Research Journal of Recent Sciences _________________________________________________ ISSN 2277-2502 Vol. 1(8), 23-30, August (2012) Res.J.Recent Sci. International Science Congress Association 23 Investigating Effective Factors in User Success in Digital LibrariesGharibTarzeh Zahra1*, Nabizadeh Tahere2 and Pakdelbonab Mehdi1,*Young Researchers Club, Torbat-e-Jam Branch, Islamic Azad University, Torbat-e-Jam, IRAN Ferdosi University of Mashhad, IRAN Young Researchers Club, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, IRANAvailable online at: www.isca.in Received 25th April 2012, revised 10th May 2012, accepted 18th May 2012Abstract Digital libraries have attracted many attentions during last year’s because they have made it possible to access information everywhere in the world. From the other hand, despite many studies on evaluating digital libraries and for the complicated nature of evaluating digital libraries, many studies should be done in this field. This paper aims to evaluate digital libraries via the conceptual model of Rahman. For this purpose, using Cochran formula, a sample size of 100 people was achieved through purposeful sampling method at 5% level. The results showed that service quality and time by satisfaction creation in the users and system service quality by motivating the users contribute to the user success. Keywords: Digital libraries, user success, user satisfaction, Astan Ghods Razavi library. Introduction Fast Internet development leads to spreading interest in digital libraries and their related technologies, causing the documents and printed books to be digitalized. Then, nowadays, digital libraries have got much content and many relations with different sources and applications via different protocols and standards at different levels. So, different countries have had major investments on this field. For example, according to Ambati et al ,with the goal of digitalizing millions of the books , articles, scientific documents and making them accessible for the public freely, everywhere and time in the world, India has planned and accomplished many projects. The results of this investment was digitalizing ten millions of the books and accessibility of about 33 million scanned papers in 30 districts of India. Generally, many studies have examined human factors like user behavior, satisfaction, information seeking abilities, and etc in digital libraries environments. But, determination and measurement of all human variables in this field is intricate and sometimes frustrating. Also, few studies have been done on investigating and comparing all above-mentioned factors or their correlations and their impacts on digital libraries. Armsstated that change is an inseparable feature of digital libraries and a problem in their designing. Traditional libraries are not easily applicable and slowly changing. While, providing superior and newer services and technologies, digital libraries keep up with the changes of IT. So, new bases, planning, services, and activities of digital libraries have a dynamic nature which necessitates identification and corporation of user role. Thus, users should be regarded as important stakeholders of digital space. Many researchers have concluded that using digital libraries has many challenges and problems like low Internet speed, old computers7, 8, old technological equipment that prevents from downloading a big deal of information and animations. According to Jung10, studying digital libraries' user is one of the most important challenges of informatics sections. Training is a key intervention to manage waste (in terms of both prevention and reduction), and occurs through organizations training teams of front-line employees to produce a waste analysis of their work areas11. Thus, user affecting factors for designing and developing efficient digital libraries will be introduced and discussed in this paper. Literature Review: Digital libraries with strong advanced research supporting ability, high speed, and fast answering system, despite verbal, cultural, and interdisciplinary borders, search for the correct information sharing among different people12. Digital libraries can be defined from 2 aspects: from research aspect, gathered and organized content for users' interactions and usage and from library function as the institutes or organizations, providing informatics services in different forms13. Digital libraries refer to developing, increasing, and amalgamating all the activities that traditional libraries have14. According to Digital Libraries Initiative report, the role of private section is highlighted in developing digital libraries for providing necessary expertise, technologies, and software along with public section (archives, museums, and galleries). According to Digital Libraries Federation, digital libraries are the institutes providing the resources, expert staff, sectional structures, and intelligent access to information in which information accessibility and financial economization is assured. Enormous Internet progress and popularity has provided more access to the information resources of digital libraries. Digital libraries, regarded as an informatics system with the functions of mixing different local sources, providing digital libraries, and principal electronic resources via web and several