann, “How Do Brand Create Value,” (2003) @No $ @ @ Aaker D.A., Managing Brand Equity, New York: The Free Press (1991) @No $ @ @ Aaker David A., Measuring brand equity across products and markets, California management review 38.3 (1996) @No $ @ @ Keller K.L., Conceptualizing, Measuring, and Managing Customer-Based Brand Equity, Journal of Marketing, 57,1-22 (1993) @No $ @ @ Eskandar J., Intellectual Capital and its Effects on Firms’ market value and Financial Performance in Iran: An Investigating Public Model, Research Journal of Recent Sciences, 2(3), 1-6 (2013) @No $ @ @ Mangang P.N., Health Beliefs and Perception of Wellbeing among the Lois of Thanga in Manipur, India, Research Journal of Recent Sciences, 1(4), 46-52 (2012) @No $ @ @ Nwajei G.E., Okwagi P., Nwajei R.I. and Obi-Iyeke G.E., Analytical Assessment of Trace Elements in Soils, Tomato Leaves and Fruits in the Vicinity of Paint Industry, Nigeria, Research Journal of Recent Sciences, 1(4), 22-26 (2012) @No $ @ @ Amanchi N.R. and Mohd M.H., Ecophysiological and cytopathological impact of delfin insecticide Bacillusthuringiensis) to a unicellular ciliate protozoan, Euplotes patella, Research Journal of Recent Sciences, 1(4), 64-67 (2012) @No $ @ @ Tariq M.I., Nawaz M.R., Nawaz M.M. and Butt H.A., Customer perception of branding and purchase intention: A study of FMCG in an emerging market, Journal of basic and applied scientific research, 3(2),340-347 (2013) @No $ @ @ Oliver R.L., Whence consumer loyalty, Journal of Marketing, 63, 33–44 (1999) @No $ @ @ Baldinger A.L. and Rubinson J., Brand loyalty: The link between attitude and behavior, Journal of Advertising Research, 36(6), 22–34 (1996) @No $ @ @ Aghaei M., Asadollah A., Nejad R.S., Keyan M.A., Alamoti M. and Zare M., The Effects of Retailer’s Equity on ETKA Customers’ Shopping Tendency, Research Journal of Recent Sciences, 3(1), 1-6 (2013) @No $ @ @ Keller K.L., Strategic Branding Management: Building, Measuring, and Managing Brand Equity, 3rd ed. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458: Prentice Hall; (2008) @No $ @ @ Huang R. and Sarigollu H., How brand awareness relates to market outcome, brand equity, and the marketing mix, Journal of Business Research, JBR-07136 (2011) @No $ @ @ Kim K.H., Kim K.S., Kim D.U., Kim J.H. and Kang S.H., Brand equity in hospital marketing, Journal of Business Research, 61, 75–82 (2008) @No $ @ @ Zeithaml V.A., Consumer perceptions of price, quality, and value: a means-end model and synthesis of evidence,Journal of Marketing, 52, 2 -22 (1988) @No $ @ @ Gonzalez M.E.A., Comesana L.R. and Brea J.A.F., Assessing tourist behavioral intentions through perceived service quality and customer satisfaction, Journal of Business Research, 60(2), 153–160 (2007) @No $ @ @ Keller Kevin Lane, Building customer-based brand equity: a blueprint for creating strong brands, Marketing Science Institute, (2001) @No $ @ @ Andreasen Alan R., A taxonomy of consumer satisfaction/dissatisfaction measures, Journal of Consumer Affairs,11(2), 11-24 (1977) @No
<#LINE#>Comparison of Key Economic Indicators of Pakistani Economy: Democratic Governments (FY89-FY99) with Military Regime (FY00-FY05)<#LINE#>Raheem@AhmedRizwan,Vishnu@Parmar,Ahmed@MeenaiYaseen<#LINE#>46-49<#LINE#>8.ISCA-RJRS-2014-529.pdf<#LINE#>Department of Business Administration, Indus University, PAKISTAN @ Institute of Business Administration, Sindh University, PAKISTAN @ Institute of Business Administration, Karachi, PAKISTAN <#LINE#>5/3/2014<#LINE#>14/5/2014<#LINE#>The objective of this research was to analyze the two different regimes of government in Pakistan. The Military government of General Pervaiz Mushrraf from FY-00-FY-05 and the democratic form of governments i.e. Pakistan Peoples Party and the Pakistan Muslim League’s democratic governments from FY-89-FY-99. The economic data was taken from State bank of Pakistan and analyzed through T-test, Z-test and F-test. The major findings of the research stated that there is no significant improvement in the military government, as they have always claimed for shining economy or the improvement in macroeconomic indicators in military governments. Rather it is concluded that many macro economic indicators are significantly better in democratic governments as compared to the military regime. So, it is finally concluded that there is a false claim that military regimes are better than the democratic governments in terms of overall economic growth of the Country. The overall analysis are shown and proved that military regimes are not beneficial for any Country in terms of economic and social growth. It is further concluded from the study that military from any Country should not even think to topple the democratic governments because they do not have any moral and legal legitimacy to rule. The major responsibility of Military is to safeguard the geographic boundaries of the country not the political sphere of the Country.  <#LINE#> @ @ Naseem S.M., If democracy is to work, article, Daily Dawn, Karachi, October 4 (2004) @No $ @ @ Pakistan Economic Survey 2004-05, II (2005) @No $ @ @ Pakistan Economic Survey 2003-04 (2004) @No $ @ @ Pakistan Economic Survey 1998-99, I (1999) @No $ @ @ State Bank’s Annual Report 2004-05(2005) @No $ @ @ Cheema A., Pakistan’s Textiles and Trade Performance: 1972-1990, mimeo, Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge (1995) @No $ @ @ Pakistan National Human Development Report, UNDP, Oxford University Press (2003) @No $ @ @ Hassan P., Pakistan’s economy at the Crossroads: Past Polices and Present Imperatives, Oxford, 6-7 (1998) @No $ @ @ Cheema F., Macroeconomic stability of Pakistan 19972003, University of Illinois-Champaign, ACDIS Occasional paper (2004) @No $ @ @ Shunji Karikomi, The Development Strategy for SMEs in Malaysia, IDE APEC Study Center, Working Paper Series 97/98-No, 4(1998) @No $ @ @ Zaidi S.A., Issues in Pakistan’s Economy, Oxford, page 124(1999) @No $ @ @ Zaidi S.A., Issues in Pakistan’s Economy, Oxford University Press (2005) @No $ @ @ Husain, I., Pakistan’s economic progress since 2000: False Dawn or a Promising Start, paper presented at John Hopkins, University of Washington DC, October (2004) @No $ @ @ Medhi Krongkaew, The Development of SMS industries in Thailand, Asian Development Review (Studies of Asian and Pacific Economic Issues), 6 (2), 70-71 (1988) @No $ @ @ Iqbal, Zafar, article, Daily Dawn, August 24 (2005) @No $ @ @ Shaukat Aziz, Economy likely to grow by 8%, Daily Dawn, I (2005) @No $ @ @ Ali Z., Iqbal A., Jan M., and Ahmad A., Coverage of Pak-U.S. Relations on Issue of Counter Terrorism by U.S. Leading News Magazines, Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research, 15(10), 1464-1471 (2013) @No $ @ @ Husain Ishrat, Pakistan, the Economy of an Elitist State, Oxford, Karachi (1996) @No $ @ @ Mahdi Safaa A., MuhsinAsaad H. and Al-Mosawi Ali I, Using Ultrasonic Sensor for Blind and Deaf persons Combines Voice Alert and Vibration Properties, Research Journal of Recent Sciences,1(11), 50-52 (2012) @No $ @ @ Seena Abraham, Quality of life Among Adolescents with Physical Disability Undergoing Integrated Education, Research Journal of Recent Sciences, 2(5), 1-5 (2013) @No $ @ @ Eskandar J., Intellectual Capital and its Effects on Firms’ market value and Financial Performance in Iran: An Investigating Public Model, Research Journal of Recent Sciences, 2(3), 1-6 (2013) @No $ @ @ Mangang P.N., Health Beliefs and Perception of Wellbeing among the Lois of Thanga in Manipur, India, Research Journal of Recent Sciences, 1(4), 46-52 (2012) @No $ @ @ Nwajei G.E., Okwagi P., Nwajei R.I. and Obi-Iyeke G.E., Analytical Assessment of Trace Elements in Soils, Tomato Leaves and Fruits in the Vicinity of Paint Industry, Nigeria, Research Journal of Recent Sciences, 1(4), 22-26 (2012) @No $ @ @ Amanchi N.R. and Mohd M.H., Ecophysiological and cytopathological impact of delfin insecticide (Bacillus thuringiensis) to a unicellular ciliate protozoan, Euplotes patella, Research Journal of Recent Sciences, 1(4), 64-67 (2012) @No
