Abstract
The geophysical and geotechnical techniques were applied in order to determine the immediate and remote causes of a failed dam project in Cham area NE Nigeria. Details of site investigation for the Cham dam are presented. Geologically, the dam-site rests on the geologically disturbed Yolde Formation. The course of the Cham River is structurally controlled by the underlying strike-slip and dip-slip faults. Ground geological investigation revealed the presence of joints, faults and associated slicken-sides and shear zones as well as desiccation cracks within the rock formations. Geophysical investigations confirms that these joints and fault zone extends more than 35 meters below the river beds. It also revealed the presence of shally clay, lateritic dark clay, fissile shale and friable siltstone to depths of more than 35 meters below the river bed. Laboratory studies of the engineering properties of the rocks disclosed a mean optimum moisture content of 14.6% at a mean maximum dry density of 1.80 mg/m, mean plasticity index value of 34.5% and a mean CBR value of 3% suggesting a highly weathered, plastic, friable and structurally weak rocks. These studies helped in explaining both the immediate and remote causes of the failed dam project.

Abstract
Decision making and understanding the behavior of the customer has become vital and challenging problem for organizations to sustain their position in the competitive markets. Technological innovations have paved breakthrough in faster processing of queries and sub-second response time. Data mining tools have become surest weapon for analyzing huge amount of data and breakthrough in making correct decisions. The objective of this paper is to analyze the huge amount of data thereby exploiting the consumer behavior and make the correct decision leading to competitive edge over rivals. Experimental analysis has been done employing association rules using Market Basket Analysis to prove its worth over the conventional methodologies.

Abstract
Cassia alata or locally known as �pokok gelenggang� is a wild legume species found in Kelantan. Cassia alata based coagulant-flocculant was tested for surface water collected from the Kelantan River. The plant leaves was used to test coagulant rate and dose. The turbidity and other physico-chemicals of surface water sample were measured before and after the jar-test by using portable instruments. Turbidimeter Hanna Model 2100P was used to measure turbidity, while, portable pH meter hand-held Model C535 was used to measure pH. Meanwhile, iron and manganese were measured by using spectrophotometer model DR 2800. Total suspended solids were analyzed using method used by Michaud. The experiments were carried out with coagulant dosage of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5 and 3 mL/L with the intervals of 0.5 mL/L. The results have shown that Cassia alata leaves can remove turbidity up to 93.33% at the optimal dosage of 1.0 mL/L. In addition, the potential of Cassia alata leaves to remove other pollutants presence in the river water like suspended solids, ferum, manganese and pH was also identified. On the other hand, the leaves of Cassia alata can remove suspended solids by 56.4% but not other parameters.

Abstract
We study the spatial damping of slow magnetoacoustic waves in homogeneous, isothermal, and unbounded coronal plasma permeated by a uniform magnetic field, with physical properties akin to those of coronal loops. Taking into account an energy equation with optically thin radiative losses, thermal conduction, and heating we obtain a fourth-order polynomial in the wavenumber k, which represents the dispersion relation for slow and thermal MHD waves. The fourth order dispersion relation has been solved numerically for different loop parameters. It is found that damping length of slow-mode waves exhibits varying behavior depending upon the physical parameters of the loop. We found that for solar coronal loops, the dominant wave damping mechanism is compressive viscosity and thermal conduction with less significant contribution by radiation. For any considered period, slow waves have much shorter damping length in hot coronal loops than that in cool loops and also slow waves damped very quickly in hot and long coronal loops.

Abstract
This paper proposes RTD studies in plug flow reactor and comparison of non-ideal reactors using residence time distribution function. The model also gives a prediction of the number of ideal continuous stirred tank reactors (CSTR) that could represent the non-ideal plug flow reactor (PFR) in question. Simulated results reveal that 10 numbers of ideal stirred tanks in series would represent the non-ideal plug flow reactor under study. The graphical result of all four reactors is generated directly by polymath. Most of the chemical reactors in the industries have non-ideal regime. The non-ideal plug flow reactor (PFR) is one whose attributes deviate from that of the ideal plug flow reactors. Therefore, an in-depth knowledge of the residence time distribution (RTD) of components in the reactor is necessary for its analysis. The residence time distribution indicates how much time each fraction of a charged material spends in the vessel. The residence time distribution of reactants or tracers in a flow vessel is a key datum for determinig reactor performance.