users across the world are the focus of this paper. Digital libraries as informatics system: As informatics systems, digital libraries mix different digital situations, Research Journal of Recent Sciences ______________________________________________________________ ISSN 2277-2502Vol. 1(8), 23-30, August (2012) Res. J. Recent Sci. International Science Congress Association 24 eliminating electronic resources of the libraries, distributed across the world and accessible by a site and some users. According to Noer15, a significant function of digital libraries is providing latent facilities for manual works (like reform improvement) or delivery (of an auditory file or computer games) while there is not their traditional counterparts. In addition consider current expert systems technologies which typically rely on users of domain experts to manually input knowledge into knowledge bases16. Despite many debates on defining digital libraries content and context the terms” virtual” or “electronic’ libraries are more common, The reasons making these 2 terms to be alike are as follows: i. Digital libraries are not just an institute or organization. ii. Digital libraries need a technology for connecting many sources. iii. Interconnection of many digital libraries and informatics sources should be delivered to the final user. iv. Global access to informatics system and digital libraries' resources is recognized as the final goal. v. The collections of digital libraries are not limited to storing documents, but include all the documents that can't be printed or physically apparent. In brief, digital libraries are information sources and important sections of any organization with many components and the goals of information collection, organization, and modification. The success of informatics systems: Despite many studies on the success of informatics systems, there is not a consensus on one success factor17. According to Molla and Licker18, it seems that the success of informatics systems is a complicated discussion topic among the researchers. One reason for this can be multidimensionality of the success of informatics systems which is interpretable in different (technical, personal, group, and organizational) levels, using many complementary (economic, financial, behavioral, and cognitive) factors. Like informatics systems, this issue is true for measuring the success of informatics systems of digital libraries. Too many numbers of correlated variables working in different levels make it possible to define the success of informatics systems. Fox19 states that traditional measurement criteria like recalling capability are not significantly correlated with the total user success. Spector20mentioned that user satisfaction during searching information and working with informatics system is the only important measuring criteria for the user success in digital libraries. So, despite the debates on the ways an informatics system' s success can be measured, there is a consensus that user success in using informatics system is one of the most important measurement criteria for digital libraries. As home businesses begin to flourish, create spillovers through local areas and stimulate community’s economic and social vitality21 User satisfaction: User satisfaction was regarded in this paper as the major criterion for informatics system’s success. In other studies on this field, other criteria like user performance’s range and user duties have been used to measure this multidimensional concept. Using this view in this paper has 2 advantages: it creates an opportunity for retesting the correctness of theories of user success in digital libraries; and the correctness of measurement tools for user success in digital libraries can be investigated. Xu mentions informatics literacy as an effective factor of using digital libraries. The most common definition of computer literacy has been represented by Association of College and Research Libraries. In this definition, computer literacy is defined as the person’s ability in recognizing the time the information is needed and the ability of evaluating, classifying, and efficient use of needed information. Baroudi22 provides user satisfaction in 3 major category and 22 combinations: i. System-related factors (variable reliability, correctness, correlation, and complementation), ii. Factor-related level (technical competition and the views of informatics system employees), and user-related factors (user feelings, user perceptions, cooperation, evaluation, and etc). Golafshani23introduced 29 factors in their last study. Eves and Olson24recognized 3 factors in user satisfaction. In a human environment like digital library people need to be connected directly with informatics system. According to Delone and Mcleans25, there are 6 categories for organizational success one of which is user satisfaction. These 6 categories include: i. System quality: measuring the quality of system information processing. ii. System applications: response measurement and responsibility toward informatics system. iii. User satisfaction: measuring received responses to informatics system. iv. Personal effect: measuring the effect of received response on receivers’ behavior. v. Organizational effect: measuring the effect of information on organizational behavior. Finally, Delone