Abstract
G a s is a large group of tetracyclic diterprenoid carboxylic acids. Gibberellins (GAs) control many aspects of plant development, including plant development, flowering, leaf expansion and growth. Leaf explants of Nicotiana sylvestris (Solanaceae) were used for Ag robacterium - mediated delivery of a range of GA - biosynthetic genes to determine the influence of their encoded enzymes on the production of bioactive GAs and plant stature in this species. Constructs were prepared containing the nptII gene for kanamycin res istance as a selectable marker, and the GA - biosynthetic genes, their expression under the control of the CaMV 35S promoter. The GA - biosynthetic genes comprised of PcGA2ox1 isolated from Phaseolus coccineus, and, is specific for C 19 - GAs and 2β - hydroxylates the bioactive GAs i.e. GA 1 and GA 4 and their immediate precursors GA 20 and GA 9 , respectively. AtGA20ox1 , isolated from Arabidopsis thaliana , the product from which catalyses the formation of C 19 - GAs, and MmGA3ox1 and MmGA3ox2, isolated from Marah macrocar pus, which encode functionally different GA 3 - oxidases that convert C 19 - GAs to biologically active forms. Increase in stature was observed in plants transformed with AtGA20ox1, MmGA3ox1, MmGA3ox2 and MmGA3ox1 MmGA3ox2, their presence and expression bein g confirmed by PCR and RT - PCR, respectively, accompanied by an increase in GA 1 content, while PcGA2ox1 resulted in dwarf plant with four fold reduction of height and early flowering. The results are discussed in the context of regulating plant stature. Sin ce this strategy would decrease the use of chemicals to promote plant growth and will result in value addition in ornamental industry, in an era of increasing demand, and ever changing consumer appetite.

Abstract
There is concern that consumption of infected of infected Panicum maximum florets may result in poisoning in livestock. This study investigated the effects of ethanol extracts of healthy and inf ected P. maximum florets (Poaceae) on selected indices of liver and kidney functions, haematological and histopathological parameters in female Sprague - Dawley rats. The rats were fed with different doses of lyophilized extracts for 21 days and effect o f the plant on tissues of liver and kidney were macroscopically examined. Also the effects on the biochemical and haematological parameters were evaluated. The healthy floret extract significantly reduced (P 0.05) aspertate aminotransferases(AST), alanin e aminotransferases(ALT), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP), creatinine, urea, albumin and total protein at moderate to high doses. There were no significant changes in red blood cell (RBC), haemoglobin levels (HB) and packed cell volume (PCV) when compared with control. The infected floret extract significantly reduced ALT, AST and ALP at low to moderate (100 – 500mg /kg body weight) but induced significant increase in ALT level at the highest dose of 750mg/kg body weight when compared with control. Total p rotein and creatinine levels were not significantly (P 0.05) affected while urea level was reduced at all doses. Red blood cell, HB and PCV increased as doses increased. Histopathological examination revealed marked pathological lesions on liver and kidney at high dose administration of the infected extracts. However healthy floret extracts did not induce any pathological lesions on liver and kidney. Phytochemical screening revealed presence of alkaloids, tannins, saponins and flavonoids.

Abstract
The protein content of mulberry leaves is directly related with the potential of nitrate reductase enzyme. Effect of kinetic parameters and inorganic mineral nutrients (Mg; Zn and Mo) on the velocity of nitrate reductase catalyzed biochemical reaction was studied using the leaves of mulberry, Morus alba (L) (M - 5 variety). Maximum velocity (Vmax) was fo und registered for PH=7.4; temperature=32 0 C; incubation period= 30 minutes with vaccum infiltration manually at 5 minutes interval. For the purpose to determine Michaelis Menten constant (Km), the substrate concentration at which, the velocity of enzyme ca talyzed biochemical reaction attain half of its maximum, attempt has been made towards the transformation of data on [S] and v. The key quotient: [(2v Vmax S) � v] – [S(1 Vmax) � Vmax] was calculated. Plotting the key quotient verses the substrate concent ration [S] has illuminated into a straight line intersecting both, X and Y axes at a point which correspond to : [(2Vmax 2 Km)�Vmax]. The equation of the plot correspond to be derived as: Y = - [S] [( 2Vmax 2 Km)� Vmax]. This plot is to be recognized as Punyamayee plot of enzyme kinetics. Accordingly the Michaelis Menten constant (Km) of nitrate reductase catalyzed biochemical reaction in assay sample of mulberry leaves was found elevated in assay sample of leaves of mulberry plant recipient of foliar spr ay of magnesium sulphate, Zinc sulphate and ammonium molybdate. The optimum dose for magnesium sulphate and Zinc sulphate was 2.5mM, while with the ammonium molybdate, it was 0.01mM. The enzyme nitrate reductase was found significantly influenced with the optimum dosage of inorganic nutrients like MgSO 4 ; Zn and (NH 4 ) 2 Mo O 4 . The nitrate reductase activity may be considered as predictive test for protein rich yield of leaves in mulberry. Efficient use of inorganic nutrients for qualitative protein levels in mulberry leaves serve to orchestrate the moriculture practices and thereby the qualitative improvement in cocoon yield of silkworm, Bombyx mori(L).