<#LINE#>Correlation among Indian Financial Markets: Does Unit Root Matter?<#LINE#>Ahmadi@Faegh,Rajashekar@H.<#LINE#>50-58<#LINE#>9.ISCA-RJRS-2014-697.pdf<#LINE#>DoS in Commerce, University of Mysore, Mysore, INDIA <#LINE#>26/3/2014<#LINE#>17/5/2014<#LINE#>In this research, the relationship among the four major financial markets of India including the currency, commodity, bond and stock markets is investigated during the period 2000-2012.Time series data are used at both original and first difference levels to calculate the correlation coefficient between variables under study. Validity of correlation coefficient will be evaluated through comparison of coefficient of determination and Durbin-Watson statistic. In order to identify the stationarity of data, the Augmented Dickey-Fuller test is used. Finally, the correlation coefficient between the variables is analyzed and compared before, after and during the year 2008 as the financial crisis year. The main findings of this study are: i. in the investigation of the relationship between variables based on the original level of data, the spurious regression has been observed. Therefore in order to obtain the real correlation coefficients, the first difference level of data is used. ii. On the whole, the considerable correlation coefficient does not exist between the variables. Though, the absolute of average for the correlation coefficients was relatively higher for the year 2008 compared to the period before and after that. <#LINE#> @ @ Gayed M.E., Intermarket Analysis and Investing: integrating economic, fundamental, and technical trends, New York Institute of Finance (1990) @No $ @ @ Murphy J.J., Inter market technical analysis: trading strategies for the global stock, bond, commodity, and currency markets (), John Wiley & Sons (1991) @No $ @ @ Chen Y.C. and Rogoff K., Commodity currencies, Journal of International Economics, 60(1), 133-160 (2003) @No $ @ @ Clements Kenneth W. and Renée Fry, Commodity currencies and currency commodities, Resources Policy, (2008) @No $ @ @ Chen Y.C., Rogoff K.S. and Rossi B.C., An exchange rates forecast commodity prices?, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 125(3), 1145-1194 (2010) @No $ @ @ Kohlscheen E., Emerging floaters: pass-throughs and (some) new commodity currencies, Journal of International Money and Finance, 29(8), 1580-1595 (2010) @No $ @ @ Chan K., Tse Y. and Williams M., The Relationship between Commodity Prices and Currency Exchange Rates, Commodity Prices and Markets, 20, 47 (2011) @No $ @ @ Gagnon J.E., Currency crashes and bond yields in industrial countries, Journal of International Money and Finance, 28(1), 161-181 (2009) @No $ @ @ Jahjah S., Wei B. and Yue V.Z., Exchange Rate Policy and Sovereign Bond Spreads in Developing Countries, Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, 45(7), 1275-1300 (2013) @No $ @ @ Clarida R.H., Hot Tip: Nominal Exchange Rates and Inflation Indexed Bond Yields (No. w18726), National Bureau of Economic Research,(2013) @No $ @ @ Alexius A. and Sellin P., Exchange rates and long-term bonds. http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2: 128488/FULLTEXT01.pdf (2002) @No $ @ @ Aggarwal R., Exchange-rates and stock-prices- A Study of the United-States Capital-Markets under Floating exchange-Rates, Akron Business and Economic Review, 12(3), 7-12 (1981) @No $ @ @ Abdalla I.S. and Murinde V., Exchange rate and stock price interactions in emerging financial markets: evidence on India, Korea, Pakistan and the Philippines, Applied financial economics, 7(1), 25-35 (1997) @No $ @ @ Granger C.W., Huang B.N. and Yang C.W., A Bivariate causality between stock prices and exchange rates: evidence from recent Asian flu, The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, 40(3), 337-354 (2000) @No $ @ @ Patro D.K., Wald J.K. and Wu Y., Currency devaluation and stock market response: An empirical analysis, Journal of International Money and Finance, 40, 79-94 (2014) @No $ @ @ Cho J. and Yoo B.H., The Korean stock market volatility during the currency crisis and the credit crisis, Japan and the World Economy, 23(4), 246-252 (2011) @No $ @ @ Moosa I.A., Are commodity prices a leading indicator of inflation?, Journal of Policy Modeling, 20(2), 201-212 (1998) @No $ @ @ Nimark K., Monetary policy with signal extraction from the bond market, Journal of Monetary Economics, 55(8), 1389-1400 (2008) @No $ @ @ Browne F. and Cronin D., Commodity prices, money and inflation, http://www.suomenpankki.fi/pdf/129368.pdf  (2007) @No $ @ @ Bredin D., Hyde S. and Reilly G.O., Monetary policy surprises and international bond markets, Journal of International Money and Finance, 29(6), 988-1002 (2010) @No $ @ @ Bannister B. and Forward P., The Inflation Cycle of 2002 to 2015, Legg Mason Equity Research, April, 19. http://www.altcapadvisors.com/assets/TheInflationCycle2002-2015.pdf (2002) @No $ @ @ Zapata H.O., Detre J.D., Hanabuchi T. and Wetzstein M.E., Historical performance of commodity and stock markets, Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics, 44(03)(2012) @No $ @ @ Delatte A.L. and Lopez C., Commodity and equity markets: Some stylized facts from a copula approach, Journal of Banking and Finance, 37(12), 5346-5356 (2013) @No $ @ @ Creti A., Joëts M. and Mignon V., On the links between stock and commodity markets' volatility, Energy Economics, 37, 16-28 (2013) @No $ @ @ Mensi W., Beljid M., Boubaker A. and Managi S., Correlations and volatility spillovers across commodity and stock markets: Linking energies, food, and gold, Economic Modelling, 32, 15-22 (2013) @No $ @ @ Boyd J.H., Hu J. and Jagannathan R., The stock market's reaction to unemployment news: Why bad news is usually good for stocks, The Journal of Finance, 60(2), 649-672 (2005) @No $ @ @ d’Addona S. and Kind A.H., International stock–bond correlations in a simple affine asset pricing model, Journal of Banking & Finance, 30(10), 2747-2765 (2006) @No $ @ @ Connolly R.A., Stivers C. and Sun L., Commonality in the time-variation of stock–stock and stock–bond return comovements, Journal of Financial Markets, 10(2), 192-218 (2007) @No $ @ @ Markowitz H., Portfolio selection, The journal of finance, 7(1), 77-91 (1952) @No $ @ @ mLhabitant F.S, Correlation vs. Trends: A Common Misinterpretation http://faculty-research.edhec.com/servlet/com.univ.collaboratif.utils.LectureFichiergw?ID_FICHIER=1328885974087(2011) @No $ @ @ Granger C.W. and Newbold P., Spurious regressions in econometrics, Journal of econometrics, 2(2), 111-120(1974) @No
<#LINE#>Conductivity study of Carboxyl methyl cellulose Solid biopolymer electrolytes (SBE) doped with Ammonium Fluoride<#LINE#>Ramlli@M.A.,M.I.N.@Isa<#LINE#>59-66<#LINE#>10.ISCA-RJRS-2014-831.pdf<#LINE#>Advanced Materials Research Group, School of Fundamental Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, MALAYSIA @ Corporate Communication & Image Development Center, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, MALAYSIA <#LINE#>14/4/2014<#LINE#>22/5/2014<#LINE#>Carboxyl methyl cellulose (CMC) doped with ammonium fluoride (NHF) solid biopolymer electrolyte (SBE) was prepared via solution cast technique. The ionic conductivity of CMC-NHF was measured using electrical impedance spectroscopy in temperature range from 303K to 333K. The highest conductivity observed is 2.6810-7 Scm-1 for sample containing 9 wt. % NHF at 303K. The ionic conductivity of the samples increases proportionally with temperature which implies that these samples obey Arrhenius behavior. Activation energy graph plotted shows highest conductive sample attain lowest activation energy value. The dielectric analysis of the CMC-CNF SBE as ascertained from electrical impedance spectroscopy reveals that the highest conductivity sample has the highest dielectric constant at ambient temperature. These samples appear to be ionic conductor of non-Debye type. <#LINE#> @ @ Chai M.N. and Isa M.I.N., Carboxyl methylcellulose solid polymer electrolyte: dielectric study, Journal of Current Engineering Research, , 2250-2637(2011) @No $ @ @ Chai M.N. and Isa M.I.N., Investigation on the conduction mechanism of carboxyl methylcellulose-oleic acid natural solid polymer electrolyte, International Journal of Advanced Technology & Engineering Research, , 2250-3536(2012) @No $ @ @ Nik Aziz N.A. and Isa M.I.N.,Ftir and electrical studies of methylcellulose doped NHF solid polymer electrolytes, Solid State Science and Technology Letters, 19, 37-47(2012) @No $ @ @ Mudlgoudra B.S., Masti S.P. and Chougale R.B., Thermal behavior of poly (vinyl alcohol)/ poly (vinyl pyrrolidone)/chitosan ternary polymer blend films, Recent Journal of Recent Sciences, 1(9), 83-86(2012) @No $ @ @ Samsudin A.S. and Isa M.I.N., Structural and ionic transport study on CMC doped NHBr: Anew types of biopolymer electrolytes, Journal