Abstract
S orghum is rated as moderately salt tolerant and can produce profitable crops on saline soils. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of salinity on the germination and emergence of sorghum cultivars , and to investigate the potential for genetic salt tolerance during the germination and early vegetative growth. Seeds of 13 sorghum cultivars were germinated using U.S.S. lab staff saline solution at 5 different salt concentrations for 10 days . G ermination percentage, root and shoot length, seedling dry weight, root/shoot dry weight ratio, and total dry weight salt susceptibility index were investigated in this study. T he germination results revealed that the increasing salt concentrations decrea sed germination and seedling growth in all the cultivars. T he extent of decrease varied with cultivars and salt concentrations. A ll cultivars germinated in all salinities but at 10 and 1 2 EC level of salinity, the highest and lowest germination percentage was obtained for CSV - 15 and PANT - 1cultivars respectively . I t is found that salt stress significantly decreased root length, shoot length, and seedling dry weight of sorghum cultivars. I n the presence of high salt concentration (1 0 and 12 EC ), CSV - 15 and HC - 171 cultivars showed the greatest shoot length, root length, and total dry weight. A t the first development stage, the shoot growth of sorghum cultivar was more adversely affected compared to the root growth by salt stress. S tatistical analysis showed sub stantial intra - specific variation in salinity tolerance. O n the basis of germination percentage, total dry weight reduction, root and shoot length reduction, and salt susceptibility indices at 7.2 , 1 0 , and 1 2 EC levels of salinity only three sorghum cultiv ars (CSV - 15, HD - 19, and HC - 171) o ut of thirteen were classified as salt tolerant. O n the other hand sensitivity against salinity was observed in PANT - 1, PANT - 2, HC - 308, HC - 513, and HC - 260 and so, these are grouped under salt sensitive group. Based on the results of the experiment, CSV - 15, HD - 19 and HC - 171 can be useful as genetic resources for the development of sorghum cultivars with improved germination under salt stress.

Abstract
The present communication is aimed at comparing the molecular structural properties, vibrational and energetic data of 2- and 4- quinazolinone, the two isomers of Quinazolinone, a biologically active hetrocyclic compound, in gas phase, due to their pharmacological activities and applications . The ground state properties of the two isomers have been calculated employing DFT/ B3LYP level of theory using the basis sets 6-311G(d), 6-311 G(d,p), 6-311 G(d,p). The dipole moment and mean polarizability are calculated to be 6.4687 Debye and 110.202/a.u. in case of 2- quinazolinone and for 4-quinazolinone these values are 1.4611 Debye and 107.663/a.u. at B3LYP/ 6-311 G(d,p) level of theory. MESP surfaces have also been drawn and compared. In order to obtain a complete description of molecular dynamics, vibrational wavenumber calculation along with the normal mode analysis, have been carried out at the DFT level.

Abstract
Spiders of the family salticidae are kleptoparasites that steal prey from other web spiders. In this paper we have described the kleptoparasitism between two species Plexxippus paykulli and Hasarius adansoni. Observation on distance of attack and prey stealing success rate were carried out for different body sizes of both species. Significant correlations were obtained for attacking strategy and p rey stealing between different body classes of both species. We conclude from these co - relative studies that the larger the leg span of kleptoparasites shows profound degree of such behavior as compared to that of the relative bo dy size. it also shows that the relative changes in body sizes of kleptoparasite proves to dominant on varied body size range in hosts.

Abstract
Retinol Palmitate (RP) is known for its effects on differentiation and morphogenesis during vertebrate development, as it is important for reproduction development and growth, hyper and hypo-vitaminosis- A both provoke epithelial pathologies in animal and human being. So a critical value of RP is required in vivo for the maintenance of normal architecture and function of many body tissues. Thyroid gland is unique among vertebrate endocrine glands is that it stores its secretary products i.e. thyroid hormone. The thyroid influence reproduction, growth and differentiation. The group of adult mouse was treated 4 IU/ day concentration of RP by intubations for 7 days. This constituted the treated group. A similar number of mice were considered as controlled group, and were not given any RP treatment. The animal were observed for their growth, behavior and weight, during the period of treatment. On 8th day of the experiment thyrodactomy was done to both treated as well as controlled mice. The thyroid tissues taken were processed and sectioned for both light as well as electron microscopy. Following observation was made. In treated case hypertrophy of thyroid gland was seen. The thyroid follicle of the treated mice showed disorganization of their cells and the cells changed their cuboidal shape to an irregular shape. Ultra structure studies showed an irregular shaped nucleus. The studies concluded that RP treatment results in a reduced activity of thyroid follicles i.e. reduced synthesis of thyroxin.