Abstract
The dye - sensitized solar cell, often called the “gratzel cell” after its inventor, is a promising route toward harvesting solar energy in the effort to address the daunting global energy and environment challenges of the 21st century. Recently, dye - sensitized solar cells based on natural pigments have been demo nstrated. The performance of anthocyanin local dye as photosensitizer for dye - sensitized solar cell has been successfully studied. Anthocyanin dye is an extract from hibiscus sabdariffa which is an edible plant called zobo by Nigerians. Anthocyanin - stained TiO 2 electrode showed an outstanding optical absorbance within wavelength range of 283 nm – 516 nm. Peak absorbance of 2.16A.U. 2.26A.U. and 2.38A.U. were recorded in the UV region at 324.45nm, 344.87nm and 369.35nm respectively. Appreciable absorbance wa s recorded in the visible region with two outstanding peaks; 2.26A.U. and 2.16A.U., occurring at 405.99nm and 426.47nm respectively. The photovoltaic parameters of a second cell fabricated with unstained TiO 2 photo - electrode was studied for comparison of r esults. The overall conversion efficiency of the stained and unstained cells were 0.58% and 0.03% respectively.

Abstract
Starch in the ray parenchyma cells of Larix kaempferi tree varies considerably on the position of trunk. The maximum starch granules observed in sapwood, mostly outer to middle part. Most starch grains were localized in middle lines of parenchyma cells rat her than upper and lower lines. Parenchyma cells of the phloem part also content starch rather than outer bark due to content dead cell almost. The distribution of nuclei in secondary xylem cells of L. kaempferi resembled cell death. Starch disappearing oc curred prior to cell death in secondary xylem cells. Some characteristics heartwood inducing substances synthesized just after starch depletion, which might be deposited in cell wall. Ray parenchyma cells remained alive for several years. The timing of cel l death of middle ray cells different from upper and lower radial ray cells within a ray. Our results also indicate that the position of starch depletion within a ray might affect the timing of cell death. The distribut ion pattern of storage starch and cel l death was inter - linked with each other. This relationship controls the formation of heartwood in conifer trees. This report would be helpful for further research to clarify the heartwood formation in conifers, which has importance in tree breeding progra m and improvement of quality wood.

Abstract
Climate change is expected to affect agriculture, following food security and farmers’ livelihood. Though several international level interventions have taken a step forward, there is a need to carry out disaggregated analysis at the regional level, particularly, within the state in order to fine - tune the hot spot areas that need immediate interventions. Keeping this in view, and the fact that there exists a dearth of systematic literature with reference to climate change in Gujarat, the present study aims to assess the impacts of climate change particularly with re ference to rainfall and temperature parameters notwithstanding the relationship between climate change and the vulnerability of people living in different districts of Gujarat. For Gujarat state as a whole, it could be concluded that the year 1987 was undo ubtedly the driest year across the various agro - climatic zones during the entire period of study. The Northwest Arid Zone was the most vulnerable zone due to extreme deviations in rainfall pattern. The results of distribution of frequencies of clusters of below average rainfall years showed that in general, during the period 1978 - 2008, more than ninety per cent of the districts had more number of years with below average rainfall. The districts of S urat, Narmada, Patan, Gandhinagar and Amreli had more number of clusters of three years and above with below average rainfall and thereby, indicating a high variability of rainfall in these districts. The vulnerability indices constructed revealed that the variables pertaining to agricultural vulnerability were the major contributors in the overall vulnerability to climate change during the different periods. Next to the agricultural indicators, the occupational indicators were found to be the second larges t contributors towards overall vulnerability. Keeping in view the vulnerability of different districts, investments in adaptation research capacity: particularly, in the development of cli mate proof crops, improvements in the agronomic practices of crops s uch as revising planting dates, plant densities etc, designing region - specific strategies particularly suited to drylands such as rainwater harvesting, livestock development and better techniques of dryland agriculture, income diversification and generatin g better employment opportunities in districts where out - migration is high as well as adopting resource conservation technologies emerged as the major suggestions of this study.