of applied sciences, 12(2): 174-179(2012) @No $ @ @ Samsudin A.S. and Isa M.I.N., Conductivity and Transport Study of Plasticized Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) based Solid Polymer Electrolytes (SBE), Advanced Materials Research, 856, 118-122(2014) @No $ @ @ Jasman S.M., Khairul W.M. and Shamsudin M., Spectroscopic and thermal studies of Palladium (II) complex of N-(5-methylpyridin-2-ylcarbamothiol) Cinnamamide Lid and, Research Journal of Recent Sciences, 2(11), 12-19(2013) @No $ @ @ Rasool K.F. and Samaneh P., Photovoltaic device modeling and effect of its parameters, Research Journal of Recent Sciences, 2(4), 59-64(2013) @No $ @ @ Akhwanzada, Ahmad S., Tahar M. and Bin R., An analysis of Malaysian renewable energy target using simulation modeling approach, Research Journal of Recent Sciences, 3(1), 38-44(2014) @No $ @ @ Woo H.J, Majid S.R. and Arof A.K., Dielectric properties and morphology of polymer electrolyte based on poly (caprolactone) and ammonium Thiocynate, Materials Chemistry and Physics, 134, 755-761(2012) @No $ @ @ Ramlli M.A. Chai M.N. and Isa M.I.N., Influence of propylene carbonate as a plasticizer in CMC-OA based biopolymer electrolytes; Conductivity and electrical study, Advanced Materials research, 802, 184-188(2013) @No $ @ @ Nik Aziz N.A., IdrisN.K.and Isa M.I.N., Proton conducting polymer electrolyte methylcellulose doped ammonium fluoride: Conductivity and ionic transport study, International journal of the physical sciences, 5(6) 748-752(2010) @No $ @ @ Harun N.I., Ali R.M., Ali A.M.M. and Yahya M.Z.A. Dielectric behaviour of cellulose acetate-based polymer electrolytes, Ionics, 18, 599-606(2012) @No $ @ @ Othman M.F.M., Samsudin A.S. and Isa M.I.N. Ionic conductivity and relaxation process in CMC-G.A solid polymer electrolytes, Journal of Current Engineering Research, , 0976-8324(2012) @No $ @ @ Lower S., Collision and Activation, General Chemistry Virtual Textbook(2009) @No $ @ @ Nithya H., Selvasekarapandian S., Kumar A.D. Sakunthala A., Hema M., Christopherselvin P., Kawamura J., Baskaran R. and Sanjeeviraja C., Thermal and dielectric studies of polymer electrolyte based on P(ECH-EO), Materials Chemistry and Physics, 126, 404-408(2011) @No $ @ @ Saroj A.L. and Singh, R.K., Thermal dielectric and conductivity studies on PVA/Ionic liquid [EMIM][EtSO] based polymer electrolytes,  Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids, 162-168(2011) @No $ @ @ Ramesh S. and Ling O.P, Effect of ethylene carbonate on the ionic conductivity in poly (vinylidenefluoride-hexafluoropropylene) based solid polymer electrolytes, Polymer Chemistry, , 702-707(2010) @No $ @ @ Sit Y.K., Samsudin A.S. and Isa M.I.N., Ionic conductivity study on hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) doped with NHBR based biopolymer electrolytes, Research journal of recent sciences, 1(11), 16-21(2012) @No $ @ @ Rozali M.L.H., Samsudin A.S. and Isa M.I.N., Ion conducting mechanism of carboxyl methylcellulose doped with ionic dopant salicylic acid based solid biopolymer electrolytes, Journal of applied science and technology, 2, (2012) @No $ @ @ Hema M., Selvasekerapandian, Sakunthala A., Arunkumar D. and Nithya H., Structural, vibrational and electrical characterization of PVA-NHBR polymer electrolyte system, Physica B, 403, 2740-2747(2008) @No $ @ @ Ram M., Conduction mechanism in Life 1/2Mn1/2VO, Physica B, 405, 2205-2207(2010) @No $ @ @ Padmasree K.P., Kanchan D.K. and Kulkarni A.R. Impedance and Modulus studies of the solid electrolytes system 20Cdl-80[xAgO-y (0.7V-0.3B) @No $ @ @ ], where x/y3, Solid State Ionics, 177, 475-482(2006) @No $ @ @ Ramesh S. and Arof A.K., Ionic conductivity studies of plasticized poly (vinyl chloride) polymer electrolytes,Materials Science and Engineering, B85, 11-15(2001) @No $ @ @ Ahmad Z. and Isa M.I.N., Barrier Hoping Mechanism CMC-SA Solid Biopolymer Electrolytes, Interntionl Journal of Latest Research in Science and Technology, , 70-75(2012) @No
<#LINE#>Nature Inspired Computational Approach to Solve the Model for HIV Infection of CD4 T Cells<#LINE#>S.A.@Malik,I.M.@Qureshi,Amir@M.,A.N.@Malik<#LINE#>67-76<#LINE#>11.ISCA-RJRS-2014-945.pdf<#LINE#>Department of Electronic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, International Islamic University, Islamabad, PAKISTAN @ Department of Electrical Engineering, Air University, Islamabad, PAKISTAN @ Institute of Signals, Systems and Soft computing, Islamabad, PAKISTAN<#LINE#>25/4/2014<#LINE#>10/5/2014<#LINE#>In this paper, a stochastic heuristic technique is investigated to obtain the approximate solution of the HIV infection model of CD4T cells. The proposed technique represents the approximate solution as a linear combination of some polynomial basis functions with unknown adaptable coefficients. The trial solution of the problem is formulated using a fitness function, which contains unknown adaptable coefficients. The minimization of the fitness function is performed using the hybrid heuristic computational approach. The stochastic global search technique such as genetic algorithm (GA) is hybridized with two local search optimizers such as interior point algorithm (IPA) and active set algorithm (ASA), for obtaining the unknown coefficients. The effectiveness of the proposed technique is illustrated in contrast with fourth-order Runge Kutta method (RK-4) and some well known deterministic standard methods. The results validate the accuracy and viability of the proposed technique for the approximate solution of the HIV infection model of CD4+ T cells. <#LINE#> @ @ Adomian G., A review of the decomposition method and some recent results for nonlinear equations, Comput. Math. Appl., 21(5), 101-127 (1991) @No $ @ @ He J. H., Variational iteration method - a kind of non-linear analytical technique: some examples, Int. J. Non-linear Mech., 34, 699–708 (1999) @No $ @ @ Muhammad A. K., Islam S., Murad Ullah, Sher A. K., Zaman G, Muhammad A. and Syed F. S.,Application of Homotopy Perturbation Method to Vector Host Epidemic Model with Non-Linear Incidences, Res.J.Recent Sci., 2(6), 90-95, (2013) @No $ @ @ Vahdati S., Tavassoli K. M. and Ghasemi M., Application of Homotopy Analysis Method to SIR Epidemic Model, Res. J. Recent Sci., (1), 91-96 (2013) @No $ @ @ Perelson A. S., Kirschner D. E. and Boer R.D., Dynamics of HIV infection CD4T cells, Math. Biosci., 114, 81–125 (1993) @No $ @ @ Ongun M. Y., The laplace adomian decomposition method for solving a model for HIV infection of CD4T cells, Math. Comput. Model., 53, 597–603 (2011) @No $ @ @ Merdan M., Gokdogan A. and Erturk, V. S., An approximate solution of a model for HIV infection of CD4T cells, Iranian J. Sci. Tech., 9-12 (2011) @No $ @ @ Yüzba., A numerical approach to solve the model for HIV infection of CD4T cells. Appl. Math. Model.36, 5876–5890 (2012) @No $ @ @ Doan N., Numerical treatment of the model for HIV Infection of CD4T cells by using multistep laplace adomian decomposition method, Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society. doi: 10.1155/2012/976352 (2012) @No $ @ @ Merdan M., Homotopy perturbation method for solving model for HIV Infection of CD4T cells, stanbul Ticaret Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi Yl: 6 Say:12 Güz 2007/2 s. 39-52 (2007) @No $ @ @ Merdan M., Gökdoan A. and Yildirim, A., On the numerical solution of the model for HIV infection of CD4T cells, Comput. Math. Appl.,62, 118–123 (2011) @No $ @ @ 12 Perelson A. S. and Nelson P. W., Mathematical analysis of HIV-1 dynamics in vivo, SIAM Review,41(1), 3–44 (1999) @No $ @ @ Wang L. and Li M. Y., Mathematical analysis of the global dynamics of a model for HIV infection of CD4T cells, Math. Biosci., 200, 44–57 (2006) @No $ @ @ Asquith B. and Bangham C. R. M., The dynamics of T-cell fratricide: application of a robust approach to mathematical modelling in immunology, J. Theoret. Biol., 222, 53–69 (2003) @No $ @ @ Nowak M. and May R., Mathematical biology of HIV infections: antigenic variation and diversity threshold, Math. Biosci., 106, 1–21 (1991) @No $ @ @ Ghoreishi M., Ismail A. I. B. Md. and Alomari A. K., Application of the homotopy analysis method for solving a model for HIV infection of CD4 T-cells, Math. Comput. Model., 54, 3007–3015 (2011) @No $ @ @ Caetano C., Reis Jr. J. L., Amorim J., Ruvlemes M. and Dalpino Jr. A., Using neural networks to solve nonlinear differential equations in atomic and molecular physics,  Intl. J. Quantum Chem., 111, 2732–2740 (2011) @No $ @ @ Arqub O. A., Hammour Z. A., Momani S. and Shawagfeh N., Solving singular two-point boundary value problems using continuous genetic algorithm, Abstract and Applied Analysis, doi 10.1155/2012/205391, (2012) @No $ @ @ Khan J. A., Qureshi I. M. and Raja M. A. Z., Hybrid evolutionary computational approach: application to van der pol oscillator, Intl. J. Phy. Sci.