Research Journal of Recent Sciences ______ ______________________________ ______ ____ ___ ISSN 2277 - 2502 Vol. 2 ( ISC - 2012 ), 229 - 233 (201 3 ) Res.J. Recent .Sci. International Science Congress Association 229 Quantifying the C ement A ir P ollution related H uman H ealth diseases in Maihar city, MP, India Rai Priyanka, Mishra RM and Parihar Sarita School of Environmental biology, A.P.S. University, Rewa MP, INDIA Available online at: www.isca.in Received 30 th Octo ber 2012 , revised 29 th December 2012 , accepted 28 th January 201 3 Abstract This paper present air pollutants ( s uspended particulate matter, s ulphur dioxide and o xide of nitrogen) emitted from Maihar cement plant and they may produce harmful effects on human health and his environment. This study was undertaken to investigate the quality of air in Maihar. Cement air pollution is rapidly becoming an environmental problem of public concern worldwide. It can influence public health and local or regional weather and climate. All the data were collected for a study period at five different locations (Bus stand, Labours colony, Maihar cement colony, Railway colony and Rewa road). In the present study at Maihar city, Primary pol lutants such as SO 2 and NO X were found within the standard value and SPM exceeding the standard value prescribed for residential and rural uses by CPCB, New Delhi. Maximum concentration of Suspended particulate matter, Sulphur dioxide and Oxide of nitrogen is found during winter months, moderate during summer and minimum during monsoon months indicate marked seasonal variation of pollutants under present investigation. Present study determines association between cement air pollution on one hand and occurre nce of human health diseases on other hand. A questionnaire based survey was conducted to collect the data for incidence of air pollution linked diseases among the people of sampling sites. Result determine the maximum incidence of respiratory diseases (su ch as tuberculosis, bronchitis, cough, asthma etc.) compare to other diseases among the affected people. Keywords: Ambient air pollution, human health diseases, Maihar cement plant, Maihar. Introduction Air pollution is a mixture of substances, inclu ding volatile organic compounds, nitrogen oxides, sulphur dioxide, carbon monoxide and particulate matter. The environment is an integral part of human life, the quality of which plays a critical role in human health. Air pollution has its own peculiaritie s, due to its transboundary dispersion of pollutants over the entire world. Therefore the study on air pollution and retated impacts on human health have a special consideration today. Air pollution is related to serious health problems such as respiratory diseases, gastrointestinal diseases, blood pressure diseases, dental diseases, eye diseases, skin diseases and other diseases. The causal relationship of mortality and morbidity with air pollution has been found significant for a range of concentration le vels 1 - 4 . Vehicular emission is responsible for higher levels of air pollutants like SPM, RSPM, SO 2 , NO X and other organic and inorganic pollutants including trace metals and their adverse effects on human health and environmental health 5 , 6 . Air pollution continues to receive a great deal of interest worldwide due to its negative impacts on human health and welfare. Several studies reported significant correlations between air pollution and certain diseases including shortness of breath, sore throat, chest pain, nausea, asthma, and bronchitis and lung cancer. One of the most critical impact of cement manufacturing is the dust generated during transport, storage, milling, packing etc. Atmospheric dust is an important source of air pollution particularly in d ry climates 7,8 . Mineral dust contains high concentrations of many metals known to have toxic effect not only on plants and animals but also on humans 9 , 10 . Many international studies have shown that there are serious health risks associated with air pollut ion. