Research Journal of Recent Sciences _________________________________________________ ISSN 2277-2502 Vol. 3(5), 21-25, May (2014) Res.J.Recent Sci. International Science Congress Association 21 Characterization of Water and Sediment quality of River Ahiran in Korba Chhattisgarh, IndiaSingh Dhanesh, Singh Jairam Prasad and Jangde Ashok KumarDepartment of Chemistry, K.G. Arts and Science P.G. College, Raigarh, CG, INDIA Department of Chemistry, R.K.D. College, Patna Bihar, INDIA Available online at: www.isca.in , www.isca.me Received 13th September 2013, revised 5th October 2013, accepted 9th January 2014Abstract Both water and sediment are the valuable natural resources for aquatic organisms whose quality change in a minor range can be very harmful. Growing population, urbanization, increasing living standard and other activities have brought severe changes in the quality of both water and sediment. River Ahiran is a small tributary of the River Hasdeo. River Hasdeo is the largest fresh water resources of Korba city, Chhattisgarh, India. The present study was taken on River Ahiran; it is an important water source of Katghora block and its surrounding villages. River Ahiran was greatly influenced by effluents of small scale industries and domestic wastes. The study revealed that the total solids, total dissolved solids, total suspended solids, ammonia, nitrite, phosphate and chemical oxygen demand of water of this area was found higher. Biological oxygen demand was found under the limit and dissolved Oxygen was found lower than the standard limit. The sediment of the sampling points of River Ahiran contains higher concentration of lead and cadmium than the permissible limit recommended by Indian Standards and World Health Organization. The study highlights the pollution load on River Ahiran due to mixing of industrial and domestic wastes. Keywords: River Ahiran, surface water, sediment, industrial effluents and Pb and Cd. Introduction Korba is the fully revenue district and power capital of the state Chhattisgarh, India. It is situated on the banks of the confluence River Hasdeo and Ahiran the major sources of fresh water and located 2201 to 2301 latitude and 8208 to 8309 longitude. Environment is described as the calmative and other geographical setup of a region, where all animals live. It consists of biotic and abiotic components and includes the aquatic, terrestrial, and atmospheric habitats. Water and sediment being the essence of life, any deterioration in these can create great harm to human beings as well as to the environment. The quality of both water and sediment is affected by industrial and urban development. As every industrial process along with the population uses same quantity of water and discharge it after use. This makes the study of water and sediment quality an internal part of the environment study. Both water and sediment are important for aquatic organisms. There are numerous power plants and industries are established. Its waste products are directly or indirectly discharged on rivers, it contains important trace and toxic elements. When the effluents of industrial unit’s mixes with the River Ahiran, they flow with water either in dissolved state or settle down over the surface of sediment, and makes harmful for aquatic organisms. The continuous emanation of treated and untreated wastes from various activities has changed quality of water and sediment of this region. As we know that the heavy metals are non-biodegradable and they remain stable in our environment and harmful for all the living beings. River Ahiran join with the River Hasdeo below the Darri reservoir. The main problems created by wastes of industrial and domestic even at low concentration in both water and sediment; they can lead to major damage to aquatic organisms. The aim of the investigation was to assess the quality of water and sediment of River Ahiran. Material and Methods Method for sampling of water and preservation2-4: The sampling was made from the year July 2008 to year June 2011. The sampling was done once in the middle of every season. 