Abstract
Precipitation of metallic species in either, liquid-liquid, solid-solid, or liquid-solid systems is a current phenomenon that is related with the formation and/or deposition of second phases. An example of the above is the deposition of some precipitated species on ore particles during milling, changing their surface properties and affecting the process of capture during flotation. Precipitation of species also occurs during waste water treatment. Despite the fact that several procedures have been designed to clean water contaminated with heavy metals (i.e., activated zeolite and membranes, gas dispersion devices, bird feathers, biological procedures, etc.) the mechanisms describing the formation of such phases or species are not well understood. This work establishes from a thermodynamic point of view the conditions (pH, electrochemical potential, ionic strength, activity coefficient) to predict the formation of certain species (precipitated or dissolved) in distilled water contaminated with lead, copper, and nickel, and open to the atmosphere. The pH of the media was varied from 3 to 13. Experimental results show the feasibility to control selectively the precipitation of given copper, nickel, and lead species from contaminated water, by controlling the pH of the liquid media. From the information derived in this work, it is possible to design a process for cleaning water contaminated with heavy metals by promoting the sedimentation of metallic species, and to predict or avoid the formation of certain species on ore particles that reduce the metallurgical efficiency during the flotation process.

Abstract
There are six types of centrifugal fan impellers AF, BI, BC, FC, RT, RB among which the AF i.e. impellers with airfoil blades are considered as highly efficient. The following paper presents the design methodology for the centrifugal fan system with impellers having airfoil blades. The numerical design procedure is developed for it and the CFD optimization has been carried out for volute casing to improve the results which have got from the numerical procedure only. A case is studied from technical bulletin1 for this purpose and the results are correlated with those obtained from the numerical procedure developed. The concept of MRF (moving reference frame) is applied in the CFD analysis of the centrifugal fan as a rotating region around the impeller, keeping the components of the impeller stationary. The volute casing was optimized by decreasing the volute clearances by 10-14% and increasing the cut off height by 5% keeping it at 35% of impeller diameter. Thus the design methodology which includes the assistance of CFD optimization has been developed successfully.

Abstract
This article estimates the major determinants of supply and demand for Rice Export in Iran. This study uses annual time series data (1989-2006) and unit root tests and analyze them using Auto Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model by Pesaran et al. (2001). This co-integration technique accommodates potential structural breaks that could undermine the existence of a long-run and significant relationship between supply and demand for Rice Exportand its main determinants. Error correction coefficient is negative and small and is equal to � 0.54 and it shows that if there is any shock or imbalance in total production, the system will be back to stability after a 3-year period. Together the independent variables explained 91% of the variance in the dependent variables. The remaining 9% was due to unidentified variables. In relation to that, we can conclude that explanatory power is high for the equation.

Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to study the effect of speed, feed and depth of cut on surface roughness (R) and cutting force (F) in turning mild steel using high speed steel cutting tool. Experiments were conducted on a precision centre lathe and the influence of cutting parameters was studied using analysis of variance (ANOVA)based on adjusted approach. Based on the main effects plots obtained through full factorial design, optimum level for surface roughness and cutting force were chosen from the three levels of cutting parameters considered. Linear regression equation of cutting force has revealed that feed, depth of cut, and the interaction of feed and depth of cut significantly influenced the variance. In case of surface roughness, the influencing factors were found to be feed and the interaction of speed and feed. As turning of mild steel using HSS is one among the major machining operations in manufacturing industry, the revelation made in this research would significantly contribute to the cutting parameters� optimization.

Abstract
Although in other countries, cause-related marketing is a very familiar concept, in Romania, the existing literature shows that there is relatively poor understanding and little if any research or evidence as to its potential. Therefore, this study provides an empirical, valuable step, towards understanding cause-related marketing campaigns and their impact on stakeholders. The methodology included two analyses: one regarding the validity of the sample and, the second, regarding the impact generated on cause-related marketing campaigns. The results reveal that there is a significant relationship between cause-related marketing campaigns and the impact generated on the corporations, non-profit organizations and consumers. Results also confirm that it is more likely that a corporation will impact a cause-related marketing campaign rather than a non-profit organization. To conclude, this study offers a better understanding of the cause-related practices in Romania, their impact on consumers, as well as their contribution to the welfare of society.