(31), 7247 – 7261 (2011) @No $ @ @ Malik S. A., Qureshi I. M., Zubair M and Amir M., Hybrid heuristic computational approach to the bratu problem, Res. J. Recent Sci., (10), 1-8 (2013) @No $ @ @ Malik S. A., Qureshi I. M., Zubair M. and Amir M., Numerical solution to troesch’s problem using hybrid heuristic computing,  J. Basic Appl. Sci. Res.(7), 10-16 (2013) @No $ @ @ Res. J. Recent Sci.   International Science Congress Association 76Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, 49, 1098-1103 (2011) @No $ @ @ Malik S.A., Qureshi I.M., Zubair M. and Haq I., Memetic heuristic computation for solving nonlinear singular boundary value problems arising in physiology, Res. J. Recent Sci., 2(9), 1-8 (2013) @No $ @ @ Mitchell M., Genetic algorithms: An overview, Complexity, , 31-39 (1995) @No $ @ @ Byrd R. H., Hribar M. 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<#LINE#>WThe Effective Factors on the Guidance School Students Academic Motive<#LINE#>Mirzajani@Hassan,Rahimisadegh@Zahra,Alami@Reza,Milad@Farnia,Bayekolaei@MehranehDelaviz<#LINE#>77-82<#LINE#>12.ISCA-RJRS-2014-999.pdf<#LINE#>Department of Educational Studies, University Putra Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, MALAYSIA @ Department of Psychology and Education, University of Allameh Tabataba'i, Tehran, IRAN @ Department of Management, University of Industries and Mines Branch of Mazandaran, IRAN @ Department of Management, University Payam Noor Garmsar (pnu) IRAN @ Department of Education, University Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, MALAYSIA <#LINE#>29/4/2014<#LINE#>15/5/2014<#LINE#>The purpose of this article is to examine the effective factors on the guidance school students’ academic motive in Mazandaran province. Method research is descriptive survey The population includes all the guidance school students in Mazandaran (119619 ones). The content of the sample is derived from (Kerjesi) and Morgan’s list that is in common with the content and volume of the society (384 people) The way of picking up the sample first is in a racemiformmanner and then in a startiform manner according to this levels. The means in gathering the data for the Questionnaire designed with researcher, close ended questions and likerts choices with the levels .The base of the data is leveled with Alphas test/ (kerden Bach), 0/95 The results are:the personal, family, social, educational factors effective in Mazandarans guidance school students’ educational motivation. Generally the students believed that the most effective factor on this motivation were as follow :( in order of importance and effectiveness): personal/family/social and educational factors. In other words the most effective factor was the personal, and the least was the educational one. <#LINE#> @ @ Kadivar P., Educational psychology, Tehran: Institute of Social Sciences Books codification, Second edition (2000) @No $ @ @ Estiger., Ways to encourage reading, translation, Parvaneh Sotodeh, Tehran, The Board of Trustees of Public Libraries, (1998) @No $ @ @ Talebpour A., Examine the impact of cognitive training on locus of control, high school students' academic motivation and practice, Thesis (MS) University Isfahan, (2001) @No $ @ @ Glever, Psychology bitmore. (Translator, Alinaghi, K,. Tehran University Publication Center, (1999) @No $ @ @ Karimi A., Overview of progressin international reading literacy study. 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@Research Article
<#LINE#>Segmentation Methods for Severity Regurgitation: A Comparative Analysis<#LINE#>Khayum@PinjariAbdul,P.V.@Sridevi,Giriprasad@M.N.<#LINE#>83-89<#LINE#>13.ISCA-RJRS-2014-833.pdf<#LINE#>, ECE Department, G. Pulla Reddy Engineering College, Kurnool, INDIA @ AU College of Engineering, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, INDIA @ JNTUA College of Engineering, Anantapur, AP, INDIA<#LINE#>14/4/2014<#LINE#>25/5/2014<#LINE#>Today, an inclusive evaluation of valvular incompetence plays a significant role in clinical cardiology.Also, an accurate evaluation of Regurgitant Volume (RV) in cardiac patients with Valvular Regurgitation (VR) is crucial to analyze the progression of the disease, which can then decide the suitable time for surgical treatment or further treatment. Numerous techniques and algorithms have been developed for the assessment of Valvular Regurgitation. These techniques perform the assessment process with the aid of Proximal Isovelocity Surface Area (PISA), also called as Proximal Flow Convergence method (PFC). In these existing techniques, the VR and regurgitation severity are evaluated successfully. But, it is not sure that the performance of all these techniques is high in their regurgitation evaluation process. Thus, to evaluate the performance, a comparative analysis is required among the existing techniques.  Hence, in this paper, a comparative analysis is performed for revealing the performance of three existing regurgitation techniques. Among these three techniques, the first one illustrates the quantification of mitral regurgitation by anisotropic diffusion segmentation via PFC method. While, the other two works demonstrates the severity of Mitral Regurgitation (MR) and Aortic Regurgitation (AR) by using the PISA method. The performance of the regurgitation methods are evaluated by the performance measures such as accuracy, specificity and sensitivity. Moreover, the performance of the aforementioned three works is compared with the other segmentation method in order to validate their efficiency in regurgitation assessment process. <#LINE#> @ @ Kumar P., Clark M., Eds. Clinical Medicine, 6th ed. London, UK: Elsevier Saunders Limited; (406), ISBN 0702027634 (2005) @No $ @ @ Girish S. Shirali,  Three dimensional echocardiography in congenital heart defects, APC, 1(1), 8–17 (2008) @No $ @ @ Steven J. Fowler, Jagat Narula and Swaminatha V. Gurudevan, Review of Noninvasive Imaging for   Hypertrophic Cardiac Syndromes and Restrictive Physiology, Heart Failure Clinics, 2(2), 215-230 (2006) @No $ @ @ Bonita Anderson,  Echocardiography: the normal examination and echocardiographic measurements, Chapter 13: Doppler Quantification of Regurgitant Lesions, 2nd Edition, MGA Graphics, Australia, 336, May (2007) @No $ @ @ Abdul Khayum Pinjari, Giriprasad M.N. and Sridevi P.V., Anisotropic diffusion segmentation for the quantification of mitral regurgitation using proximal flow convergence method,  IEEE Explore, ICCCN, Karur, India, 1-7, (2008) @No $ @ @ Abdul Khayum Pinjari, Giriprasad M.N. and Sridevi P.V., Evaluation of the Severity of Mitral Valvular Regurgitation with Doppler Echocardiography Using Proximal Flow Convergence Method, JCS, 5(2), 115-122 (2009) @No $ @ @ Abdul Khayum Pinjari, Sridevi P.V. and Giriprasad M.N., An efficient approach for quantification of aortic regurgitation using proximal isovelocity surface area method, Springer- Verlag, New Yark, USA, Pattern Recognition and Image Analysis, 20, 542-550 (2010) @No $ @ @ Abdul Khayum Pinjari, Sridevi P.V. and Giriprasad M.N., Quantification of Aortic Regurgitation Using Proximal Isovelocity Surface Area: An Effective Segmentation Approach Based On Fuzzy Clustering, IJMEI, Inderscience Publishers, UK, 4(1), 73-87 (2012) @No $ @ @ Jeny Rajan, Kannan, Thomas Francis, Kesavadas and Chandrasekhar, M.R Brain Volume Analysis using BrainAssist, In Proceedings of ICSCI, Hyderabad, India, January (2008) @No $ @ @ Nandagopalan, Adiga, Dhanalakshmi and Deepak, "Color doppler echocardiographic image analysis via shape and texture features, In Proceedings of the ICBBI, 139-143 (2010) @No