2.5 liter of water and sediment samples were collected in a clean washed plastic jerry–cane and 2 ml conc. nitric acid added to the prevent biodegradation, hydrolysis and precipitation. Method for sampling of Sediment and analysis: Sediment samples were collected in hard plastic container. Sediment samples were collected in 10 x 10 x 3 cm. Sample was homogeneously mixed. The sediment was spread to dry, on a tray. The tray was commonly about 60×50×2.5 cm made from hard plastic. The sediment was allowed to dry in the air. After sieving stone pieces, parts of plant and other packable substances, sediment were dried at 100 to 105C for 4-5 hours and cooled it in desiccators. Dried samples were grinded by rolling gently with a Mortar and converted into fine powder. By weight 1 gm of sediment was digested with mixture of conc. , HCl and HNO andthen added 10 ml of distilled water and filtered it by using whatman filter paper no. 41 in a 100 ml Research Journal of Recent Sciences ______________________________________________________________ ISSN 2277-2502Vol. 3(5), 21-25, May (2014) Res. J. Recent Sci. International Science Congress Association 22 volumetric flask made-up to the marks. Samples were analyzed by standard method adopted by APHA 21st edition Washington D.C. 2005 and N. Manivasakam, Pragati Prakashan Meerut India 2008-09. Results and Discussion Physical parameters: Temperature of this water body has increased due to mixing of hot wastewater coming from industrial units; its value was recorded between the ranges of 16.8C to 26C. The higher value of temperature was recorded in summer. pH was recorded between the ranges of 7.69 to 8.96, water of the study points was found basic in summer season. Higher pH is not safe for aquatic organisms especially for fishes. The electrical conductivity of the study area was recorded higher than the limit. The conductivity of the sampling points was recorded between the ranges of 788 micro mhos /cm to 1770 micro mhos/cm. Turbidity was recordedbetween the ranges of 13 NTU to 21 NTU. The higher value of turbidity may be due to mixing of water soluble wastes discharged by motor vehicle and industrial units. TS, TDS and TSS of this water body were found higher to the limits. Which makes it unfit for irrigation, higher total dissolved solids indicate the salinity behaviour of water and contains higher quantity of minerals6,7. WHO and IS provided guidelines for TDS not to exceed more than 250 mg/L. Demand parameters: Dissolved oxygen is one of the most important parameters is assessing water quality and reflects the physical and biological processes prevailing in the water. Dissolved oxygen of the sampling points was found lower in summer season while higher in winter, its values was recorded between the ranges of 6.4 mg/L to 9.9 mg/L. Biological oxygen demand indicates microbial pollution in water, the results was recorded between the ranges of 2.9 mg/L to 5.8 mg/L. Chemical oxygen demand of the sampling points was recorded 4 mg/L to 11 mg/L8-10. Its values were not in dangerous zone. The various physicochemical parameters were estimated from the collected water and sediment samples at sampling sites S1 and S2 are given in table 1 and 2. Table-1 Physicochemical parameters at sampling sites S1 and S2 Parameter Year 2008-2009 Year 2009-2010 Year 2010-2011 M W S MW S M W S Temperature 19.8 16.8 24 19 17.9 27 18 18.6 24 pH 7.70 7.69 8.46 7.70 7.69 8.94 7.74 7.90 8.96 Conductivity in Micro mhos/cm 879 998 1668 887 1106 1171 788 1198 1770 Turbidity in NTU 21 13 20 20 15 19 19 21 18 TS 1108 1434 2065 1186 1665 1867 1054 1347 2178 TDS 789 965 1569 687 1005 1069 658 1050 1654 TSS 391 469 496 499 500 798 396 297 524 DO 8.6 9.8 7.8 8.9 9.3 7.2 9.8 9.8 7.9 BOD 2.9 3.7 5.8 2.9 4 5.3 3.1 3 5 COD 4 7 9 5 7 10 5 7 11 Hardness 270 279 296 235 268 300 240 246 265 Sulfate 39 62 112 36 45 104 34 56 123 Fluoride 0.2 0.4 0.5 0.1 0.5 0.7 0.2 0.6 0.6 Chloride 24 36 75 32 42 78 19 19 45 Nitrate 0.3 1.1 1.6 0.4 1.0 1.5 0.4 0.9 1.4 Nitrite 0.05 0.07 0.15 0.03 0.05 0.16 0.04 0.07 0.14 Ammonia 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 Phosphate 0.3 0.4 2.0 0.5 0.6 2.1 0.4 0.5 1.6 Acidity 23 39 42 23 39 42 21 41 42 Alkalinity 71 81 93 65 81 91 65 70 89 Pb in water 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.01 0.02 Pb in sediment 0.07 0.25 0.29 0.05 0.20 0.29 0.03 0.23 0.25 Cd in water 0.02 0.001 0.01 0.001 0.01 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.01 Cd in sediment 0.06 0.16 0.20 0.05 0.15 0.22 0.09 0.23 0.29 Research Journal of Recent Sciences ______________________________________________________________ ISSN 2277-2502Vol. 3(5), 21-25, May (2014) Res. J. Recent Sci. International Science Congress Association 23 Table-2 Physicochemical parameters at sampling sites S1 and S2 Parameter Year 2008-2009 Year 2009-2010 