@Research Paper
<#LINE#>Pyrolysis of Plastic Bags from Household Waste<#LINE#>Melhyas @KPLE,Grâce @CHIDIKOFAN,Maurel @AZA-GNANDJI,Guevara @NONVIHO,Gontrand @BAGAN,Hyppolite @AGADJIHOUEDE,Aristide @HOUNGAN,Pierre @GIRODS,Yann @ROGAUME <#LINE#>1-13<#LINE#>1.ISCA-RJRS-2024-027.pdf<#LINE#>Laboratory of Rural Engineering, National University of Agriculture (LGR/UNA), 01 BP 55 Porto Novo, Benin@laboratory of Engineering Sciences and Applied Mathematics, National University of Science Technology Engineering and Mathematics, Abomey, Benin@Laboratory of Rural Engineering, National University of Agriculture (LGR/UNA), 01 BP 55 Porto Novo, Benin@Research Unit on Molecular Interactions, Study and Research Laboratory in Applied Chemistry of the Polytechnic School of Abomey-Calavi, University of Abomey-Calavi (URIM/LERCA/ EPAC/UAC), 01 BP 2009 Cotonou, Benin and Pluridisciplinary Research Laboratory for Technical Education (LARPET), National University of Science Technology Engineering and Mathematics, BP 133 Lokossa, Benin@Laboratory of Rural Engineering, National University of Agriculture (LGR/UNA), 01 BP 55 Porto Novo, Benin@Laboratory of Rural Engineering, National University of Agriculture (LGR/UNA), 01 BP 55 Porto Novo, Benin@Pluridisciplinary Research Laboratory for Technical Education (LARPET), National University of Science Technology Engineering and Mathematics, BP 133 Lokossa, Benin@Laboratory of study and research on the wood material, University of Lorraine, UMR 1073, INRA, ENGREF, UHP, ENSTIB 27, BP 1041, 88 051 Epinal Cedex, France@Laboratory of study and research on the wood material, University of Lorraine, UMR 1073, INRA, ENGREF, UHP, ENSTIB 27, BP 1041, 88 051 Epinal Cedex, France<#LINE#>30/11/2024<#LINE#>14/5/2025<#LINE#>Plastic bags are a common sight in West Africa, particularly in household waste. Their widespread distribution has a negative impact on the environment. Solutions need to be found to recycle them more effectively. Pyrolysis is a promising method for testing plastic bags for their thermal behavior. In this study, a laboratory test was conducted for the pyrolysis of low-density polyethylene (LDPE) in a pilot reactor. Analytical devices such as Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), gas chromatography-combustion thermal detector (GC-CTD), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and gas chromatography-flame ionization detector (GC-FID) were used to determine material and energy balances, and the composition of condensable and non-condensable gases. The results show that PE is a very good fuel in terms of energy, but its environmental impact remains undeniably negative. Therefore, the use of PE will be much more sustainable if it is mixed with other types of fuel to reduce its environmental impact.<#LINE#>Adeniyi, A. G., & Ighalo, J. O. (2020).@Simulation of low density polyethylene (LDPE) pyrolysis and optimisation of pyro-oil yield.@International Polymer Processing, 35(2), 229-235.@Yes$Kple, M., Girods, P., Fagla, B., Anjorin, M., Ziegler-Devin, I., & Rogaume, Y. (2017).@Kinetic study of low density polyethylene using thermogravimetric analysis, Part 2: Isothermal study.@Waste and Biomass valorization, 8, 707-719.@Yes$Kolibaba, O. B., Sokolskiy, A. I., & Gabitov, R. N. (2017).@Research of the pyrolysis of municipal solid waste aimed at improving the efficiency of thermal reactors.@International Journal of Energy for a Clean Environment, 18(2).@Yes$Puckins, A. I., Osipovs, P. S., & Osipovs, S. D. (2024).@Method for the determination of tar produced from the pyrolysis of used tires.@International Journal of Energy for a Clean Environment, 25(1).@Yes$Eren, M. R., Güneş, I., & Varol, E. A. (2024).@The effect of carbonization temperature on the properties of carbonaceous material obtained from ethylene-propylene-diene-monomer (EPDM) wastes.@International Journal of Energy for a Clean Environment, 25.@Yes$Adeyanju, A. A., & Manohar, K. (2023).@Experimental analysis and performance of a waste plastics pyrolysis system for biofuel production.@International Journal of Energy for a Clean Environment, 24(8).@Yes$Osipovs, S. D., Puckins, A. I., Mežaraupe, S., & Lazdāns, D. (2022).@Determination of Pollutants in Industrial Water Used for Cooling Gases in Waste Pyrolysis Process.@International Journal of Energy for a Clean Environment, 23(5).@Yes$Kple, M., Girods, P., Anjorin, M., Fagla, B., & Rogaume, Y. (2016).