<#LINE#>E-Governmental Services for Entrepreneurs in Mashhad, Iran: An Empirical Study<#LINE#>Seyed@MohammadHassanAmirJahanshahiSistani,Raju@R.Satya<#LINE#>90-95<#LINE#>14.ISCA-RJRS-2014-943.pdf<#LINE#>Department of Arts and Commerce, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, INDIA <#LINE#>25/4/2014<#LINE#>17/5/2014<#LINE#>Today, our world is a world of “E”; it’s enough to put an ‘e’ before any word to project the latest changes in that field, be it E-mail, E-banking, E-city, E-survey…the list can be endless. The objective of this research is to determine methods to improve the effectiveness of internet-based services for solving needs of the society of consumers and providers of entrepreneurship governmental services, with respect to time, administration and transportation costs. The importance of this research lies in the necessity of comfortable, fast and accurate access of the internet, which could have an effective impact in preventing wastage of time, costs and insecurity. The research, therefore, deliberates on two vital questions: i. How much are the current E-Governmental services useful and necessary? 2. Can we improve the services currently provided by increasing internet services? ii. Through this paper, we also aim to present a modified version of the current e-governmental service website, which could help in achieving better results. For our paper, we have conducted our research in a society comprising governmental entrepreneurship and educational centers in the city of Mashhad. This society has been chosen for our research as it is the most educated and accessible society in this field. Our sample consists of 20 entrepreneurship centers. Our method of data collection comprises of questionnaires and interviews, in addition to asking for innovative ideas from the persons interviewed.  Analysis of around 50 web sites related to the field of entrepreneurship was also done. <#LINE#> @ @ GEM, Available at:http://www.gemconsortium.org/Accessed 10 December 2013],(2012) @No $ @ @ Horan Thomas A., Introducing eand issues, Communications of the Association for information systems, 713-729(15),18 (2004) @No $ @ @ Song H., E-government in developing countries lessons learned from republic of korea, (2006) @No $ @ @ Idoughi D., Towords an Algerian Eand Achievements, International Journal of E-business and E-government Studies, 5(1),, 88-97 (2013) @No $ @ @ Franco M. and Haase H., Entrepreneurship: an organizational learning approach, Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 16(4), 628-641 (2009) @No $ @ @ Volkmann C., Wilson K.E., Mariotti S., Rabuzzi D., Vyakarnam S. and Sepulveda A., Educating the next wave of entrepreneurs: unlocking entrepreneurial capabilities to meet the global challenges of the 21st Century – a report of the Global Education Initiative, World Economic Forum, 1-184 (2009) @No $ @ @ Dana L.P., The education and training of entrepreneurship in Asia, Education + Training, 43(8/9), 405-415 (2001) @No $ @ @ Bruni A., Gherardi S. and Poggio B., Entrepreneur-mentality, gender and the study of women entrepreneurs, Journal of Organizational Change and Management, 17(3), 256-258 (2004) @No $ @ @ Mueller J., Hu D., Min R. and Dong S., Land of the rising entrepreneurship: a description of rural female entrepreneurship programs in China, Journal of Asia Entrepreneurship and Sustainability, 2(1), 1-41 (2006) @No $ @ @ Tierney P., Internet-Based Evaluation of Tourism Web Site Effectiveness: Methodological Issues and Survey Results, Department of Recreation and Leisure Studies at San Francisco State University, http://jtr.sagepub.com/content/39/2/212, (2003) @No $ @ @ Tinhold D., Public services online 'Digital by default or by Detour?' e-government benchmark 2012-insight report. 1st ed. European Union: European Union, (2012) @No $ @ @ Prause G., E-governmental Services for Entrepreneurs in the Baltic Sea region-An empirical study, China-USA business review, 10(11), 1537-1514 (2011) @No $ @ @ Haghi S., A Comparative study between National Innovation System in Switzerland and Iran, Journal of American Science, 8(1), 623-628 (2012) @No $ @ @ Hzrolu A., Investigating Different User Profiles of E-government Services For Turkey, International Journal Of ebusiness and egovernment Studies, 5(1), 12-22 (2013) @No $ @ @ Ozler D.E., Cyberloafing phenomenon in Organizations: Determinants and Impacts, International Journal Of ebusiness and egovernment Studies, 4(2), 1-15 (2012) @No $ @ @ Alexa Information Company, Available at: http://www.alexa.com/topsites/countries, [Last Accessed 2011] (2011) @No
@Review Paper
<#LINE#>An Overview of through-Silicon via - based Three Dimensional integrated Circuits (3D IC) to placement to Optimize timing<#LINE#>Trik@Mohammad,Boukani@Behzad,Ansari@Babak,Emtiyaz@Siavash,Shilan@RahmaniAzar,Darv@FardinMohammadi<#LINE#>96-104<#LINE#>15.ISCA-RJRS-2013-303.pdf<#LINE#>Young Research Club, Sardasht Branch, Sardasht Islamic Azad University, Sardasht, IRAN<#LINE#>21/5/2013<#LINE#>18/10/2013<#LINE#>Semiconductor technology continues its progress in the field of 3DICs. Using stack structures through silicon via (TSV), the concept of 3D IC deals with introducing another dimension in recent designs. In fact, 3D ICs accompanying with TSV cells replace the existent connections in 2D ICs. Optimizing 3D ICs; however, is still in its early stages in many aspects. There are still some problems in locating standard and TSV cells regarding time optimization. In the present study, after queuing the layer and based on its segmentation, first we proposed a methodology for locating cells. Then, we dealt with simultaneous addressing of the pressure caused by the queuing process. Simulated fusion was applied to optimize timing and reduce wire length. Finally, an appropriate method is used to prove the procedures so that it can omit the overlaps between the cells and also the TSV cells. The results of the conducted experiments showed that both wavelength and delay in critical routes are more important in 3D ICs compared to 2D ICs. <#LINE#> @ @ Hentschke R., Flach G., Pinto F. and Reis R., Quadratic placement for 3d circuits using z-cell shifting, 3d iterative refinement and simulated annealing, in SBCCI ’06: Proceedings of the 19th annual symposiumon Integrated circuits and systems design. 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Chen, and W.C. Wu, CAD Reference Flow for 3D Via-Last Integrated Circuits, In Proceedings of the Asia and South Pacific Design Automation Conference, 187-192, (2010) @No $ @ @ Marquardt A., Betz V. and Rose J., Timing-driven placement for FPGAs, In Proceedings of ACM/SIGDA, eighth International, 180-190 (2012) @No $ @ @ Kumar Sandeep, Current Research Trends in Electrical Discharge Machining: A Review, Research Journal of Recent Sciences, 2(2), 56-60 (2013) @No
<#LINE#>Distributive Justice and Fairness for Developing Countries under WTO Agreement on Agriculture: Analysis<#LINE#>Khattak@Sadia,Zubair@Muhammad,Pervez@Khan<#LINE#>105-111<#LINE#>16.ISCA-RJRS-2013-463.pdf<#LINE#>University of Glasgow and A.P. at Law Department Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, PAKISTAN @ University of Glasgow U.K & works as Asstt. Prof at Law Department Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, PAKISTAN Sydney Unidersity, AUSTRALIA  <#LINE#>19/7/2013<#LINE#>24/8/2013<#LINE#>The Article aims to discuss the whether trade liberalization is achieved in Agriculture sector especially for the developing counties through the adoption of Agreement on Agriculture. Developing countries were at the disadvantage position as they could not achieve comparative advantage in their agricultural export due to the high degree of protection accorded to the domestic producers by the developed countries. Through the adoption of Agreement on Agriculture, the aim was to achieve fair trading system in agriculture by according differential and special treatment to developing countries. The question which is raised and analysed in the present article is whether AOA facilitates the developing countries in achieving market access in the developed countries in the back drop of environment protection, export subsidies and domestic support clauses in AOA and WTO covered agreements. The effect of AOA Pakistan agricultural export is specially highlighted as the case study for developing country<#LINE#> @ @ J.C. Bureau and others, The consequences of agricultural trade liberalization for developing countries: distinguishing between genuine benefits and false hopes, World.T.R., 5(2) 225 (2006) @No $ @ @ Full details about Gatt and Wto objectives and principles  available at www.gatt.org and www.wto.or g 15/10/2012 (2013) @No $ @ @ GATT ‘Summary Record of the Sixteenth Meeting’, 22 November, SR.9/16 (1954c) @No $ @ @ A. M. Joseph, International agricultural trade reform and developing countries: the