and Mclins stated that user satisfaction is one of the most important and the most successful measurement criteria for informatics system. User Success Model: According to Delone and Mclins, system quality and information quality can affect user satisfaction altogether or separately. Moreover, usage rate can affect user satisfaction and usage satisfaction positively or negatively. User satisfaction and satisfaction from system usage can be regarded as personal variables affecting organizational performance. This model was criticized later. For example, it had many variables but was just tested in an individual package. Reset success model of informatics systems, this model in figure-1. Considering all criticisms toward previous models and also new advances in this field, Delone and Mclins introduced a new model which was highly promoted than before. This model is represented in figure-2. This model was the completed version of previous success models of informatics systems and one of the most important theories in this field. Many researchers believe that network benefits and the success of final users are the same or similar. So, instead of network benefit, user success is used here. Jung model is one of the most important models and theories in the success of informatics systems whose major drawback is that it is posed in a non-English country and cultural differences and translation issues should be regarded using it. From the other hand, Jung model was tested 9 years ago. So, it necessitates Research Journal of Recent Sciences ______________________________________________________________ ISSN 2277-2502Vol. 1(8), 23-30, August (2012) Res. J. Recent Sci. International Science Congress Association 25 more researches to discover the variables and more aspects for user and informatics system success26. In this respect, the reset model of Allen and Mclins is one of the most popular models for evaluating final user’s success and satisfaction. This paper deals with user satisfaction in individual level rather than organizational level, because digital libraries are personal. A typical business customer will go through the following steps when buying: Identifying a need or problem: This may be highlighted by press coverage or advertising they have seen in the trade press27. The conceptual model of the research: This paper first tries to represent different models of user and informatics systems' success in informatics environment like digital libraries and develop a comprehensive model for the user success. According to above-mentioned points, and investigating previous literature and models, the conceptual model of this paper was represented in figure 3. Hypotheses: The hypotheses of this research were as follows: i. Content affects user success in digital library via usage purpose. ii. Time line affects user success in digital library via usage purpose. iii. System quality affects user success in digital library via usage purpose. iv. Internal interest affects user success in digital library via usage purpose. v. Control affects user success in digital library via usage purpose. vi. Service quality affects user success in digital library via usage purpose. vii. Content affects user success in digital library via user satisfaction. viii. Time line affects user success in digital library via user satisfaction. ix. System quality affects user success in digital library via user satisfaction. x. Internal interest affects user success in digital library via user satisfaction. xi. Control affects user success in digital library via user satisfaction. xii. Service quality affects user success in digital library via user satisfaction. MethodologyThe present study is an analytical survey using descriptive methods with applied goals. Statistical population of this paper was digital library of Astan Ghods Razavi in Mashhad. Using Cochran formula and purposeful sampling, the sample volume of 100 people was achieved because only the academic users were the purpose of this paper. Results and DiscussionUsing Cochran formula, the 100 person sample had the error level of 0.05%. 77% of the population was women and 23% was men. 46% of the respondents were 25-34 years old, (table-3). To analyze the hypotheses, a 2-stage method of modeling structural equations suggested by Alexander28 was used. In first step, measuring model was made fit using confirmatory factor analysis. If the measurement model was confirmed, second stage could be followed. In second stage, path analysis was used in which the hypotheses were analyzed. Every latent variable with the questions measuring a considerable variable makes a measuring model. Structural equations describe the relations among the variables, combining multi-variable regression and factorial analysis29,30. It also helps testing more complicated equations and relations like confirmatory factorial analysis and time series analysis. Structural model measures the relationship between open and latent variables (to analyze data, AMOS software was used. To analyze data, first, the theoretical model for each hypothesis was fit for which fitness indices (CFI, GFI, and CMIN) were used31. In the case the model was confirmed, interrelations of the model including regression coefficients (effect coefficient) of the hypothesis and factorial loads of each question