Research Journal of Recent Sciences _________________________________________________ ISSN 2277-2502 Vol. 1(9), 13-17, September (2012) Res.J.Recent Sci. International Science Congress Association 13 Removal of Zinc (II) by Non Living Biomass of Agaricus BisporusFrancis Amala Rejula and Masilamai Dhinakaran* Department of Chemical Engineering, Sathyabama University, Chennai-600116, INDIA Available online at: www.isca.in Received 31st March 2012, revised 14th April 2012, accepted 17th April 2012Abstract The feasibility of Agaricus bisporus as a bio sorbent to remove zinc(II) from aqueous solution was determined by batch experiments, which were carried out using shake flasks. The effect of different biomass loading, pH and contact times were investigated. Biosorption of zinc was determined using Langmuir, Freundlich, Dubinin Radushkevich and Temkin isotherm models. The characteristic parameters for each isotherm were determined Temkin and Dubinin Radushkevich isotherm models fitted well to the data of biosorption of zinc by Agaricus bisporus, suggesting that the uptake of zinc was physical, saturable and equilibrium mechanism. Keywords: Biosorption, agaricus bisporus, zinc, isotherm. Introduction Environmental pollution by heavy metals which are released into the environment through various anthropogenic activities such as mining, energy and fuel production1-4, electroplating, wastewater sludge treatment and agriculture are one of the world’s major environmental problem. This is probably due to rapid industrialization5-8, population growth and complete disregard for the environmental health. Initially, heavy metals are naturally present in soils as natural components but as of now, the presence of heavy metals in the environment has accelerated due to human activities. Contamination of soil environment by heavy metals is becoming prevalent across the globe. It is well established that the risk of excessive Zn in soil is related to its effect on primary production. Even though zinc is an essential requirement for a healthy body10-13, excess zinc can be harmful, and cause zinc toxicity14-18. Excessive absorption of zinc can suppress copper and iron absorption. Zinc concentration above 500g/Kg reduces the ability of soil to absorb iron and manganese. The free zinc ion in solution is highly toxic to plants, invertebrates, and even vertebrate fish. Stomach acid contains hydrochloric acid, in which metallic zinc dissolves readily to give corrosive zinc chloride, which can cause damage to the stomach lining due to the high solubility of the zinc ion in the acidic stomach. The use of dried, nonliving biomass seems to be a preferred alternative to the use of living cells for the removal of heavy-metal ions. The use of dead cells offers the following advantages over live cells: The metal removal system is not subject to toxicity limitations, there is no requirement for growth media and nutrients, the biosorbed metal ions can be easily desorbed, and biomass can be reused, and dead biomass-based treatment systems can be subjected to traditional adsorption models in use. As a result, the use of dead fungal biomass has been preferred in numerous studies on biosorption of toxic metal ions from aqueous solutions. Agaricus bisporus is chosen as biosorbent because of the relative lack of information about its sorption abilities on zinc. Material and Methods Reagents were prepared from analar grade chemicals in deionized water obtained from loba chem. Ltd., India. A test solution containing zinc (II) was prepared by diluting 1 ml of stock solution of metal to the desired concentrations. Biomass preparation: The Agaricus bisporus (Raw Non-living biomass) was collected and washed three times with de ionized water. Then it was air-dried in sunlight and sieved to particle size of 1.5mm. Batch biosorption studies: Batch experiments were carried out in 500ml shake flasks by adding known weight of biomass in 200 ml of zinc(II) solutions. The flasks were gently agitated at room temperature on a shaker at 150 rpm constant shaking rate for 8 h to ensure equilibrium. To determine the effect of biomass loading on metal uptake, the experiment was carried out in different biomass loading ranging 10 to 50g for 50 mg/L zinc concentration at pH 6.5. To study the effect of pH on zinc uptake, the experiment was carried out with 40g of biomass in 200ml of zinc solution. The pH was adjusted using 0.1M HCl and 0.1M NaOH. To determine the equilibrium contact time the experiment was carried out with constant biomass loading (40g) and pH (6.5). In every one-hour interval zinc(II) concentration was determined. In all experiments at the end of predetermined time intervals, the metal concentration in the resulting supernatant was determined by Flame atomic adsorption spectrometer. The amount of zinc (mg) biosorbed per gram of dried biomass was calculated using the following equation: Q = ((C0 – C)/m)V (1) Research Journal of Recent Sciences ______ _ Vol. 1(9), 13-17, September (2012) International Science Congress Association Q = mg of metal ion biosorbed per gram of biomass;C metal ion concentration, mg/L; C = final metal ion concentration, mg/L;m = dry weight of biomass in the reaction mixture,g;V = volume of the reaction mixture, L. Sorption Isotherm Models: Models have an important role in technology transfer from laboratory to pilot plant scale. An