case of the European Community. ICLQ  47(3), 633 (1998) @No $ @ @ S. Tangermann, Agriculture on the way to firm international trading rules ,in D.L.M. Kennedy & J.D. Southwick, The Political Economy of International Trade (eds.) 280 (Cambridge, 2002) @No $ @ @ Hoekman, ‘Agriculture and the Uruguay Round, J.W.T.L   23, 83 (1989) @No $ @ @ Kelly and Wootcock, GATT: A Mid-term Agreement, World Today 45(1), 92 (1989) @No $ @ @ D. Maclaren, The role of the WTO in achieving equity and efficiency in international markets for agricultural products, World .T.R   4(2), 230 (2005) @No $ @ @ WTO, The Results of the Uruguay Round of Multilateral Trade Negotiations: The Legal Texts, (1995) @No $ @ @  WTO, Ministerial Declaration, Doha Ministerial, WT/MIN(01)/DEC/1, 20 November, (2001) @No $ @ @ Available at www.wto.org15/10/2012 (2012) @No $ @ @ Available at www.gatt.org , See for the detailed explanation of Art.XX GATT in ‘United States -- Prohibition of Imports on Tuna and TunaProducts’, GATT, BISD, (29th Supp) (1993)55, reprinted in   (1991) 30 LL.M. (1594) @No $ @ @ Petros, The World Trade Organization: Law, Practice, And Policy, 807 (2006) @No $ @ @ Appellate body report, EC- Measure Containing Asbestos and Asbestos containing ProductsWT/DS135/AB/R, paras66-75 (2003) @No $ @ @ Preamble of TBT agreement, para.3. Available at www.wto.org 18/10/2012 (2012) @No $ @ @ TBT agreement, art.1(3).Available at www.wto.org 05/01/2013 (2013) @No $ @ @ N. Huei-Chih, Can article 5.7 of the WTO SPS Agreement be a model for the precautionary principle? Journal  of Law Technology and Society, 4(4) (2008) @No $ @ @ UN Doc.A/CONF.151/4, Agenda 21, Sec.2 (19), (1992) @No $ @ @ OECD , Preferential Trading Arrangements in Agricultural and Food Markets: The Case of the European Union and the United State, (OECD (2005) @No $ @ @ S. J. Henson & Others, ‘Food Safety Requirements and Food Exports from Developing Countries: The Case of Fish Exports from Kenya to the European Union, American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 82(5), 1159-1169 (2000) @No $ @ @ Bureau, The consequences of agricultural trade liberalization for developing countries: distinguishing between genuine benefits and false hopes, World T.R, 5(2) 241 (2006) @No $ @ @ Z. Mahmood, WTO and Pakistan: Opportunities and Policy Challenges 2, The Pakistan Development Review, 4(37) 690(1998) @No $ @ @ I. M. Carr, Environment versus international trade: where are we now? T.L.R, 3(4), 133 (1997) @No $ @ @ K.M. Murphy & A. Shleifer,  Quality and Trade, Journal of Development Economics, 53(1), 1-15 (1997) @No $ @ @ K. Mustafa, ‘Barriers Against Agricultural Exports from Pakistan: The Role of WTO Sanitary and Phytosanitary Agreement, Pakistan Development Review, 4(42) 487(2003) @No $ @ @ Government of Pakistan established Pakistan Standards and Quality Control Authority (PSQCA) by Act-VI of 1996 to provide one-window services for standardization and quality control, Three organizations namely Pakistan Standards Institution (PSI), Central Testing Laboratories (CTL) and Metal Industry Research and Development Centre (MIRDC) have been merged into ‘PSQCA’ (1996) @No $ @ @ M.G. Chaudhry, ‘Impact of WTO Negotiations on Agriculture in Pakistan and Implications for Policy, Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Economics, (2000) @No $ @ @ M.P. Mutafa & T. Nyamandi, Report of the Survey on the Identification of Food Regulations and Standards within the African Region Codex Member Countries that Impede Food Trade. Paper Presented at Workshop on Codex and Harmonization of Food Regulations Harare (1998) @No $ @ @ J.C. Cato, Economic Issues Associated With Seafood Safety and Implementation of Seafood-HACCP Program Rome (1998) @No $ @ @ ‘SCM’ Agreement, Art.8(2) (c), It is a privilege given to the state for purposes of environment (1998) @No $ @ @ S. Switzer, Environmental protection and the generalized system of preferences: A legal and appropriate linkage? ICLQ, 57(1) 145 (2008) @No $ @ @ WTO Doha Ministerial Conference para.31(i) which called for negotiations in order to explore ‘the relationship between existing WTO rules and specific trade obligations set out in multilateral environmental agreements ( MEAs’ WTO Doc WT/MIN(01)/DEC/1 (2003) @No $ @ @ The relevant part of art.10 of ‘SPS’ agreement says that ‘in the preparation and application of sanitary or Phyto-sanitary measures, members shall take account of the special needs of the developing country members, and in particular of the least-developed country members’(1999) @No $ @ @ Fritz, Special and Differential Treatment for Developing Countries’ (Heinrich Boll Foundation) 18 (2005) @No $ @ @ Fritz, Market access problems for developing countries in the agricultural sector, Forum Environment and Development (2000) @No $ @ @ WTO Appellate Body Report, European Communities - Measures Concerning Meat and Meat Products (EC - Hormones), WT/DS26/AB/R, WT/DS48/AB/R, adopted 13 February 1998, DSR 1998:I, 135, at para 124, WTO Appellate Body Report, ‘Japan - Measures Affecting the Importation of Apples, WT/DS245/AB/R, adopted 10 December 2003, at paras 179, 183-84 and WTO Appellate Body Report, ‘Japan - Measures Affecting Agricultural Products’ (Japan - Agricultural Products II),WT/DS76/AB/R, adopted 19 March 1999, DSR, at para 93:I, 277 (1999) @No $ @ @  I. Cheyne, Gateways to the precautionary principle in WTO law, J.Env.L, 19(2) 171 (2007) @No $ @ @ The detailed information about domestic support under  AOA  is available at www.wto.org25/01/2013 (2013) @No $ @ @ ‘AoA’, Article3.3 (2001) @No $ @ @ Petros, The World Trade Organization: Law, Practice, And Policy, 584 (2007) @No $ @ @ 1.Mohan, ‘Reforming agricultural trade among developing countries, World T.R 6(3)400 (2007) @No $ @ @ T. Rice, Farmgate: The Development Impact of Agricultural Subsidies, The GATT, the Doha Round and Developing Countries  in H. Katrak& R. Strange (eds.), The WTO and Developing Countries, 258 (London, 2004) @No $ @ @  Rice, Farmgate: The Development Impact of Agricultural Subsidies, 258 Action Aid Policy, Available www.actionaid.org.uk/doc 27/1/ (2013) @No $ @ @ W. Akhtar and Dr. M. Sharif, WTO Agreement on Agriculture Impact on Rice-Wheat Production System,   paper presented at Pakistan agricultural research council (‘PARC’). Available at www.parc.gov.pk/articles/wto.html02/20/2013 (2013) @No $ @ @ DR. A.Q. Suleri, A Field Not so Level: WTO coming to Pakistan at The News international Pakistan (2003) @No $ @ @ www.actionaid.org.uk/doc15/02/2013 (2013) @No $ @ @ Chisti and Waqar Malik, WTO’s Trade Liberalization, Agricultural Growth, and Poverty Alleviation in Pakistan, Pakistan Development Review 40(4) 1035-1052 (2001) Available at www.wto-pakistan.org10/03/2013 (2013) @No $ @ @ 48.www.wto.org 15/03/2013 (2013) @No $ @ @ Hamayun Ahmad, End of farm export subsidies to benefit our farmers a statement in  Daily Times News Paper, 27 December, (2005) @No
<#LINE#>Integrating Entrepreneurship into the Teaching of IT<#LINE#>Shaikh@AbdulBasit,Sarim@Muhammad,Raffat@SheikhKashif,Siddiq@Muhammad,Adnan@Nadeem,Ahsan@Kamran<#LINE#>112-115<#LINE#>17.ISCA-RJRS-2013-962.pdf<#LINE#>  Department of Computer Science, Federal Urdu University of Arts, Sciences and Technology, Karachi, PAKISTAN<#LINE#>28/11/2013<#LINE#>16/4/2014<#LINE#>Teaching methods have been subject to increasing scrutiny over the past years, specially from the perspective measurable tangible outcomes. Whilst the focus has been on ensuring the students learn what is being taught, there has been a refocus on entrepreneurship education. This has been reinforced by the global economic turndown and the need to increase economic growth. Hence, traditional teaching methods can be redefined by inverting the paradigm. Instead of developing a course outline based on the discipline being taught, develop the course based on the required entrepreneurial activity, which can then be de-constructed to define the salient course outline. The purpose of this paper is to suggest great benefits in this process, with Pakistan being used as a specific example, the IT discipline as the subject and the freelancing market as the specific target.<#LINE#> @ @ Davos K., Educating the Next Wave of Entrepreneurs, Unlocking entrepreneurial capabilities to meet the global challenges of the 21st Century, World Economic Forum, Global Education Initiative, Switzerland January (2009) @No $ @ @ http://www.uel.ac.uk/study/courses/entrepreneurship.htm (Assessed October, 2013) @No $ @ @ (2013) @No $ @ @ Siddiqi K., Pakistan ranks fifth on oDesk's top freelancer countries list, http://tribune.com.pk/story/588823/odesk-more-than-half-of-online-freelancers-are-pakistani/ (Assessed October, 2013) (2013) @No $ @ @ Baloch F., Pakistan 3rd-highest user of freelancer as self-employment rises, http://tribune.com.pk/story/516239/ pakistan-3rd-highest-user-of-freelancer-as-self-employment-rises/ (Assessed October, 2013)(2013) @No $ @ @ Parveen K. and Hundekar S.G., NGOs and their Role in Development of Science-In Development of Rural Women Entrepreneurship, Res. J. Recent Sci., 1(ISC-2011), 410-414 (2012) @No $ @ @ MacDonald I., Science and Technology in the 21st Century: Phytomedicine in Focus, Res. J. Recent Sci., 2(1), 1-7 (2013) @No $ @ @ Creative Learning and Innovative Teaching, Final Report the Study on Creative and Innovation in Education in EU Member States, EUR 24675EN-2010, (2010) @No $ @ @ Craft, A., Creativity in schools: tensions and dilemmas, Routledge, (2005) @No $ @ @ Baregheh A., Rowley J. and Sambrook S., Towards a multidisciplinary definition of innovation, Management Decision, 47(8), 1323-1339 (2009) @No