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), air pollution is responsible for increase in outpatient visits due to respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, hospital admissions and mortality. This paper present the qualitative impairment of ambien t air due to sulphur dioxide, oxides of nitrogen and suspended particular matter which is emitted from Maihar cement factory in Maihar city. The ill effect of these ambient air pollution on human health such as respiratory diseases, gastrointestinal diseas es, blood pressure diseases, dental diseases, eye diseases, skin diseases and other diseases. Cement industry is a potential anthropogenic source of air pollution. It is a major contributor to dust, nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulfur oxides (SOx), and carbon mo noxide (CO) in metropolitan areas. Furthermore, it contributes about 5% of the global CO 2 , the famous green house gas 11 . In cement industries, dust is emitted from stock piles, quarrying, transportation of raw materials, kilns operation, clinker cooling an d milling. Material and M ethods Maihar is situated in the North - eastern part of Madhya Pradesh. Maihar is developed tehsil of Satna. It is situated 24 o 17’ latitude Research Journal o f Recent Sciences ______ _ _ _______________________________ ______________ _ ________ ISSN 2277 - 2502 Vol. 2 ( ISC - 2012 ), 229 - 233 (201 3 ) Res.J.Recent.Sci International Science Congress Association 230 North and 80 o 45’ longitude East on National highway NH - 7 and along the railway line of cem ent railway (Bombay – Howrah). For the present study five sampling sites were selected in Maihar city such as Bus stand, Labours colony, Maihar cement colony, Railway colony and Rewa road. Bus stand is situated at a distance of 10.5 km towards North west di rection, Labours colony is also situated as cross section in cement factory area at a distance of 0.1 km towards East direction, Maihar Cement colony is a cross section in cement factory at a distance of 0.1 km. towards south direction, Railway colony is s ituated at a distance of 9.1 km towards North - west direction and Rewa Road is situated at a distance of 14 km towards North - west direction of Maihar cement factory. Monthly SPM and gaseous pollutant such as SO 2 and NO X were monitored by respirable dust s ample (Envirotech model APM 460 BL - 441) for 8 hour in a day as per the standards of central pollution control boards (India). Suspended particulate matters were collected on the dust cup where as gaseous pollutants (SO 2 and NOx) collected in sodium tetrach loromercurate and sodium hydroxide arsenate solution respectively. After sampling the samples were analyzed as per methods described in manual of RDS and NEERI. AQI (air quality index) is then calculated with the concentration values using the following eq uation 12 . AQI= 1/3 x (ISPM / SSPM + + ISO2 / SSO2 +INOx /SNOx) x 100 The questionnaire based survey was conducted in Maihar of evaluation of diseases due to air pollution. Result s and Discussion The present study indicates the air pollutants concentr ations and its impact on human health at five monitoring sites of Maihar city. Seasonal variation of ambient air pollution: It is observed form the table - 1, that the concentration of air pollutants such as suspended particulate matter, sulphur dioxide an d nitrogen oxides for three seasons of the study period. Result determined the SPM concentration is the ambient air of all sampling sites varied between 281.07 g/m 3 to 342.25g/m 3 , 322.29g/m 3 to 387.20g/m 3 and 172.25g/m 3 to 213.03g/m 3 during summer, winter and monsoon months respectively, sulphur dioxide concentrations were recorded in the range of 28.21g/m 3 to 38.17g/m 3 , 34.36 g/m 3 to 52.69g/m 3 and 15.13g/m 3 to 28.78g/m 3 at five sampling sites during summer, winter and rainy season respectivel y. At all monitoring site NO X concentration were recorded in the range of 35.27g/m 3 to 42.75 g/m 3 , 41.20g/m 3 to 48.72 g/m 3 and 21.72 g/m 3 to 28.02g/m 3 during summer, winter and monsoon seasons. Highest concentration of SPM, SO 2 and NO X was recorded d uring winter, moderate in summer and lower in monsoon months at all sampling stations. In summer months the low humidity and high winds facilita concentration of SPM in the ambient air. During winter months, due to calm condition there is trapping of all a tmospheric pollutants near the ground level. Falling rain drops are known to prompt a washing out; solid material is dragged towards the ground and the air is thus cleaned to some extent during rainy months 13 . Cement dust and associated chemicals can sprea d over a large area through wind and rain, becoming accumulated in lichens, plants, animals and soils, and consequently, negatively affect in environment and human health 14 - 16 . Annual concentration of ambient air pollution: The average concentration of SP M in the ambient air of monitoring sites are above the standard values (200g/m 3 ) for residential and rural user. Table - 2, denoted the higher concentration of SPM (314.04g/m 3 ) was recorded at Maihar cement colony and lower concentration (261.66g/m 3 ) was recorded at Bus stand. The highest concentration of SPM have been reported in various part of India 17 - 19 and in Haridwar region 20 - 22 and also in Rewa 13 . According to present study, the gaseous pollutants (SO 2 and NO X ) are well within