@Thermal degradation of household solid waste in the town of Abomey-Calavi in Benin: kinetic study.@Waste and biomass valorization, 7, 59-70.@Yes$Kple, M., Nonviho, G., Doto, V., Aza-Gnandji, M., Chabi, E., Bagan, G., & Houngan, A. (2022).@Study of the combustion in a rotary kiln of model household waste from the city of Abomey-Calavi in Benin.@Research Journal of Engineering Sciences, 11(3), 1-11.@Yes$Brandelet, B., Kple, M., Girods, P., Rose, C., Rogaume, C., & Rogaume, Y. (2016).@Thermal degradation of cellulosic and plastic material: kinetic and particles determining study in combustion.@International Journal of Energy, Environment and Economics, 24(2/3), 173.@Yes$Kple, M., Fagla, B. F. Z., Anjorin, M., Girods, P. & Rogaume, Y. (2016).@Thermal degradation of household solid wastes with TGA: cellulosic and plastic materials.@Sylwan Journal 36–47.@No$Łach, Ł., & Svyetlichnyy, D. (2024).@Recent Progress in Heat and Mass Transfer Modeling for Chemical Vapor Deposition Processes.@Energies, 17(13), 3267.@Yes$Ngusale, G. K., Oloko, M., Agong, S., & Nyakinya, B. (2017).@Energy recovery from municipal solid waste.@Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 39(16), 1807-1814.@Yes$Ballice, L. (2002).@Classification of volatile products evolved during temperature-programmed co-pyrolysis of low-density polyethylene (LDPE) with polypropylene (PP).@Fuel, 81(9), 1233-1240.@Yes$Mastral, F. J., Esperanza, E., Garcıa, P., & Juste, M. (2002).@Pyrolysis of high-density polyethylene in a fluidised bed reactor. Influence of the temperature and residence time.@Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 63(1), 1-15.@Yes$Levendis, A. Y., & Ponagiotou, T. (1991).@Experimental Techniques to Study the Combustion Characteristics of two commonly found in Municipal wastes.@Municipal Waste Combustion, 73-86.@Yes$Kawaguchi, O., Ohtani, T., & Kojima, H. (1997).@Thermal decomposition process of a polyethylene pellet in a hot stagnation flow.@Combustion science and technology,  130(1-6), 411-421.@Yes$Kiran, N., Ekinci, E., & Snape, C. E. (2000).@Recyling of plastic wastes via pyrolysis.@Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 29(4), 273-283.@Yes$Piao, M., Chu, S., Zheng, M., & Xu, X. (1999).@Characterization of the combustion products of polyethylene.@Chemosphere, 39(9), 1497-1512.@Yes$Milne, B. J., Behie, L. A., & Berruti, F. (1999).@Recycling of waste plastics by ultrapyrolysis using an internally circulating fluidized bed reactor.@Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 51(1-2), 157-166.@Yes$Green, A. E. S., & Sadrameli, S. M. (2004).@Analytical representations of experimental polyethylene pyrolysis yields.@Journal of analytical and applied pyrolysis, 72(2), 329-335.@Yes$Ouiminga, S. K., Rogaume, T., Sougoti, M., Commandre, J. M., & Koulidiati, J. (2009). Experimental characterization of gaseous species emitted by the fast pyrolysis of biomass and polyethylene. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 86(2), 260-268.@undefined@undefined@Yes$KPLE, M. M. (2022).@Caractérisation du mélange combustible des déchets solides ménagers (DSM) de la ville d’Abomey-Calavi: Elaboration du déchet modèle.@Sciences des Structures et de la Matière, 6(1).@Yes$Dufour, A., Girods, P., Masson, E., Rogaume, Y., & Zoulalian, A. (2009).@Synthesis gas production by biomass pyrolysis: Effect of reactor temperature on product distribution.@International Journal of hydrogen energy, 34(4), 1726-1734.@Yes$Girods, P., Dufour, A., Rogaume, Y., Rogaume, C., & Zoulalian, A. (2009).@Comparison of gasification and pyrolysis of thermal pre-treated wood board waste.@Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 85(1-2), 171-183.@Yes$Ouiminga, S. K., Rogaume, T., Daho, T., Yonli, A. H., & Koulidiati, J. (2012).@Reductive and oxidative combustion of polyethylene bags: Characterization of carbonaceous and nitrogenous species.@Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 98, 72-78.@Yes$Fayçal, B. A., Koucka, O. S., Harouna, G. I., Sadio, S. S., & Antoine, B. (2021).@Caractérisation Expérimentale De Briquettes À Base de déchets papiers/cartons et étude de l’impact du liant lors de leur conception.@J. P. Soaphys, 3(1), C21A04.@Yes$Gado, I. H., Ouiminga, S. K., Daho, T., Yonli, A. H., Sougoti, M., & Koulidiati, J. (2014).@Characterization of briquettes coming from compaction of paper and cardboard waste at low and medium pressures.@Waste and Biomass Valorization, 5, 725-731.@Yes$Ibrahim, H. G., Ouiminga, S. K., Yonli, A., Sanogo, O., Daho, T., & Koulidiati, J. (2018).