Abstract
The aqueous solution of herbal drug: kho-go of various concentrations (5.0 ppm; 10.0 ppm; 20.0 ppm and 50.0 ppm) was used to treat the leaves of mulberry and fed to the fifth instar larvae of polyvoltine, crossbreed silkworm, Bombyx mori (L) for first three days, second day and third day and third day (only). The larvae fed with untreated and water treated leaves were also maintained. Bioassays of proteins (S.P. and T.P.) and enzymes (protease and amylase) were carried out on fifth day through the use of mid gut homogenate. Treating the mulberry leaves with herbal drug: kho-go and feeding them to fifth instar larvae was found reflected into significant improvement in the levels of proteins (S.P. and T.P.) and velocities of biochemical reactions catalyzed by protease and amylase. The pattern of increase in soluble proteins and total proteins in the mid gut tissue were 32.147 to 90.074 percent and 5.657 to 39.052 percent respectively. The activities of mid gut protease and amylase were increased by 21.444 to 83.706 percent and 14.54 to 52.257 percent respectively. The nutrient contents of herbal drug: kho-go serve to improve the digestibility and exert the influence of efficient metabolism in the fifth instar larvae of silkworm, Bombyx mori (L). The herbal drug treatment may gear overall biochemical constituency of silkworm larvae, through mid gut enzymes.

Abstract
The study deals with physico-chemical properties of Shivaji University lakes of Kolhapur city and its impact on phytoplankton population. Several limnological parameters were evaluated during the period from September, 2010 to February, 2011 from seven sampling stations sited along lakes of Shivaji university campus viz. Music Department Lake, Bhshabhavan Lake, Rajaram Lake. The physical parameters included were temperature, turbidity and chemical parameters included were pH, temperature, alkalinity, dissolved oxygen, total hardness and nitrate, phosphate and sulphate. A total 19 species were observed during the study period, maximum number of sp observed were in the Rajaram lake i.e. 13 sp. There were 9 species observed from the class Chlorophyceae, 4 species of the class Cynophyceae, 3 of the class Bacillariophyceae, 3 of the class Euglenophyceae. The Microcystis species was observed in Rajaram lake indicates the signs of eutrophication of lake, while species like Desmidium , observed from Music Department and Bhshabhavan lake were the indicator of better water quality. The physico-chemical parameters such as nitrates, phosphate, temperature and alkalinity are favorable for the growth of phytoplankton. Maximum species of the class chlorophyceae were observed during study period.

Abstract
The results of eight oceanological and bottom trawl surveys (totally 650 stations) conducted within the Pacific waters off the northern Kuril Islands and southeastern Kamchatka in 1993-2000 during the same calendar period (late summer � autumn) are analyzed. Several periods with different thermal conditions were marked out. The 1993-1995s were characterized by the existence of two areas with low bottom temperatures ( 1C): off central Paramushir Island and southeastern Kamchatka (cold years). The 1995 was coldest among three years with presence of wide area of negative bottom temperatures off the southeastern Kamchatka. The 1996-1998s were considerably warmer; the entire survey area was covered by waters with bottom temperatures &#x-1.0;ȃ 1C (warm years). In 1999, the situation has been changed and this year was somewhat colder than previous period (moderate year). 2000 was again warm year. During the whole study period, considerable changes of temperature conditions were registered in the northern part of the area surveyed only, while the rest part was covered by waters with bottom temperatures &#x-1.0;ȃ1C. The multi-annual changes of survey indices of 32 most common groundfish species (4 skates, Pacific cod, walleye pollock, sablefish, prowfish, 2 eelpouts, Atka mackerel, 5 sculpins, 6 snailfishes, sawback poacher, shortraker rockfish, Pacific ocean perch, broadbanded and shortspine thornyheads, Kamchatka flounder, northern rock and flathead soles, Pacific and Greenland halibuts) were analyzed. Correlation between demographic patterns of some species and bottom temperature changes were detected. Therefore it can be suggested that abundance of these species is affected by changes of bottom temperatures. At the same time, various species demonstrate similar tendencies of changes of their demography. Since the majority of species have long life span, they are not capable to respond quickly to climatic variability by changing of their abundance. The changes of their demographic patterns most likely show the redistribution of their biomass between areas or outside of area surveyed.

Abstract
An attempt is made to predict the fatigue crack path using the finite element analysis to design a body against fatigue failure. Till now consideration is taken that the fatigue failures is always straight i.e. (Straight extending crack) but in practice the cracks fond in any body deviate or extend more in a zig zag manner due to mixed mode stress produced. The change in stress state mode caused by the deviation of a crack affect the succeeding crack path and its growth rate. Because of these reasons prediction of crack path and growth rate is more important for fatigue life evaluations. The use of the finite element method enabled the subsequent tracking of deflecting crack extension. In this paper we try to demonstrate the capability and its limitations, in predicting the crack propagation trajectory and the SIF values under linear elastic fracture analysis.