Abstract
A total of 50 pieces of gold jewelries (17 necklaces, 17 earrings and 16 hand chains) worn by students in the University of Benin Ugbowo Campus were examined for the presence of bacteria and fungi. The samples were examined microscopically, culturally, morphologically and biochemically using standard microbiological techniques. The microorganisms recovered were Staphylococcus albus, Staphy lococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Micrococcus varians, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus pyogenes, Proteus vulgaris, Serratia marcescens, Aeromonas sobria, Escherichia coli, Shigella sp., Corynebacterium sp., Bacillus firmus, Bacillus circulans, Rothia sp., Pseudomonas sp. for bacterial isolates and Trichoderma sp., Aspergillus niger, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Epidermophyton sp., Alternaria sp., Microsporum gypseum, Diplococcium sp., Aspergillus flavus, Geotrichum candidum, and Penicillium sp. for fungal isolates. The mean population counts of bacteria and fungi isolated ranged from 1.07 x 10 5 to 1.61 x 10 5 Cfu/ml and 1.44 x 10 5 to 9.41 x 10 5 Cfu/ml respectively. Staphylococcus albus and Alternaria sp. were the most common encountered bacterial and fungal isolates in all the jewelries examined. This study revealed that human jewelries can habour microorganisms that can cause skin diseases. Therefore, it is important to sanitize the jewelries regularly.

Abstract
In the asymmetric effects of government spending literature, only a few studies have analyzed the relationships among the components of asymmetric effects of government spending. This study provides further insight into the role of asymmetric effects of governmen t spending in economic growth performance. in this order, auto regressive distributed lag (ardl) method has been used for measuring the asymmetric effects of government spending performance of the economic growth . This study uses annual time series data (1 979 - 2006) and unit root test and analyze them using auto regressive distributed lag (ardl) model by pesaran et al. (2001). Findings from the empirical analysis indicate that the relationships between the performance of asymmetric effects of government spen ding and economic growth are informative.

Abstract
A siddha medicine namely “Nandukkal Parpam” has been analysed by using UV spectroscopy and constant deviation spectrograph. An attempt has been made to study the parpam based on physicist point of view and the study reveals that the medicine contains iron and calcium as major constituents and traces of sodium and silicon.

Abstract
The distribution and faunistic composition of zooplankton was studied during November 2008 and October 2009 from Dahanu creek- west coast of India. Geographical location of Dahanu is 190 58� N and 720 44�E .Total 21 group of zooplankton were observed during the study period. Maximum species diversity was observed at station 1 (in open sea) and minimum at station 5 (in creek). Zooplankton biomass varied from 65.40 to 120.80 ml .100 m-3 (average 80.94 ml. 100 m-3 ) in the outer creek and 12.50 to 64.30 ml.100 m -3 ( average 29.62 ml. 100 m-3 ) in the inner creek area . Zooplankton biomass was highest in October at all stations however low biomass was recorded in July when the salinity decreased considerably. The dry weight of zooplankton ranged from 3.965 to 11.830 gr.100 m-3 (average 7.496 gr.100 m-3 ) in outer creek and 1.280 to 5.932 gr.100 m-3 (average 3.005 gr.100 m-3 ) in inner creek area .The dry wet of zooplankton was maximum in October at all the stations and was minimum in July. Copepods, decapod larvae, egg mass, fish eggs, fish larvae, polychaete larvae, hydrozoans, tintinnids and chethognaths formed dominant groups of total zooplankton population.