were examined using P values that should be smaller than 0.05. Total fitness indices are represented in table 4. According to table 6, if the resulted values for k-square are less than 3, the model fitness is confirmed32. Resulted values show acceptable results for this index. GFI.CFI index should be over 0.9 that was true for this paper. The remaining matrix is important for evaluating total fitness (of prepared model) and trivial fitness (defined parameter between 2 variables). The acceptable values for RMSEA index, based on remaining matrix analysis should be less than 0.1 which was true for this paper, revealing good fitness of the model. The values of k-square for content, quality, and success were bigger than 0.05. So, the models for the hypotheses were acceptable and the next step could be taken. Regression Coefficients of the Model: The regression model results showed no correlation between direct path, content, time line, system quality, internal interests, and control with the intermediation of use purpose. So, the direct path of service quality with the use purpose (regression coefficient: 0. 509), the direct path of service quality on user satisfaction with regression coefficient of 0.224, and indirect path with regression coefficient of 0.44 was confirmed. With regression coefficient of 0.415, time variable proved to affect user success in digital library via the intermediation of user satisfaction. In the conceptual model of this paper, value was regarded as a variable correlated with the attitudes toward Internet advertisements. To test hypotheses, a trivial index was used whose results are shown in table 6. The results of regression coefficient model show that boredom is correlated with attitudes directly, but not through value (regression coefficient -0.27). From the other hand, amusement (coefficient = 0.19), reliability (coefficient = 0.17), and interaction (coefficient = 0.29), are directly correlated with user attitudes toward Internet advertisement. Also, amusement (coefficient = 0.29), reliability (coefficient = 0.27), and in formativeness (coefficient = 0.16) are directly correlated with user attitudes toward Internet advertisement via value. To test the hypotheses, a trivial index was used whose results are shown in table 7. Due to P value of H1 (P=0.000 0.05), H1 is confirmed at 95% confidence level and confidence coefficient of 0.44. So, the Research Journal of Recent Sciences ______________________________________________________________ ISSN 2277-2502Vol. 1(8), 23-30, August (2012) Res. J. Recent Sci. International Science Congress Association 26 effect of service quality on user success via user satisfaction is confirmed. H2 ( p=0.0090.05) was also confirmed for the confidence coefficient of 0.03 and 95% confidence level, revealing the indirect effect of time line on user success via user satisfaction. H3 was also confirmed for the confidence coefficient of 0.077 and 95% confidence level (p=00.05), revealing the effect of service quality on user success via use purpose. Due to the confidence coefficients of 0.0005, 0.03, and 0.038, (p= 0.824, 0.374, and 0.087�0.05) for H4, H5, and H6 in table 7, respectively, these hypotheses were not confirmed, implying the lack of time and content’s effects on user success. Based on the results of H7, H8, H9, and H10, it can be said that quality and interest don’t affect user success in digital libraries. H11 and H12 were also rejected for the error level of 0.05%. Conclusion Nowadays, digital libraries have turned into academic electronic environments and tools for knowledge and information sharing. This study tried to examine the effective factors in the success of digital libraries the most important of which was user satisfaction. 12 hypotheses were regarded to test the impacts of quality, control, content, time, and interest on user success via 2 intermediates of user satisfaction and use purpose. For a correct estimation of each model, a confirm atoryfactoriel analysis was used whose indices were good fitness, k-square, remaining matrix and adoptive indices. Confirming H1, represented service quality in digital libraries can affect user success via creating user satisfaction. This result agrees with the conclusion of Hools who introduced accessibility as an important step in making digital libraries. Then essential facilities for promoting service accessibility and ease of use in digital libraries should be provided. In a PHD thesis, XU stated that the existence of a correlation between library sources and identified standards and accessibility of the service with less need to expertise or experience affect using digital libraries. According to H2 confirmation, providing up-date and correct information in the shortest time highly impacts user satisfaction and success while using digital libraries. This result consists with the results of Xu who introduced the lack of being up-date in digital libraries as one of the main problems of them. Confirming H3, accessibility and truthfulness of digital libraries and used system’s adoption with digital libraries also increase user's use purpose while exerting digital libraries, finally, affecting user and libraries success. Other hypotheses (the effects of content, system quality, interest, control, use purpose) didn’t prove to impact user success via satisfaction and use purpose. This result consisted with the study of Rahman33 who introduced the nature of digital libraries, the lack of familiarity with and education about digital libraries as user success’s barriers. It is suggested that enough training should be provided for the users via gatherings, conferences, brochures or etc. to make users skillful in this respect. Since this study was done on only one digital library in a specific period, its results can’t be generalized to other studies in this field without caution. So, it is suggested that more studies should be undertaken in digital libraries of other places, comparing their results together. More factors of user success in digital libraries like informatics literacy and user experience can be studied in further studies. 