Year 2010-2011 M W S M W S M W S Temperature 19.6 17 27 18 18.2 25 17.9 17 26 pH 7.80 7.89 8.70 7.80 7.89 8.96 7.83 7.10 8.99 Conductivity in Micro mhos/cm 878 999 1623 896 998 1299 798 1470 1534 Turbidity in NTU 14 15 21 15 17 20 17 19 21 TS 1184 1256 1943 1196 1326 1954 986 1754 2198 TDS 768 876 1450 756 898 1168 678 1320 1479 TSS 416 380 493 440 428 786 308 434 719 DO 8.2 9.6 6.4 8.8 8.8 6.9 9.9 9.2 7.0 BOD 3.0 3.5 5.6 3 3.8 4.2 3.2 3.2 5.2 COD 5 6 8 6 5 11 6 8 10 Hardness 215 285 298 254 280 296 236 231 263 Sulfate 31 63 102 31 41 105 36 52 109 Fluoride 0.3 0.5 0.6 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.3 0.5 0.7 Chloride 26 39 70 23 45 71 23 26 42 Nitrate 0.3 1.2 1.5 0.5 1.1 1.3 0.3 0.8 1.8 Nitrite 0.04 0.06 0.17 0.04 0.06 0.13 0.04 0.0 0.15 Ammonia 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.05 0.02 0.01 0.01 Phosphate 0.4 0.9 2.7 0.4 0.6 2.2 0.3 0.4 1.1 Acidity 21 32 39 21 32 39 20 43 39 Alkalinity 69 77 88 61 84 84 56 69 84 Pb in water 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.005 0.01 Pb in sediment 0.08 0.22 0.28 0.02 0.23 0.25 0.04 0.21 0.32 Cd in water 0.01 0.001 0.002 0.001 0.001 0.01 0.001 0.001 0.002 Cd in sediment 0.04 0.12 0.21 0.06 0.14 0.20 0.03 0.22 0.26 Note: - All results in Mg/L except temperature, pH, conductivity and turbidity. M= Monsoon, W= Winter, S= Summer Mineral parameters: The hardness of the sampling points was recorded above the limit. Its value was recorded between 215 mg/L to 300 mg/L The concentration of sulphate was recorded between the ranges of 34 mg/L to123 mg/L. The problems caused by sulfate gives a bitter taste to water if it exceeds the concentration of 250 mg/L11,12. Fluoride concentration was recorded between the ranges of 0.1 mg/L to 0.7 mg/L13. The little amount of chlorine if present in water is harmful for aquatic organisms. Its concentration was recorded between the ranges of 19 mg/L to 78 mg/L. The concentration of chloride in water is not exceeding 250 mg/L. Acidity of the sampling points was recorded under the limits and the alkalinity of the sampling points was recorded minimum 61 mg/L and maximum 93 mg/L. The cause of alkalinity of this water body was due to presence of various basic substances. Nutrient parameters: Nitrate is a form of nitrogen and a vital nutrient for growth, reproduction etc. Nitrate nitrogen of the sampling points was recorded within the limit. However its small quantity reacts with various compounds present in our body and forms carcinogenic compounds.WHO, IS and OATA provided guidelines for ammonia not to exceed 0.02 mg/L in water. It was found higher than the limit and was recorded between the range of 0.04 mg/L to 0.08 mg/L. Nitrite nitrogen of the sampling points was found higher than limits, it was recorded between the ranges of 0.03 mg/L to 0.16 mg/L 14, 15. There are various sources of phosphate in rivers, such as rock erosion, decomposition of dead plants and interaction between the water and sediment Phosphate increases the growth rate of blue green algae causing the water unsuitable for bathing and reduces dissolved oxygen levels in water16Its concentration was recorded between the ranges of 0.3 mg/L to 2.7 mg/L; its concentration should not exceed 0.1mg/L in water. Metals: During the study years the concentration of the lead and cadmium was recorded higher in sediment. The higher value of lead and cadmium in sediment may be due to deposition of industrial and auto-mobile wastes. The concentration of Lead and Cadmium of the sampling points was recorded between the ranges of 0.001 mg/L to 0.05 mg/L and 0.001 mg/L to 0.02 mg/L respectively in water and sediment 0.03 to 0.29 mg/L of Lead and cadmium was also recorded between the ranges of 0.03 to 0.29 mg/L in sediments17-28. Conclusion The sediment of the study points was recorded more polluted than water. The sediment of the study area is not fit for farming Research Journal of Recent Sciences ______________________________________________________________ ISSN 2277-2502Vol. 3(5), 21-25, May (2014) Res. J. Recent Sci. International Science Congress Association 24 purpose. Hence, it is necessary to determine heavy metals pollution in sediment and periodical assessment of both water and sediment is beneficial to avoid pollution load on River Ahiran and it will help the farmers in selecting the River points for the farming of cucumber, watermelon and other vegetable on Ahiran. 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