Abstract
The total ash and calcium content of common fruits grown seasonally in latur district was determined by dry ash and EDTA titration method. The results of analysis of fruit V itits V inifera (Grapes) show 0.297 % ash and 18.25 mg / 100g of calcium. The analys is data of S yzgium camini (Jambul)show 0.488% ash and 14.99 mg / 100g of calcium. The ash content of both frait vitis Vinifera chrapes and syzgium camini (Jambul) are found to be same as that of literature values. The calcium content of V itis V inifera (Gra pes) is found to be slightly lower and that of S yzgium C amini (Jambul) is found to be nearly same as compared to that of literature values.

Abstract
This experiment was conducted in 2010, in laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Science and Technology, Al - Neelain University, The objectives of this experiment were to make comparative determination of chemical constituents between human, goat, cow, camel and sheep milks. The investigation shown that protein, fat, total solid and ash content is low in human milk as c ompared with other types of milk, but lactose content is high in human’s milk as compared with other milks. In addition, sheep milk has a number of unique properties that makes it the most preferred milk as compared to milk of other domestic animals. All c hemical and physical characters between five types of milk shown highly significant difference at (P ≤ 0.05)

Abstract
Deviation from tri - bi - maximal (TBM) mixing is an important topic in the recent neutrino physics. In this paper we try to get non - zero U e3 without disturbing the atmospheric and solar mixing angles. Present analysis is in case of inverted and normal hierarchical mass models using the charge lepton correction in the PMNS (Pontecorvo - Maki - Nakagawa - Sakata) matrix without CP violating phase. Her e we have shown that in this case one can perturb the TBM condition in order to generate a seizable value of U e3 in the range of 0.6 to 0.8, while at the same time keeping solar neutrino mixing near its measured value, which is close to and the atmosphere neutrino mixing close to .

Abstract
The use of polymeric composite materials (CFRP and GFRP) has increased considerably in aerospace engineering, automobile engineering, medical applications and structural application etc. over the last decade. These developments lead to an increase in the number of technical research papers focusing on relevant aspects concerning the machining of such materials. In conventional machining, drilling is the most applied metho d accounting for as much as 40% of all material removal processes. However, problems in composite material drilling, particularly the heterogeneity and anisotropy of composite materials, increase delamination, surface roughness and tool wear etc. makes the machining more complex compared to metal machining. It was also investigated that drilling of fibre reinforced composites with conventional tools often results in defects like fiber debonding, fibre pullout, etc. Therefore the principal aim of this resear ch paper is to screen through the literature on machining of composite materials, more specifically on drilling of glass/carbon fibre reinforced epoxy composites focusing on the factors such as tool materials and geometry, machining parameters and their in fluence on the tool wear. In this particular context, many researchers have worked on metals, conducting series of experiments on tool wear and wear rate, and developed the wear mechanism map for different combinations of cutting tools and metals in order to optimize process parameters. Lack of research work has been recorded so far on the tool wear mapping of drills on composite materials. This made the authors to develop the different wear mechanisms during drilling of polymer matrix composites so as to a rrive at “safety zone” process parameters. Also, the observations and outcomes of this research paper would significantly contribute to the methodology that can be adopted to find the wear mechanism of drill bit while machining polymer matrix composite mat erials and the findings of this study can lead to the identification of improved and optimised operational parameters.

Abstract
Supply Chain Management (SCM) has witnessed a sea of change from simply being functional SCM to technological SCM to strategic SCM. Strategic Supply Chain Management or SSCM, as we call it today, is now considered an integral part of business strategy. The reason being, it enhances the capability of firm to develop and maintain competitive advantages in competitive environment. But the change from functional SCM to strategic SCM has not been seamless. Various gaps have been reportedin the transition process from SCM to SSCM in the literature. In the process of fulfilling the gaps, the firm tries to shift to a better process thereby attaching with it some unattended risk. In the process of mitigating such risks, one tends to develop certain perceptions which may not be correct in true sense. Such perceptions, if not identified and corrected on time may have serious implications towards the firm progress in the long run. This paper tries to identify such perceptions and also the reality pertaining to such perce ptions.