Abstract
Effective thermal conductivity of cucurbit was determined at temperatures ranging from 0�45C. Thermal conductivity was measured by the rapid transient technique using a thermal probe. The probe was inserted in the center of the sample for sufficient time so that the needle maintains temperature equilibrium with the sample and also sample in equilibrium with the surroundings. The temperature distribution generated in the sample was measured through digital micro-voltmeter which measured the voltage generated due to the rise in temperature at the probe situated in the sample. It was found that the effective thermal conductivity of Cucumis sativus (L.) ranged from 0.36 W/mK to 0.56 W/ mK when the temperature varied from 272 K to 298 K, however for Luffa acutangula L.), it is varied from 0.30 W/m K to 0.42 W/m K. It was also observed that near room temperature there was a fall in thermal conductivity with increasing temperature.

Abstract
Optically transparent bulk single crystal of [(para methoxy) phenyl] imino benzene (PMPIB) has been grown along <013> plane using the uniaxial crystal growth method of Sankaranarayanan-Ramasamy with a new modification in the growth assembly. The crystal was grown with a growth rate of 6mm/day upto a dimension of 60 X 30 X 10 mm and within a period of 10 days having a cylindrical morphology. Single crystal XRD analysis confirms that the growth ingot belongs to the orthorhombic crystal system with a space group of P212121. The crystalline perfection was assessed by XRPD analysis. The powder diffraction pattern of the grown crystal has been indexed. The presence of C=N bond with intramolecular hydrogen bonding on the protonation of ions were confirmed by FTIR analysis. The UV-vis-NIR spectrum of the crystal shows that the crystal has cut-off wavelength at 200 nm. The 1H 1 and 13 NMR spectra confirms the molecular structure. The existence of second harmonic generation (SHG) signal was observed by using ND:YAG laser with the fundamental wavelength of 1064 nm. The Laser damage threshold of PMPIB was found to be 0.57 GW/cm2 and hence PMPIB can be used in frequency doubler system. The photoconductivity study of PMPIB revealed negative photoconductivity of the sample.

Abstract
Biological viruses have recently received a lot of attention especially in sub continent due to some spectacular effects of infections like bird flu, dengue and swine flu. This problem generated a requirement to classify these viruses in some formal form. Therefore, we are proposing an ontology for Human Biological Viruses Ontology (HBVO) that covers all the viruses that belongs to human. The proposed ontology is developed by using the principles of Open Biological Ontologies and will be available in the format of OBO. It can be viewed by using OBO-Edit. To develop HBVO we used the taxonomy developed by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses.

Abstract
A selective, simple, inexpensive and a new reagent for determination of selenium is proposed. This method is based on oxidation of hydroxylamine hydrochloride with selenite ions to nitrous acid, which in turn diazotizes sulfanilic acid which subsequently couples with NEDA to form magenta colored azo dye. The dye thus formed shows a maximum absorbance at 550 nm. The method obeys Beer�s law in the range of 0.05 to 0.26 ppm of Se. Its molar absorptivity, Sandell�s sensitivity, standard deviation and relative standard deviation were found 9.04x10, 8.73x10-3, 0.002, and 0.87% respectively. All the reaction parameters have been optimized. Interferences between the azo reaction and non targeted ions often present in environmental samples were investigated. The method has been successfully applied to the analysis of waste water and plant material. Chemical sensing strips were also been prepared and were successfully applied for detection of selenium in air and semi quantitative determination in water. The advantages of method are its high sensitivity, reproducibility, and the fact that measurement is simple, rapid and low cost.

Abstract
A simple, sensitive and inexpensive method was developed using matrix solid-phase dispersion (MSPD), together with high performance liquid chromatographic method for determination of diafenthiuron in orange pulp. The evaluated parameters included the type and amount of sorbent (silica gel and celite) and the nature of eluent (n-hexane, Acetonitrile and saturated aqueous sodium chloride solution). The best results were obtained using 1.0 g of orange pulp sample, 1.0 g of silica gel as sorbet and 20 mL of n-hexane - acetonitrile - saturated aqueous sodium chloride solution (1:1:1), (v/v)). The method was validated using orange pulp samples spiked with diafenthiuron at different concentration levels (0.03 and 0.3 �g/mL). Average recoveries (using each concentration six replicates) ranged 88-94%, with relative standard deviations less than 3%, calibration solutions concentration in the range 0.01-2.0 �g/mL and limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were 0.01 �g/mL and 0.03 �g/mL respectively.