standard value (80g/m 3 ) prescribed by CPCB, New Delhi for residential and rural uses. Out of five sampling sites the higher concentration of SO 2 was recorded at Railway colony (37.36g/m 3 ) followed by Maihar cement colony (37.07g/m 3 ), Bus stand (33.67g/m 3 ), Labour colony (32 .77g/m 3 ) and Rewa road (29.50g/m 3 ). Whereas maximum NO X concentration in the ambient air of Maihar cement colony (39.07g/m 3 ) to be followed by Labours colony (37.44 g/m 3 ), Railway colony (37.35 g/m 3 ), Rewa road (34.83 g/m 3 ) and Bus stand (33.65 g/m 3 ). In the present study, the gaseous pollutant SO 2 and NO X concentration in Maihar city are found to be decreasing order. Air quality index (AQI): Air quality index (AQI) is develop to provide the information about air quality. Air quality index (AQI) wa s introduced by Environmental Protection Agency (APA) in USA to measure the level of pollution due to major air pollutant. It is one of the important tools available for analyzing and representing air quality status uniformly. Table - 3, indicate the concent rations of the major pollutants are monitored and subsequent ly converted into AQI Whereas, t able - 4, using standard formula and rating scale was also calculated. Result indicate the higher Air Quality Index (32.81 ) at Maihar cement colony to be followed by Railway colony (31.08), Labours colony (30.51), Rewa road (29.22) and Bus stand (28.27) and rating scale as LAP “ Light air pollution” during study period. The high SO 2 concentrations of about 20 – 40 g/m 3 in most of the city in developing countries a nd the daily average values rarely exceed 125 g/m 3 23 and annual mean concentrations of NO 2 recorded in most cities across the globe, not exceeding 40 g/m 3 23 . Human health diseases: As the most common route for pollutants to enter the human body is by inhalation, the most common effect of air pollution is damage to the respiratory system. Exposure to air pollutants can causing respiratory diseases (such as lung cancer, tuberculosis, asthma, bronchitis Research Journal o f Recent Sciences ______ _ _ _______________________________ ______________ _ ________ ISSN 2277 - 2502 Vol. 2 ( ISC - 2012 ), 229 - 233 (201 3 ) Res.J.Recent.Sci International Science Congress Association 231 and emphysema), gastrointestinal diseases, blood pre ssure diseases, dental diseases, eye diseases, skin diseases and other diseases may also suffer when the air is polluted. A questionnaire based survey was conducted to get the statistics for incidence of various diseases among the people of sampling sites. Survey was conducted for general incidence of various diseases among the people of five sampling sites. f ig ure - 1, indicate that about 93.26 % male, 82.22 % female and 40.06 % children at Bus stand, 75.13% male, 65.35% female and 35.27% children at Labour s colony,87.38% male, 61.49% female and 38.11% children at Maihar cement colony, 67.49% male,58.93% female and 41.50% children at Railway colony Whereas 51.40% male, 35.75% female and 39.11% children at Rewa road were affected due to cement air pollution i n Maihar city ( f igure - 1). Table - 5 Represent the percentage of person suffering from respiratory diseases was found in the range of 28.35 % to 52.54 % at all sampling sites, The estimated gastrointestinal percentage at five sampling sites varied between 20.07 % to 40.65%, blood pressure diseases was found in the range of 13.47% to 33.61% at the sampling sites, dental diseases varied between 15.99% to 28.00% at five sampling sites. All the sampling sites exhibited eye diseases in the range of 13.80% to 25. 03%, out of five sampling sites skin diseases found in the range between 13.44% to 35.59% whereas other diseases found in the range of 9.76% to 23.10% at all sampling sites during survey period. Out of five sampling sites, showed maximum percentage of pers on suffering from respiratory disease which is higher at Labour colony (52.54%) to be followed by Bus stand (46.90%), Maihar cement colony (46.32%), Railway colony (42.27%) and Rewa road (28.35%). Health effects of SPM in humans depends on particle size, concentrations and exposure time. Exposure to 200 g/m 3 of particulate matter can cause upper respiratory diseases and 294 - 470 g/m 3 depress immune function in children. Our results confirmed what has already been argued in the literature. The analysis cer tifies the harmful effects of air pollution and weather parameters mostly SO 2 was positively correlated with health admission for every additional 100 gr/m 3 and 25gr/m 3 , respectively. Significant also seemed to be the results for other pollutants, such a s NO 2 and CO. In other studies 24,25 . NO 2 was positively associated with cardiovascular admissions