Abstract
This work is carried out on a multi leaf spring having nine leaves used by a commercial vehicle. The finite element modelling and analysis of a multi leaf spring has been carried out. It includes two full length leaves in which one is with eyed ends and seven graduated length leaves. The material of the leaf spring is SUP9.The FE model of the leaf spring has been generated in CATIA V5 R17 and imported in ANSYS-11 for finite element analysis, which are most popular CAE tools. The FE analysis of the leaf spring has been performed by discretization of the model in infinite nodes and elements and refining them under defined boundary condition. Bending stress and deflection are the target results. A comparison of both i.e. experimental and FEA results have been done to conclude.

Abstract
Power Transformers are a vital link in a power system. Well-being of power transformer is very much important to the reliable operation of the power system. Dissolved Gas Analysis (DGA) is one for the effective tool for monitoring the condition of the transformer. To interpret the DGA result multiple techniques are available.IEC codes are developed to diagnose transformer faults. But there are cases of errors and misleading judgment due to borderline and multiple faults. Methods were developed to solve this problem by using fuzzy membership functions to map the IEC codes and heuristic experience to adjust the fuzzy rule. This paper proposes a neuro-fuzzy method to perform self learning and auto rule adjustment for producing best rules.

Abstract
Several studies have been made using geomagnetic activity as one of the parameters principally to determine its possible effects on meteorological parameters such as atmospheric circulation, pressure changes and atmospheric electricity, seismic activity. These studies led one to believe that geomagnetic activity affects the troposphere phenomena4 . In this paper a study has been undertaken to examine the relation between the geomagnetic storm activity, cyclonic storm activity, Sunspot numbers and climate Change.

Abstract
Since independence, various governments in India have experimented with a large number of grant and subsidy based poverty alleviation programmes. These programmes were based on grant/subsidy and the credit linkage was through commercial banks only. As a result, these programmes became unsustainable, perpetuated a dependant status on the beneficiaries and depended ultimately on the govt. employees for delivery. This not only led to misuse of both credit and subsidy but banks never looked at it as a profitable and commercial activity as well. This paper stresses on improving farm level efficiency through micro financing and micro insurance in achieving their economic and social goals, which at present find have largely identified only limited success.

Abstract
Sequential association rule mining is one of the possible methods to analysis of data. As conventional sequential association rule mining very often generates a huge number of association rules, of which many are redundant, it is desirable to find a solution to get rid of those unnecessary association rules, because of the complexity and temporal ordered characteristics of sequential data, current research of sequential rule mining is limited. Although several sequential association rule prediction model using either sequence constraint or temporal constraint have been proposed, none of them considered the redundancy problem in rule mining. The main purpose of this paper to propose a non redundant sequential association rule mining method proposed the Sequential Min-Max basis for concise representation of non-redundant sequential association rules.

Abstract
Since the late eighteenth century, the Colonial government actively pursued a forest policy that facilitated rapid commercialization which led the Forest officers, timber merchants and contractors deep into the forests of India. The British systematically and legitimately exploited forest of India for the construction of ships, railways, civic construction, military and other purpose. The state of Bombay�s forests in the late 1830�s was highly deplorable that there was concern about supplies of timber, especially teak which were required for the Royal Navy at Bombay Dockyard for the construction of ships.. This drew the attention of the British Government in 1838 to indiscriminate destruction of the forests. In January 1840 the Bombay Government instructed Dr. Alexander Gibson, the Superintendent of the Botanical garden at Dapuri and Hewra in Poona, to make a tour of the Northern and Southern Konkan Forests. His report confirmed the Government fears of devastation and exhaustion of these forests. The pressure of the timber needs worked to the advantage of the development of conservation policies, which resulted in the evolution of the policy of natural resource management. This finally resulted in the establishment of the pioneering forest department in 1847 in the Bombay Presidency with Alexander Gibson as its Conservator. The establishment of the forest department and the rules and regulations implemented by the Bombay Government to conserve the forests of Bombay was a landmark in the history of forestry of Bombay Presidency. For the first time in Bombay, serious effort was made towards such conservancy measures. The paper endeavours to evaluate conservation measures undertaken by the Forest Department in Bombay Presidency under the Conservator Alexander Gibson in the period 1838 to 1860. It will throw light on the role of the Botanical gardens of western India towards afforestation. It is argued that the history of plantation for sustainable development was a result of colonial anxiety to meet timber needs and for increased revenue earnings. Forests became more of a commercial commodity than a matter of rich biodiversity to be protected from various unwanted factors although it helped in the better regeneration of a few specific timbers such as teak.