<#LINE#>Cloud Computing Safety Concerns in Infrastructure as a Service<#LINE#>Shakir@Khan,AlAjmi@MohamedF.<#LINE#>116-123<#LINE#>18.ISCA-RJRS-2013-1013.pdf<#LINE#>King Saud University, Saudi Arabia, Nationality INDIA @ College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, SAUDI ARABIA <#LINE#>4/12/2013<#LINE#>3/4/2013<#LINE#>  Cloud computing is current exhortation in the market. It is pattern in which the assets can be leveraged on user basis and by this way reducing the cost and complication of service providers. Cloud computing guarantee to slice operational and capital costs and more prominently let IT departments focus on planned projects instead of maintenance datacenters running. Cloud computing is much more than easy internet. It is a build that permits user to access applications that in reality exist at location rather than user’s own computer or other Internet-connected devices. There are many benefits of this build. For example other corporation hosts user application, this means that they need to bear the cost of servers, deal with software updates and depending on the contract and by this way user need to pay less i.e. for the service only. Secrecy, Integrity, Availability, Authenticity, and Privacy are important concerns for both Cloud providers and customers as well. Infrastructure as a Service (IAAS) gives out as the groundwork layer for the other delivery models, and a lack of safety in this layer will definitely change the other delivery models, i.e., PAAS, and SAAS that are built upon IAAS layer. This paper gives a detailed study of IAAS components’ security and finds out vulnerabilities and countermeasures. Service Level Agreement should be considered with very much importance. <#LINE#> @ @ Jensen M., Schwenk J., Gruschka N. and Lo Iacono L., On Technical Security Issues in Cloud ComputingIEEE, (2009) @No $ @ @ http://www.computerweekly.com/news/2240089111/Top-five-cloud-computing-security-issues @No $ @ @ http://www.twilio.com/(2013) @No $ @ @ http://www.terremark.com/services/it-infrastructure/cloud-services/enterprise-cloud/(2013) @No $ @ @ Berger S., Caceres R., Pendarakis D., Sailer R., Valdez E., Perez R., Schildhauer W. and Srinivasan D., Security for the cloud infrastrcture: trusted virtual data center (TVDc), 53(4), 6 (2009) [Online]. Available: www.kiskeya.net/ramon/work/pubs/ibmjrd09.pdf @No $ @ @ http://www.cloudsecurity.org, accessed on April 10, (2009) @No $ @ @ Al Ajmi, Sharma and Khan S., Growing Cloud Computing Efficiency, 3(5), (2012)available on http://thesai.org/Publications/ViewPaper?Volume=3&Issue=5&Code=IJACSA&SerialNo=26  @No $ @ @ Wesam Dawoud, Ibrahim Takouna, Christoph Meinel Infrastructure as a Service Security, (2013) @No $ @ @ Service Level Agreement Definition and contents, http://www.service-level-agreement.net, accessed on March 10, (2009) @No $ @ @ Sampling issues we are addressing, http://cloudsecurityalliance.org/issues.html#15, accessed on April 09, (2009) @No $ @ @ Mike Kavis, Real time transactions in the cloud, http://www.kavistechnology.com/ blog/?p=789, accessed on April 12, (2009) @No $ @ @ Secure group addresses cloud computing risks, http://www.secpoint.com/security-group-addresses-cloudcomputing-risks.html, April 25, (2009) @No $ @ @ Cloud security alliance: Security guidance for critical areas of focus in cloud computing V2.1, Dec (2009) Available at: www.cloudsecurityalliance.org. @No $ @ @ Kamran Ahsan, Nazish Nouman, Anum Kamran, Farhana Hussain, and Saboohi Naeem Ahmed Cloud-Based Shared Food Ordering System with Context Awareness: A Location Base Services Approach, 2(11), 84-89, November (2013) http://www.isca.in/rjrs/archive/v2/i11/12.ISCA-RJRS-2013-046.pdf  @No $ @ @ Kamran Ahsan, Nazish Nouman,Anum Kamran, Farhana Hussainand Saboohi Naeem Ahmed, Cloud-Based Shared Food Ordering System with Context Awareness:A Location Base Services Approach, Research Journal of Recent Sciences, 2(11), 84-89, (2013) @No $ @ @ Greg Boss, Padma Malladi, Denis Quan, Linda Legregni, Harold Hall, Cloud Computing, http://www.ibm.com/ developerswork/ websphere/ zones/hip ods/library.html, 4-4 (2007) @No $ @ @ Frankova G., Service Level Agreements: Web Services and Security, ser. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 4607, (2007) @No $ @ @ Service Level Agreement and Master Service Agreement, http://www.softlayer.com/sla.html, accessed on April 05, (2009) @No
@Case Study
<#LINE#>Design and Formulation of Shopper Solution Engineering Model to Increase Purchase Decisions at the Point of Purchase, in ETKA Chain Stores: A Case Study of Shahid Chamran Branch in Tehran<#LINE#>Aghaei@Mohammad,Reza@Mostafavi,Asadollahi@Amin<#LINE#>124-131<#LINE#>19.ISCA-RJRS-2013-775.pdf<#LINE#>Department of Business Management, Branch, Tarbiat Moddares University, Tehran, IRAN @ Mazandaran University of Science and Technology, Babol, IRAN @ Department of Business Management, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, IRAN <#LINE#>21/10/2013<#LINE#>6/12/2013<#LINE#>Marketers have focused on this question that “how can increase purchase decision at the point of purchase and convert shoppers to buyers”. The answer is “by shopper solution engineering”. In other words, retailers and manufacturers should rigorously understandshopper trade-offs and propose an innovative solution to reduce shopper cost and increase shopper benefit. These trade-offs are store inputs and outputs. This approach converts passive trip to delightful shopping experience. Brand new solutions and their metrics, which have been used in the retail world by pioneer stores, were introduced in this study.After precise field research, current situation of the main branch of ETKA chain stores (Shahid Chamran) in the key metrics was tested. The suggested shopper solutions incorporated layered merchandising, serpentine path design, bundling, shopper choice reduction and multi-sensory retailing. Additionally, the proposed metrics were Shopper Purchase Decision Made In-Store (SPDMIS), Double Conversion, Satisfaction rate and Net Promoter Score (NPS). The research method was exploratory-evaluation. Furthermore, observation and interview were the collecting data instruments for measurement of the metrics. 250 shoppers were measured as sample in each metrics. This study found that 75.3 % of current Shopper decisions in ETKA store in three primary categories are made in the store.  It reveals that what goes on inside the store, including how the store is designed and what selection is offered and where, has a tremendous impact on sales. <#LINE#> @ @ Rick Deherder, Dick Blatt. Shopper Intimacy, New Jersy: FT Press, (2011) @No $ @ @ Markus Stahlberg, Ville Maila. Shopper Marketing, London: Kogan Page, (2010) @No $ @ @ Herb Sorensen, Inside the Mind of the Shopper, New Jersey: Wharton School Publishing, (2009) @No $ @ @ Jon Kramer, Solving for Shoppers, Essay, (2008) @No $ @ @ Jon Kramer, The Mighty Wind, White Paper, (2009) @No $ @ @ Venkatesh Shankar J., Jeffrey Inman, Murali Mantrala, Eileen Kelley, Ross Rizley. Innovations in Shopper Marketing: Current Insights and Future Research Issues, New York: Elsevier Inc, (2011) @No $ @ @ How Shoppers Make Decisions (PLMA’s exclusive Buxton consumer), Private Label Manufacturers Association, 2011) @No $ @ @ Schwartz B, The Paradox of Choice: Why more is less, New York: HarperCollins, (2004) @No $ @ @ Nielsen Media Research In-store ads sway consumers, Adweek, 29 August [Online] http://www.mediabuyerplanner.com/2006/08/29/ nielsen_instore_ads_sway_68/.