Abstract
Several applications have proven the reliability of using multi-dimensional CFD tools to assist in diesel engine research, design and development. CFD tools are extensively used to reveal details about invisible in-cylinder processes of diesel combustion so that guidance can be provided to improve engine designs in terms of emissions reduction and fuel economy. Innovative combustion concepts can be evaluated numerically prior to experimental tests to reduce the number of investigated parameters. In this present work, reacting flow simulations were performed in a single cylinder direct injection diesel engine with an improved version of the ECFM-3Z (extended coherent flame model � 3 Zones) model using ES-ICE and STAR-CD codes . Combustion and emission characteristics are studied in a sector of engine cylinder, which eliminates the tedious experimental task with conservation in resources and time. The pressure variations during motoring and firing conditions, temperature and heat release graphs with respect to crank angle are plotted. Mass fractions contours of CO, NO, soot and fuel (C1226) and mixture density contours at TDC are plotted. It is found that higher NOx emissions occur at peak temperatures while soot and CO emissions occur at peak pressures.

Abstract
Activated carbons were prepared from phragmites australis by chemical activation with KCO (1:1w)(AC1), ZnCl(1:1w)(AC2), NaOH (1:1w)(AC3), and 28.5% HPO (AC4) followed by pyrolysis at 800�C in steam atmosphere. Different activated carbons have been used for the removal of methylene blue (MB) dye from aqueous solutions. The optimum condition for the production of colorless methylene blue aqueous was determined. The activated carbon prepared by chemical activation with KCO attained a maximum value of 153 (mg/g) at a carbonization temperature of 800�C with activation duration of 30 min and at an impregnation ratio of 1.0. Porosities of activated carbons were characterized by cyclic voltametry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopic and SEM techniques.

Abstract
In this paper, multi-objective genetic algorithm (MOGA) is used for Pareto optimization of a four degree of freedom vehicle vibration model. Vehicle suspension design must fulfill some conflicting criteria. Among those is ride comfort which is attained by reducing the sprung mass accelerations via suspension spring and damper. Moreover, good handling or road holding capability of a vehicle which is attained by minimize front and rear suspension deflection is a desirable property which requires stiff suspension and therefore is in contrast with a vehicle with ride comfort. Therefore, Multi-objective Genetic Algorithm (MOGA) is used for Pareto approach optimization of passive suspension system. The important conflicting objectives that have been considered in this work are, ride comfort and handling performance. Moreover, this approach returns the optimum answers in Pareto form that designer can, by making trade-offs, select desired answer. Finally, the simulation result shows that optimization of suspension settings will improve ride comfort and road holding capability simultaneously

Abstract
This study was carried out to identify and evaluate the efficient smoke processing, preservation, packaging, storage and distribution methods and marketing of smoked Heterobranchus and Clarias spp. in Ekpoma, Nigeria. The study was conducted with the aid of questionnaires, administered to 120 respondents made up of 40 processors, 40 retailers and 40 customers selected from five (5) markets in and around Ekpoma. The results showed that catfish processing and retailing business in the area were by women (100%), majority of whom are married, with no formal education. It was further shown that the dominant processing method is the traditional hot smoking, in cut-out oil drums (kilns), with smoking duration lasting 2-3 hours. Sales and consumers� preference for smoked catfish were rated high and profitable due to products taste, flavour, and protein value. Finally, the study revealed the existence of a thriving profitable small-scale traditional smoked catfish (Heterobranchus and Clarias spp.) processing, distribution and retailing business in the study area; identified the major constraints in the business and suggested solutions to ameliorate the situation.

Abstract
It is known that the level of welfare is higher in societies that scientific knowledge is integrated with individuals� lives. In this sense, it is of vital importance to apprehend the nature of science; that is, to understand what scientific knowledge is, what it involves, and how it evolves. Professional competency of science and technology teachers, who have an essential role in teaching the nature of science, is also very important. Considering the fact that pre-service science teachers� will teach science and technology course in future, an analysis of their knowledge and their view on the nature of science becomes significant. For this purpose it was aimed to determine pre-service science teachers� views on the nature of science. Descriptive research methodology was used in this research. Research data was collected through the �Views on Science and Education Questionnaire (VOSE)�, which was developed by Chen. The questionnaire was translated into Turkish by researchers, and its reliability and validity tests were conducted. The sample of the study is composed of 237 students, who are 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th year science education students, studying at Giresun and Krkkale Universities. The study revealed that views on the nature of science do not change according to the class level, and students have certain insufficiencies to understand the dimensions of nature of science.

Abstract
One of the errors in preparing control charts is sampling at the same interval time. Even though, the random sampling method is used, no attention is given to sampling time interval and therefore to find out whether the process is in control, the whole process (population) should be examined in all different time intervals. This leads to a considerable increase in quality control cost. In this paper, the attention is given by differentiating sampling time interval and the possibility of detecting trouble areas, therefore would increase. In this way, finding out trouble areas would be easier which leads to a decrease in quality control cost.

Abstract
In this present work, performance study on two-phase materials based on density, temperature difference at various load under the steady state condition is experimentally analysed to estimate the Effective Thermal Conductivity (ETC) using square guarded hot plate apparatus (SGHP). The experimentally determined ETC value shows an excellent agreement with the available theoretical data.