appropriate model can help in understanding the process mechanism, analyze experimental data, answer to op conditions and optimize process. Langmuir, Freundlich, Dubinin Radushkevich and Temkin models are used in the present work. These models are simple, well established, having physical meaning and are easily predictable (table Table-1 Adsorption isotherm Isotherm Model Equation Langmuir x= x 0 kc / (1+kc) Freundlich q e = k F c e 1/n Dubinin Radushkevich Model q e = x m exp( Temkin q e = RT /b ln(K Effect of Biomass loading on zinc(II) uptake by Agaricus _ ________________________________ ______________ International Science Congress Association Q = mg of metal ion biosorbed per gram of biomass;C = initial C = final metal ion concentration, mg/L;m = dry weight of biomass in the reaction of the reaction mixture, L. Models have an important role in technology transfer from laboratory to pilot plant scale. An appropriate model can help in understanding the process mechanism, analyze experimental data, answer to op erational conditions and optimize process. Langmuir, Freundlich, Dubinin Radushkevich and Temkin models are used in the present work. These models are simple, well established, having physical meaning and are easily predictable (table -1). Equation kc / (1+kc) 1/n exp( F 2 ) = RT /b ln(K T C e ) Results and DiscussionBiosorption of heavy- metal ions using a macro fungal biomass (Agaricus bisporus ) are affected by several factors like biomass loadng, pH and contact time. Results showed that the specific zinc(II) uptake was found to increase with an increase in biomass loading upto a certain level. Then it begin to decrease. The z inc uptake also increase with increasing pH. The effect of biomass loading, pH and effect of contact time are presented in fig 1, 2 and 3. The linearized isotherm plots are given in In this study the different aspects of the biosor Agaricus bisporus is showed . Results showed that the specific zinc uptake was found to increase with increase in biomass loading. The equilibrium data fitted very well with Dubinin Radushkevich and Temkin isotherm models. Figure-1 Effect of Biomass loading on zinc(II) uptake by Agaricus bisporus ______________ _________ ISSN 2277-2502 Res. J. Recent Sci. 14 metal ions using a macro fungal biomass ) are affected by several factors like biomass loadng, pH and contact time. Results showed that the specific zinc(II) uptake was found to increase with an increase in biomass loading upto a certain level. Then it begin to decrease. inc uptake also increase with increasing pH. The effect of biomass loading, pH and effect of contact time are presented in The linearized isotherm plots are given in figures 4, 5, 6 and 7. In this study the different aspects of the biosor ption of Zinc by . Results showed that the specific zinc uptake was found to increase with increase in biomass loading. The equilibrium data fitted very well with Dubinin Radushkevich and Temkin isotherm models. Research Journal of Recent Sciences ______ _ Vol. 1(9), 13-17, September (2012) International Science Congress Association Effect of pH on zinc(II) uptake by Agaricus Effect of Contact time on zinc(II) uptake by Agaricus Langmuir plot for adsorption of zinc(II) by Agaricus _ ________________________________ ______________ International Science Congress Association Figure-2 Effect of pH on zinc(II) uptake by Agaricus bisporus Figure-3 Effect of Contact time on zinc(II) uptake by Agaricus bisporusFigure-4 Langmuir plot for adsorption of zinc(II) by Agaricus bisporus ______________ _________ ISSN 2277-2502 Res. J. Recent Sci. 15 Research Journal of Recent Sciences ______ _ Vol. 1(9), 13-17, September (2012) International Science Congress Association Freundlich plot for adsorption of zinc(II) by Agaricus Dubinin Radushkevich plot for Temkin plot for adsorption of zinc(II) by Agaricus _ ________________________________ ______________ International Science Congress Association Figure-5 Freundlich plot for adsorption of zinc(II) by Agaricus bisporusFigure-6 Dubinin Radushkevich plot for adsorption of zinc(II) by Agaricus bisporus Figure-7 Temkin plot for adsorption of zinc(II) by Agaricus bisporus ______________ _________ ISSN 2277-2502 Res. J. Recent Sci. 16 bisporus Research Journal of Recent Sciences ______________________________________________________________ ISSN 2277-2502Vol. 1(9), 13-17, September (2012) Res. J. Recent Sci. International Science Congress Association 17 Conclusion The present investigations showed the different aspects of the biosorption of Zinc (II) by Agaricus bisporus. Results showed that the specific zinc (II) uptake was found to decrease with increase in biomass loading The effects of process parameters like pH, bio mass loading and contact time were studied. The uptake of zinc(II) by Agaricus bisporus was increased by increasing the biomass loading and P up to the optimum level ,it was studied 40 g and 6.5. Further studies shown the optimum contact time were 6 hrs. The adsorption isotherms could be well fitted by the Langmuir equation followed by Dubinin Radushkevich and Temkin equation. The biosorption process could be best described by the second-order equation. References 1.Ayoub G.M., Semerjian L., Acra A., El Fadel M. and Koopman B., Heavy metal removal by coagulation with seawater liquid bittern, J. 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