(2006) @No $ @ @ Shopper Engagement Study Media Topline Report, POPAI, The Global Association for Marketing at Retail, (2012) @No $ @ @ Paul W. Farris, Neil T. Bendle, Phillip E. Pfeifer, David J. Reibstein, Marketing Metrics, the Definitive Guide to Measuring Marketing Performance, Second Edition, New Jersey: FT Press (2011) @No $ @ @ Aghaei M., Kazemi A., Deilami Moezzi A. Rajabian M., Beigand M. and Asadollah A., Financial Distress and Bankruptcy Prediction in Subsidiaries of the Largest Business Holding in Iran Using the Model of Altman,  Research Journal of Recent Sciences, 2(8), 40-46 (2013) @No $ @ @ Aghaei M., Taghizadeh GH., Asadollahi A., Noormohammadi M., Yazdani Cherati N., and Firouzidost N., Presenting a Method for a Robust Prediction of Time Series Used in Financial Issues in an Automotive Manufacturing Company, Research Journal of Recent Sciences, 2(10), 22-32 (2013) @No $ @ @ Aghaei M., Asadollah A., Tonekabon M., Tajasom N., and Abbasi S., Investigating the Impact of Store Brand Price-Image and Retailer Equity Dimensions on ETKA Chain Store Customer’s Purchase Intention, Research Journal of Recent Sciences, 2(11), 5-11 (2013) @No $ @ @ Eskandar J., Intellectual Capital and its Effects on Firms’ market value and Financial Performance in Iran: An Investigating Public Model, Research Journal of Recent Sciences, 2(3), 1-6 (2013) @No $ @ @ Mangang P.N., Health Beliefs and Perception of Wellbeing among the Lois of Thanga in Manipur, India, Research Journal of Recent Sciences, 1(4), 46-52 (2012) @No
<#LINE#>Pathology of Policy Making towards the Improvement of Public Sector Management: Case study: Public Service Management Law<#LINE#>Pourkiani@Masoud,Sanjer@Salajeghe,Nasirabadi@FazlollahZarepour<#LINE#>132-141<#LINE#>20.ISCA-RJRS-2014-471.pdf<#LINE#>Kerman Branch, Azad University, Kerman, IRAN<#LINE#>25/2/2014<#LINE#>18/4/2014<#LINE#>Conducting studies on public policy making has been initiated by scholars since the 1970s. Despite the establishment of public policy making as an academic major in Iran from relatively long time ago, few studies have been carried out in this area about Iranian laws. This issue holds true about public service management law that was passed in Parliament in 2007 and its 5-year period of pilot implementation commenced. As well, this paucity of research is observed in the area of shortcomings of public service management law and the obstacles to the implementation of this law. Therefore, the present study investigated shortcomings of public service management law using a 12-expert panel, qualitative research methods, content analysis, and Shannon Entropy technique. Theresults showed that the obstacles related to logic, coherence and realism, structure and resources, the environment of law implementation, concept and correct diction, control and amendment, employees and managers, and theoretical base are from the most problematic to the least problematic obstacles to the effective implementation of public service management law.  <#LINE#> @ @ QoliPour, R. And Gholampour Ahangar, b., the public policy process in Iran, Tehran: Majlis Research Center Press (2010) @No $ @ @ Howlett M. and Ramesh M., Studying Public Policy: Policy Cycles and Policy Subsystems, Oxford University Press, Incorporated (2003) @No $ @ @ Alwani S.M., decision making and policy determination , eleventh edition, Tehran : Samt Press (2006) @No $ @ @ Majchrzak A., Methods for Policy Research (Applied Social Research Methods),  SAGE Publications, Inc (1984) @No $ @ @ Daneshfar K., Public policy making process, Tehran: Azad University Press (2010) @No $ @ @ Alwani S.M. and Sharifzadeh F., The process of public policy making, third edition, Tehran: Allameh Tabatabai University Press (2004) @No $ @ @ Baum, L., Implementation of Judicial Decisions: An Organizational Analysis, American Politics Quarterly, 4(1), 86-114 (1976) @No $ @ @ Rosenbaum, N., Statutory Structure and Policy Implementation: The Case of Wetlands Regulation, Policy Studies Journal, 8(4),  575-596 (1980) @No $ @ @ Bullock C.S., The Office of Civil Rights and Implementation of Desegregation Programs in the Public Schools, Policy Studies Journal, 8(4)597-615 (1980) @No $ @ @ Johnson C.A. and Canon B.C., Judicial Policies: Implementation and Impact. Washington DC: Congressional Quarterly Press (1984) @No $ @ @ Elmore, R. F., Instruments and Strategy in Public Policy, 7 Policy Studies Review 7(1), 174-186 (1987) @No $ @ @ O’Toole, L. J. JR., Policy Recommendations for Multi-Actor Implementation: An Assessment of the Field, Journal of Public Policy, 6(2)181-210 (1986) @No $ @ @ Pressman J. L. and Wildavsky A.B., Implementation, 3rd ed. Berkeley: University of California Press (1984) @No $ @ @ Montjoy R.S. and O’Toole L.J. JR., Toward a Theory of Policy Implementation: An Organizational Perspective, Public Administration Review, 39(5), 465-476 (1979) @No $ @ @ Meter D.V. and Horn C.V., the Policy Implementation process: A conceptual framework, Administration and society, , 463, sage publication (1975) @No $ @ @ Sabatier, P. and Mazmanian, D., Implementation and Public Policy. Glenview IL: Scott Foresman and Company (1983) @No $ @ @ Hjern, B. and Porter, D. O., Implementation Structures: A New Unit of Administrative Analysis, Organization Studies 2(3),  211-227 (1981) @No $ @ @ Rainey, H. G., Work Motivation, in R. T. Golembiewski (ed.)  Handbook of Organizational Behavior, New York: Marcel Dekker (1993) @No $ @ @ O’Toole L.J. JR., Research on Policy Implementation: Assessment and Prospects, 10 Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 10(2), 233-261 (2000) @No $ @ @ Rainey H.G. and Steinbauer P., Galloping Elephants: Developing Elements of a Theory of ffective Government Organizations, 9 Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 9(1), 1-32 (1999) @No $ @ @ O’Toole L.J. JR. and Meier K.J., Modeling the Impact of Public Management: Implications of Structural Context, 9 Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 9(3), 505-526 (1999) @No $ @ @ Waterman R.W. and Meier K.J., Principal-Agent Models: An Expansion, Journal of Public Administration and Research Theory, 173(8), (1998) @No $ @ @ Rogers-Dillon, R. H. and Skentny, J. D., Administering Success: The Legitimacy Imperative and Implementation of Welfare Reform, Social Problems (1999) @No $ @ @ O’Toole, Laurence J. JR, Rational Choice and Policy Implementation: Implications for Inter organizational Network Management, American Review of Public Administration, 25(1), 43-57 (1995) @No $ @ @ Hogwood, B. and Gunn, L., Why Prefect implementation is unattainable? Policy analysis for the real world, Oxford University press (1984) @No $ @ @ Calista, D., Policy Implementation, New York: Marcel Dekker Innc (1994) @No $ @ @ Sabatier P. and Mazmanian D., The Condition of effective, Implementation, Houghton Mifflin, sixth (1996) @No $ @ @ Lemley E.C. and Russell G.D., Implementing Restorative Justice by “Groping Along”: A Case Study in Program Evolutionary Implementation, The Justice System Journal, 232), 159-190 (2002) @No $ @ @ Berg B., Qualitative Research Methods for the Social Sciences, New York: Allyn and Becon (2006) @No $ @ @ Mohammadpour A., qualitative research methods; anti Method 2, Tehran: Sociologists Press (2011) @No $ @ @ Johnson R.B., Examining the validity structure of qualitative research, Education, 118), 282-292 (1997) @No $ @ @ Stenbacka C., Qualitative research requires quality concepts of its own, Management Decision, 397), 551-555 (2001) @No $ @ @ Bell W., Foundations of Futures Studies: Human Science for a New Era: History, Purposes, Knowledge, Transaction Publishers (2010) @No $ @ @ Aghaie M., Vahedi E., Asadollahi A. and Safari-Kahreh M., Res. J. Recent Sci.,3(2), 43-60 (2014) @No $ @ @ Pooya A., Rezazadeh Barfoei H., Kargozar N. and Maleki F., Research Journal of Recent Sciences,2(7), 37-42 (2013) @No $ @ @ Kamali Sajjad N. and Abbasi B., Res. J. Recent Sci.,3(2), 92-99 (2014) @No $ @ @ Abdul Wahab S.R., Hussain A., Zadeh A.A. and Ali Shah F., Hussain J., Res. J. Recent Sci.,3(2), 1-7 (2014) @No $ @ @ Izadi A., Ebraze A. and Afshar Kazemi M., Res. J. Recent Sci., 3(3), 12-22 (2014) @No