Abstract
The results of studies based on 11 batches of Apple Juice Concentrate are reported. The different batches were examined for their Total Ash and Iron Content. The iron Content was determined by spectrophotometric method. Results of the analysis show that the content of iron is directly proportional to the ash content. The brown colored powder showing the lowest, that is 2.45% w/w ash content, shows 0.74%w/w iron Content, whereas, the grayish-brown colored powder, showing 23.95% w/w ash content, seems to be rich in iron Content, which was observed to be equivalent to15.67% w/w.

Abstract
The aim of this paper is to investigate the buckling behavior of the steel rectangular plates with circular and square cut outs under uniaxial in-plane compressive loading in elasto-plastic range with various loading bands using the numerical and the experimental methods. Some effective parameters on the buckling of plates have been studied separately and the required data for analysis have been gained through the experimental tests. The finite element Abaqus software has been used for the numerical analysis and a set of servo hydraulic INSTRON8802 was applied in the experimental tests. Numerical and experimental results show good agreement with each other.

Abstract
Ghoramara island is situated at 18.36 nautical miles away from Haldia dock in Hooghly estuary, Eastern India. It is a rhombic shaped island covering an area of around 4.8 km� with a total shoreline length of 8.5 kms. This sparingly populated sensitive ecosystem is rapidly changing its morphology due to extensive coastal erosion on the northwestern coast and marginal accretion on the southeastern side. The degradation of the system due to natural and anthropogenic causes leads to the total areal reduction of the island. There is a major loss of agricultural land and fisheries. The two islands Lohachara and Supribhanga lying to the southwest of Ghoramara have already been submerged. The vulnerability and stability of the island is the major fear of the inhabitants. In the present study, multi-resolution and multi-temporal satellite images of Landsat have been utilized to understand the erosion accretion pattern of the island over past four decades (1972-2010). The rate of change in shoreline positions have been estimated using statistical linear regression, end-point rate and net shoreline movement method and cross-validated with regression coefficient (R�) method. Land use land cover map has been prepared for all these years to understand how the erosion-accretion affected the island. It has been shown that the island is constantly shrinking over time and lost almost 50% of its area.

Abstract
Einstein�s field equations with variable cosmological constants are considered in the presence of stiff fluid for LRS Bianchi type-II universe. To get the deterministic model of the universe, we have assumed a condition A=B. It is shown that the vacuum energy density is positive and proportional to 1/t. The model represent accelerating, shearing and non-rotating universe. The physical and geometrical behavior of these models are also discussed.

Abstract
The Microbial hydrometallurgy and microbial mineral processing of metal sulphides is currently a well established technology. Over past years there has been a huge amount of developments with regards to the understanding of its both engineering perspective as well as fundamental approach with regards to the microorganisms. The huge diversity of the microorganisms, which has come into picture over the years of research and development have made the engineers to go beyond several limitations of working temperature to salt tolerance of the microorganisms in harsh conditions to deliver better technologies for the future operative plants. Today scientists have been able to deliver the various mechanisms involved in bioleaching but still there are facets to be really understood and more importantly on the front how lab scale research can be turned out into full scale operation by scaling up the research and optimizing the engineering aspects of the research. Most of the bioleaching operation has shown their productivity in commercial application of refractory gold concentrates using mesophilic microorganisms followed by the cyanide leaching to recover optimum amount of gold with an environment friendly method compared to the conventional method of roasting. Research in the area of chalcopyrite bioleaching is still continuing o solve the mysteries of jarosite precipitation and formation of passivation layer, which inhibits the copper recovery in a heap leaching of chalcopyrite by biological methods. Use of extreme thermophiles in chalcopyrite bioleaching is making a revolutionary movement to solve the mystery behind the scaling up the process, which could be possible to be solved in future. Bioleaching with other sulphide minerals together with Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) mitigation, which is a serious concern today, is taking is taking shape today in order to cater the needs of the mankind. However the biohydrometallurgy research seems to contribute to a greater extent in framing environmental friendly process with regards to hydrometallurgical operations in future and establish a developed technology to benefit human beings needs by its upcoming research and development.