and death increased risk ranging from 14% (admissions for every 10 PPhm) to 1% (death for every 10 gr/m 3 ).International studies have conformed association b etween elevated levels of particulate air pollution and increase in respiratory symptoms such as cough, shortness of breath, wheezing and asthma attacks. The resulting exposure to cement dust has led to impairment of respiration and a prevalence of respira tory symptoms amongst workers 26 - 28 culminating in what has been described as a “Cement factory lung disease” 26 . The severity of the impairment of respiratory function has been shown to depend on years of exposure 26 . Conclusion The main environmental issue associated with cement production is the emission of pollutants (SPM, SO 2 and NO X ) in the atmosphere. These air pollutants have long been associated with prevalence of various diseases in human beings. Results revealed higher concentrations of SPM in the ambient air of all the selected villages than permissible limit of 200g/m 3 , prescribed by central Pollution Control Board, New Delhi. Contrarily, the ambient air SO 2 and NO X concentration have been estimated below the permissible limit of 80g/m 3 , Prescri bed by CPCB, New Delhi. Result indicated higher SPM, SO 2 and NO X concentrations in the ambient air during winter months to be followed by summer and monsoon months. The human populations of all selected sites were surveyed for prevalence of various disease s such respiratory diseases, gastrointestinal diseases, blood pressure, dental diseases, eye diseases, skin diseases and other diseases. Result indicated maximum people of all selected sites suffering with respiratory diseases than other problems. Table - 1 Seasonal variation of air pollutants in th e ambient air of sampling sites Sl. No. Sampling site SPM(g/m 3 ) SO 2 (g/m 3 ) NO X (g/m 3 ) S W R S W R S W R 1. Bus stand 287.65 325.07 172.25 38.05 42.71 20.26 37.02 42.21 21.72 2. Labour colony 326.87 387.02 213.03 38.17 45.01 15.13 40.22 44.75 27.36 3. Maihar cement colony 342.25 287.20 212.69 38.14 44.30 28.78 42.75 48.72 25.75 4. Railway colony 289.26 378.76 202.72 35.72 52.69 23.67 39.75 46.70 25.60 5. Rewa road 281.07 322.29 184.06 28.21 34.36 25.92 35 .27 41.20 28.02 Research Journal o f Recent Sciences ______ _ _ _______________________________ ______________ _ ________ ISSN 2277 - 2502 Vol. 2 ( ISC - 2012 ), 229 - 233 (201 3 ) Res.J.Recent.Sci International Science Congress Association 232 Table - 2 Annual concentration of different air pollutants in th e ambient air of sampling sites Sl. No. Sampling sites SPM(g/m 3 ) SO 2 (g/m 3 ) NO X (g/m 3 ) 1. Bus stand 261.66 33.67 33.65 2. Labour colony 308.97 32.77 37.44 3. Maihar c ement colony 314.05 37.07 39.07 4. Railway colony 290.25 37.36 37.35 5. Rewa road 262.47 29.50 34.83 Table – 3 Air Q uality index of Sampling sites Sl. No. Sampling sites AQI 1. Bus stand 28.27 2. Labour colo ny 30.51 3. Maihar cement colony 32.81 4. Railway colony 31.38 5. Rewa road 29.22 Table - 4 Rating scale of AQI value Sl. No. Index value Remarks 1. 0 - 25 Clean air pollution (CAP) 2. 26 - 50 Light air pollution (LAP) 3. 51 - 75 Moderate air pollution (MAP) 4. 76 - 100 Heavy air pollution (HAP) 5. Above 100 Severe air pollu tion (SAP) Table - 5 Percentage of air pollution oriented diseases among the people of sampling sites. Sl. No. Diseases Sampling sites Bus stand Labour colony Maihar cement colony Railway colony Rewa road 1. Respiratory diseases 46.90 52.54 46.32 42.27 28.35 2. Gastrointestinal diseases 35.46 40.65 31.43 26.31 20.07 3. Blood pressure 33.61 18.19 28.16 26.48 13.47 4. Dental diseases 16.65 15.99 28.00 18.60 16.14 5. Eye diseases 24.23 13.80 22.73 17.31 25.03 6. Skin diseases 35.59 17.56 17.03 21.09 13.44 7. Other diseases 23.10 17.02 13.24 15.86 9.76 Fig ure - 1 Occupational health diseases among the people due to air pollution Research Journal o f Recent Sciences ______ _ _ _______________________________ ______________ _ ________ ISSN 2277 - 2502 Vol. 2 ( ISC - 2012 ), 229 - 233 (201 3 ) Res.J.Recent.Sci International Science Congress Association 233 References 1. Schwartz J. and Marcus A., Mortality an d air pollution in London, Time series analysis, American Journal of Epidemiology, 131 , 185 - 193 (1990) 2. Dockery D.W., Pope III C.A., Xu X., Spengler J.D., Ware J.H., Fay M.E., Ferris B.B.G. and Speizer F.E., An association between air pollution and Monitor ing in six U.S. cities New England, Journal of Medicine , 329 (24), 1753 - 1759 (1993) 3. Schwartz J. and Morris B., Air pollution and Hospital admissions for cardiovascular disease in Detroit, Michigan, American Journal of Epidemiology, 142 , 23 - 35 (1995) 4. 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