Abstract
Ground water is fresh water located in the core space of soil and rocks. Wells and springs constitute groundwater supplies. Present study deals with the suitability of the coagulation-flocculation process using Moringa oleifera seeds as natural absorbent and environmentally friendly antimicrobial agent for purification of ground water for drinking purpose. In present study various doses of Moringa oleifera seed powder like 50, 100 and 150 mg/l were taken and checked for the efficiency dose on raw groundwater. After treatment of water samples with Moringa oleifera seed powder were analyzed for different parameter like pH, turbidity, TDS, TS, hardness, chlorides, alkalinity, acidity, MPN and SPC. All parameters were reduced with increased dose of Moringa oleifera seed powder except alkalinity and pH. Application of this low cost Moringa oleifera seeds is recommended for eco-friendly, nontoxic, simplified water treatment where rural and peri-urban people living in extreme poverty are presently drinking highly turbid and microbiologically contaminated water.

Abstract
Mixture of vegetable wastes was an-aerobically digested in a 500 ml capacity lab scale batch reactors. Vegetable wastes having near similar pH and moisture content have been chosen so that overall pH and total solids content do not vary significantly in the feed composition for the study. Carrot, beans and brinjal having pH 5.4, 5.8 and 5.7 and moisture content 89.8%, 90.29% and 89.4% respectively were chosen for the study. These wastes contain predominantly carbohydrates and less protein and fat. Studies were carried out by preparing the feed consisting of carrot, beans and brinjal in different proportions to obtain organic load ranging from 0.06gm VS to 0.47 gm VS. The performance of the reactors was evaluated by estimating destruction of total and volatile Solids and by monitoring daily gas production. Mean methane production rate were determined at different organic loading range. Predictive models for analyzing the performance of the batch reactor and for determining cumulative biogas production for a given organic loading have been developed. The kinetics of the process has been studied using first order rate equation and reported in the paper.

Abstract
Currently, the world community is consuming organic food. This can be seen from the demand for organic products throughout the world that increase about 20 % per year, and the demand creates a potential market for organic products. To anticipate this, the Ministry of Agriculture of the Republic Indonesia launched a �Go Organic Program� in 2010. Organic products are still limited in Bandung, and only few have been produced. There are a number of organic products that are usually sold in supermarkets such as organic chicken, vegetable (carrot, spinach, tomato) and other organic products such as snack, coffee, and rice. Meanwhile, no organic fruits have been produced. This research uses primary and secondary data which are processed by a discriminant analysis. Consumers� perception, dominant factors, and marketing strategies for organic products were analyzed descriptively. This research is expected to contribute to the goverment policy, consumers of organic products, producers, and investors.

Abstract
This paper proposes RTD studies in plug flow reactor and comparison of non-ideal reactors using residence time distribution function. The model also gives a prediction of the number of ideal continuous stirred tank reactors (CSTR) that could represent the non-ideal plug flow reactor (PFR) in question. Simulated results reveal that 10 numbers of ideal stirred tanks in series would represent the non-ideal plug flow reactor under study. The graphical result of all four reactors is generated directly by polymath. Most of the chemical reactors in the industries have non-ideal regime. The non-ideal plug flow reactor (PFR) is one whose attributes deviate from that of the ideal plug flow reactors. Therefore, an in-depth knowledge of the residence time distribution (RTD) of components in the reactor is necessary for its analysis. The residence time distribution indicates how much time each fraction of a charged material spends in the vessel. The residence time distribution of reactants or tracers in a flow vessel is a

Abstract
This process involves thermal degradation of waste plastic into fuel range hydrocarbon i.e. petrol, diesel and kerosene etc. A thermal cracking process in which waste plastic were melted and cracked in the absence of oxygen and at very high temperature, the resulting gases were cooled by condensation and resulting crude oil was recovered. From this crude oil various products petrol, diesel and kerosene etc. can be obtained by distillation. This process mainly consists of four units i. reacting vessel or reaction chamber ii. condensation unit iii. receiving unit iv. distillation unit. More specifically the degradation of waste plastic except polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET), respectively, was studied in a semi-batch reactor. Also the effect of temperature variation was studied on the formation of liquid hydrocarbons. The best results were obtained when the temperature was constant at 400�c and after this temperature the somewhat liquid conversion decreases and gas conversion is increased. Furthermore alternate method for disposal of waste plastic is also studied. And the results of this process are found to be better than other alternate methods which are used for the disposal of waste plastic.

Abstract
Methyl cinnamate was synthesized by the reaction of methyl alcohol with cinnamic acid using silica immobilized licheniformis MTCC-10498. The silica- bound lipase was used to perform esterification of methanol with cinnamic acid in equimolar ratio (1 00 mM each) in DMSO. Moreover, pure methyl cinnamate was used as internal standard. Methyl cinnamate was synthesized by manipulating various parameter i.e. relative proportions of reactants, reaction temperature, reaction time concentration of molecular s ieves and salt ions. Finally, 64.3 mM methyl cinnamate was synthesized at 65 each of the reactants in 12 h in the presence of molecular sieves (100 mg/reaction volume) under shaking at 120 rpm. The immobilized lipase synthesized 50 % ester u

Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the validity of between Wingate and RAST tests in youth basketball players. The subjects were 45 youth and health basketball players that participated in the study. The characteristics of subjects were consist of: training experience of the subjects equal with 5.3 � 0.3 years, age of they were 16.46 � 0.37 years old, body weight equal with 72.02 � 2.5 and BMI equal with 21.62 � 0.54. Blood samples were drawn upon arrival to the laboratory, immediately after doing of the Wingate test and after end of the RAST test, during passive recovery. Statistical significance was accepted at p 0.05.Results of the study were shown that between of Wingate and RAST tests in amount of peak power were significant relationship(r = 0.901; p = 0.00). Also, results of the study indicated significant relationship in amounts of average power between both tests (r = 0.957; p = 0.00) In addition, between Wingate and RAST tests in average power per. kg .W -1statistically were significant relationship (r = 0.543; p = 0.00). In regarding of validity in blood indexes between both tests, can insinuate to amounts of pH that statistically were significant relationship between the tests (r = 0.562; p = 0.029). Also, in this study indicated significant relationship between amounts of PCO in venous blood (r = 0.644; p = 0.00) In regarding of achieve results can express that between of the Wingate and the RAST tests only in average power and peak power in youth elite basketball players were a significant relationship. So, it conflict to this claim that �the RAST test can be predict drop power and fatigue indexes in elite basketball players� similar to Wingate test. Nevertheless, it recommended to basketball coaches to apply the RAST test only in direction of evaluation for average and peak powers in basketball players.

Abstract
In the present analysis combustion products coming out from the gas turbine (GT) are studied on the basis of their concentration. A computer program is made in EES and different parameters are studied for the analysis. From the result it is observed that if regenerator is used in the gas turbine cycle then the concentration of N and O is 0.91% and 1.41% higher respectively in flue gases than that of GT cycle without regenerator. The concentration of CO and HO is 2.17% and 17.64% lesser respectively in flue gases for GT cycle with and without regenerator. As the fuel is the combination of the carbon and hydrogen, after burning with oxygen it generates heat energy, CO and HO. That is why concentration of HO and CO in combustion product increases and that of oxygen decrease. Results show that enthalpy of combustion products at a temperature of 155�C is -28077 kJ/kmol for GT cycle with regenerator and for without regenerator enthalpy is -28027 kJ/kmol at a temperature of 389�C. From the results it may be concluded that regeneration not only increases the efficiency of GT cycle but generates a concentration of N, O, CO and HO in such a manner that enthalpy of combustion gas is increased. Regenerator lowers the exergy destruction in the cycle and increased the fuel utilization efficiency for the cycle. Exergy destruction in most of the thermal systems is due to combustion/chemical reaction, heat transfer and friction including unrestrained expansions of gases and liquids. The inefficiency of combustion may be reduced by preheating the combustion air and reducing the air fuel ratio.

Abstract
Wireless mesh networks (WMN) encompass a new area of technology set to play an important role in the next generation wireless mobile networks, and it is going to address the internet provision to user at low cost anytime from anywhere. WMN is characterized by dynamic self-organization, self-configuration and self-healing to enable flexible integration, quick deployment, easy maintenance, low costs, high scalability, and reliable services. Security of such a network has always been an issue. In this paper, we have analyzed the fundamental security requirements of WMN and the challenges faced by it. We have also discussed the vulnerable features and possible active threats in WMN along with few defense mechanisms against such threats, including solutions to the problems of intrusion detection. This paper serves a baseline for developing a secured, full-proof WMN.

Abstract
Industrialization and extraction of natural resources have resulted in large scale environmental contamination and pollution. Large amounts of toxic waste have been dispersed in thousands of contaminated sites spread across our nation. Thus, the risk to human and environmental health is rising. These pollutants belong to two main classes: inorganic and organic. E-waste is growing exponentially recent years because the markets in which these products are produced are also growing rapidly. The US-EPA has estimated a 5 to 10% increase in the generation of e-waste each year globally. Perhaps even more alarming is that only 5% of this amount is being recovered. E-waste problem is of global concern because of the nature of production and disposal of waste in a globalized world. The challenge is to develop innovative and cost-effective solutions to decontaminate polluted environments, to make them safe for human habitation and consumption, and to protect the functioning of the ecosystems which support life. Bioremediation approach is currently applied to remove contaminants from soil, groundwater, surface water, and sediments including air. These technologies have become attractive alternatives to conventional cleanup technologies due to relatively low capital costs and their inherently aesthetic nature. Therefore, these technologies need to be applied to decontaminate e-waste from the soil-water environment. The present article summarizes the hazardous effects of e-waste, Indian and global scenario and innovative bioremediation technologies to remove it from environment.

Abstract
Although both synthetic and natural of pesticides are used extensively in the agricultural fields to control crop pests, it is well known that natural pesticides are eco- friendly and are safe to the non target organisms. The Azadirachta indica A. Juss (neem tree), has long been recognized for its insecticidal properties. Nearly 550 insect pest species are sensitive to azadirachtin, an active compound extracted from the A. indica tree. Nowadays pesticides from A. indica become very much popular because of their biodegradability, least persistence and least toxic to non-target organisms, economic and easy availability. In India, neem products are effective against various pests of both crop fields as well as stored grains like rice, wheat, corn, legumes, potato, tomato, etc. This review put a light on the use and efficacy of A. indica based pesticides against various pests of both crop fields as well as stored grains of India.