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Marymount University, Research and Practice in Assessment, 1(1), 1-6 (2006)33.Rahman F., An Exploratory Study of Factors that Influence Student User Success in an Academic Digital Library, Dissertation Prepared for the Degree of Doctorate of Philosophy: University of North Texas, 1-125(2007)Figure-1 The success model of informatics systems Information quality User satisfaction Organizational effect System quality Application Personal effect Research Journal of Recent Sciences ______________________________________________________________ ISSN 2277-2502Vol. 1(8), 23-30, August (2012) Res. J. Recent Sci. International Science Congress Association 28 Figure-2 Reset model of Allen and Mclins Figure-3 The conceptual model of this paper Table-2 Cronbach coefficients Variables Cronbach Variables Cronbach System quality0.772 Service quality 0.707 User success0.725 Use purpose 0.702 Content0.688 User satisfaction 0.702 Time0.709 Total questionnaire 0.786 Interests0.703 Control0.706 Table-3 Gender Variable Frequency Percent Correct percentage Cumulative percentage Female77 77 77 77 Male23 23 23 100 total100 100 100 Quality System quality Service quality User satisfaction Use purpose Network benefits Service Use (intention to use) Content Time line Intrinsic Control System User satisfaction User success in digital libraries Research Journal of Recent Sciences ______________________________________________________________ ISSN 2277-2502Vol. 1(8), 23-30, August (2012) Res. J. Recent Sci. International Science Congress Association 29 Table-4 Age Age Frequency Percent Correct percentage Cumulative frequency 18-2444 44 44 44 25-3446 46 46 90 35-448 8 8 98 45-54 2 2 2 100 Total100 100 100 Table-5 Education Education Level Frequency Percent Correct percentage Cumulative frequency Diploma22 22 22 22 BA45 45 45 67 MA29 29 29 97 PHD4 4 4 100 Total100 100 100 Table-6 Total fitness indices Success model User satisfaction model Use purpose model Service quality model Control model Internal interest model System quality model Time model Content model indices 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 2 Degree of freedom 7.6590 0 0 0 0 5.257 0 1.852 K square(CMIN) 0.2210 0 0 0 0 0.385 0 0.396 P 1.8250 0 0 0 0 1.051 0 0.926 CMIN/DF 0.9671 1 1 1 1 0.980 1 0.991 Good fitness index 0.0450 0 0 0 0 0.032 0 0.026 Remaining mean square root 0.9381 1 1 1 1 0.998 1 1 CFI 0.0690.044 0 0.003 0.010 0 0.023 0.005 0.000 RMSEA Table-7 Direct path analysis results Result P Regression coefficients Hypotheses Rejected 0.824 0.036 use purpose Content rejected 0.087 0.249 use purpose Time rejected 0.415 0.152 use purpose System quality rejected 0.634 0.124 use purpose interests rejected 0.436 0.127 use purpose control Accepted 0.000 0.509 use purpose Service quality Accepted 0021 0.415 use purpose time rejected 0.374 0.156 use purpose content rejected 0.102 0.340 use purpose System quality rejected 0.320 0.284 use purpose interests rejected 0.568 0.105 use purpose control accepted 0.008 0.224 use purpose Service quality accepted 0.020 0.152 success use purpose accepted 0.009 0.195 success User satisfaction Research Journal of Recent Sciences ______________________________________________________________ ISSN 2277-2502Vol. 1(8), 23-30, August (2012) Res. J. Recent Sci. International Science Congress Association 30 Table-8 Indirect path analysis (the role of user satisfaction and use purpose) Hypotheses paths Indirect role (regression coefficients) Hypotheses results Hypothesis1Service quality on success via user satisfaction 0.044 accepted Hypothesis2Time on success via user satisfaction 0.081 accepted Hypothesis3Service quality on success via use purpose 0.077 accepted Hypothesis4Content on success via use purpose 0.0055 rejected Hypothesis5Content on success via user satisfaction 0.030 rejected Hypothesis6Time on success via use purpose 0.038 rejected Hypothesis7System quality on success via use purpose 0.023 rejected Hypothesis8System quality On success via user satisfaction 0.066 rejected Hypothesis9Interest on success via use purpose 0.019 rejected Hypothesis10Interest on success via user satisfaction 0.055 rejected Hypothesis11Control on success via use purpose 0.019 rejected Hypothesis12Control on success via user satisfaction 0.020 rejected Figure-4 Regression model Use (Intention to use) Content Time  line  Service quality Internal interests Control System quality User satisfaction User success in digital library E1 E   E      0.105   0.224 0.509 0.124 0.249 0.152 0.195 0.152