Abstract
Zn1-xFe O (0.010.05) nanosystems synthesized by a solution combustion method were characterized by different techniques. The structural characterization by XRD confirmed the phase purity of the samples. TEM measurement depicted the crystallinity of nanosystems prepared and EDS analysis conformed the elemental composition. The magnetic behaviour of the nanoparticles of ZnO with varying Fe doping concentration was investigated using a super conducting interference device (SQUID) which confirmed the ferromagnetic state for 5% Fe doped sample at room temperature. Local environment around Fe atoms has been probed by 57Fe Mossbauer spectroscopy and measured isomer shifts confirmed the charge state of iron is Fe3 .

Abstract
This paper concerns with experimental and numerical studies on buckling of thin-walled cylindrical shells under oblique loading. The buckling loads are obtained from finite element models. Experiments are conducted on several Specimens made of stainless steel 316ti by using an INSTRON 8802 servo-hydraulic machine. Then results are compared . A very good correlation was observed between numerical simulation and experimental results. Investigations on buckling and post-buckling behavior of cylindrical shells with cutout were carried out for shell length (L), shell diameter (D) and cutout position (CP/L ratio) . The specimens were constrained by fixtures that design for this result and inserted at both ends, which mimics the fixed boundary condition used in the finite element simulations.

Abstract
The description of crystal ionicity developed by Phillips and Van Vechten has been successfully employed in a wide range of semi-conductors and insulators. However, the applicability of this Phillips and Van Vechten (PV) dielectric analysis has been limited to only the simple A8-N compounds, which contain only one type of bond. Levine has extended the theory of PV to multi bond and complex crystals. Levine�s theory of ionicity has been used to calculate the various bond parameters for the chalcopyrites. In this paper a simple method based on the high frequency dielectric constants of solids, is proposed for the calculation of crystal ionicity (f) of chalcopyrite (AIIIVI and AIIIV) semiconductors. Our evaluated values are in excellent agreement with the values reported by different researchers.

Abstract
Cyclonic storm frequency exhibits variations of different time scales. If long-term variations of cyclonic storm frequency are properly documented then the epochs of higher and lower frequencies could be foreshadowed much in advance. Ozone has been found to be one of the most important radiative gases in the stratosphere and the upper troposphere, as it is not only able to absorb the incoming solar ultraviolet radiation, but also part of the visible radiation as well as re-emit and absorb the outgoing terrestrial infrared radiation, consequently, changes ozone concentrations affect climate. Keeping the above in view a study has been undertaken to examine the relation between the cyclonic storms, total ozone and QBO (Quasi Biennial Oscillation).

Abstract
Cymbidium orchid var �Red Tiffani� is one commercial orchid flower that propagated with micropropagation method. For study on effect of IBA and 2ip on micropropagation of Cymbidium orchid var �Red tiffani�, four Concentrations of IBA (0, 1, 2 and 4 mg l-1) and four Concentration of 2ip (0, 1, 2 and 4 mg l-1) in three replications were examined. Explants selected on young leaf and after sterilization, for callus induction transport in MS medium with IBA and 2ip. After 5 week, calli transport in new same medium for shoot induction. In this study traits such as days of callus initiation, percent of callus, number of shoot per explants, shoots fresh weight, shoot length were examined. Result showed that the IBA and 2ip effect of callus and shoot traits respectively.

Abstract
The main purpose of this study was to investigatethe relationship between nurses� organizational participation and patient safety culture in a hospital context. 125 employed nurses in Jahrom hospital, southern of Iran participated in this research. Two standard questionnaires were used as data collecting tools. There was a significant relation between nurses� organizational participation and patient safety culture. In addition, there was a significant relationship between nurses� organizational participation and expectation aspects, organizational learning-continuous improvement, teamwork within and across the words, open and clear communications, and hospital manager supports. There wasn�t any significant relation between organization and nurses� overall perception dimensions, feedbacks of nurses� mistakes, no punitive responses to nurses� mistakes, volume of work, patient transferring across wards, and reported events frequency. So the patient safety and patient safety culture can be improved by increasing the participation of staffs, in particular nurses.

Abstract
Considering the ever increasing advances in technology, especially in the field of IT, It is felt necessary to approach more correctly the question of using pesticides at the suitable time and in a scientific way; because it is observed that, due to lack of necessary knowledge in deciding the type, the amount, or the application time of pesticides, using pesticides not only does not solve problems but causes irreparable environmental and economic damages as well. Therefore, in this article we tackle the default implementation and mechanization of the process of controlling pests, one of the methods of which is the use of intelligent spray using the fuzzy logic. In this method, based on the prevailing conditions in the field, it is divided into several parts so as to protect the environment, to economize in the use of pesticides, and to avoid spraying the parts of the field that are not infested with pests; and sensors sensitive to the pests present are used so that fuzzy logic can be employed to decide what types of pesticides and how much of them are to be used.

Abstract
In this paper a novel infrastructure is proposed for vehicular communication on highways. And some potential applications of Bluetooth technology aimed to assist drivers are presented. Some special features are added and implemented with the Bluetooth. The challenges and security issues are discussed.