@Study of temperature fields and heavy metal content in the ash and flue gas produced by the combustion of briquettes coming from paper and cardboard waste.@Recycling, 3(3), 32.@Yes$Arafat, H. A., Jijakli, K., & Ahsan, A. (2015).@Environmental performance and energy recovery potential of five processes for municipal solid waste treatment.@Journal of Cleaner Production, 105, 233-240.@Yes$Chen, Y. C. 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(2022).@Kinetic study of pyrolysis of low density polyethylene using thermogravimetric analysis: Dynamic study.@RAMRes Sciences des Structures et de la Mantière, 6(1), 106-122.@Yes
<#LINE#>Binding studies of Ru(II) complex with  DNA isolated from orange pulp extract<#LINE#>J.R. @Jefey,T. Sumitha @Celin,G. Allen Gnana @Raj <#LINE#>14-18<#LINE#>2.ISCA-RJRS-2025-003.pdf<#LINE#>Department of Chemistry and Research Centre, Scott Christian College (Autonomous) Nagercoil (Affiliated to Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Abishekapatti, Tirunelveli, Tamilnadu, India@Department of Chemistry and Research Centre, Scott Christian College (Autonomous) Nagercoil (Affiliated to Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Abishekapatti, Tirunelveli, Tamilnadu, India@Department of Chemistry and Research Centre, Scott Christian College (Autonomous) Nagercoil (Affiliated to Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Abishekapatti, Tirunelveli, Tamilnadu, India<#LINE#>17/3/2025<#LINE#>23/4/2025<#LINE#>For a long time, researchers have been closely examining how metal complexes interact with DNA in order to create novel compounds or medications for use in medicine. Ru (II) complexes have shown an excellent DNA binding results. These complexes bind to DNA through intercalative mode. The binding of Ru (II) phenanthroline complex [RuL3]2+ (where L=1, 10-phenanthroline) with DNA of guava fruit extract have been studied in aqueous medium by means of absorption and emission spectral techniques. Using the Benesi-Hildebrand equation, the complex's binding constant (Kb) with the DNA extracted from guava fruit was ascertained. The luminophore and the DNA molecule have a hydrophobic ground state interaction. It was found to be 9.506x104M-1. The ligands in the complex and the purity of the DNA determine the binding constant's value.<#LINE#>Bar, M., Deb, S., Paul, A. & Baitalik, S. (2018).@Stimuli-responsive luminescent bis-tridentate Ru(II) complexes toward the design of functional materials.@Inorg. Chem., 57, 12010-12024.@Yes$Balzani, V., Juris, A., Venturi, M., Campagna, S., & Serroni, S. (1996).@Luminescent and redox-active polynuclear transition metal complexes.@Chem. Rev., 96, 759-834.@No$Sauvage, J.P., Collin, J.P.J., Chambron, C., Guillerez, S., Coudret, C., Balzani, V., Barigelletti, F., Cola, D.L., & Flamigni, L. (1994).@Ruthenium(II) and Osmium(II) bis (terpyridine) complexes in covalently-linked multicomponent systems: Synthesis, electrochemical behaviour, absorption spectra, and photochemical and photophysical properties.@Chem. Rev., 94, 993-1019.@No$Gomathi, R., Ramu, A., & Murugan, A. (2013).@Synthesis, spectral characterization of N-benzyl isatinschiff base Cu(II), Co(II) and Ni(II) complexes and their effect on cancer cell lines.@International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology, 10, 5156 - 5166.@No$Gomathi, R., and Ramu, A. (2013).@Synthesis, DNA binding, cleavage, antibacterial and cytotoxic activity of Novel Schiff base Co(II) Complexes of substituted isatin.@International Journal of Advanced Research, 1(8), 556–567.@No$Rosenberg, B., Van Camp, L. and Krigas, T. (1965).@Inhibiton of cell division in Escherichia coli by electrolysis products from a platinum electrode.@Nature, 205, 698-699.@No$Barton, J. K. and Lolis E. (1985).@Chiral discrimination in the covalent binding of bis(phenanthroline) dichloro ruthenium(II) to B-DNA.@Journal of the American Chemical Society, 107(3), 708-709. https://doi.org/10. 1021/ja00289a035@No$Guo, Z., and Sadler, P. J. (2000).@Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry.@Advances in Inorganic Chemistry, 49, 183-184. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0898-8838(08)60271-8.@No$Erkkila, K. E., Odom, D. T. & Barton, J. K. (1999).@Recognition and reaction of metallointercalators with DNA.@Chemical Reviews, 99(9), 2777-2796. https://doi.org/10.1021/cr980434@No$Lippert, B. (2000).@Multiplicity of metal ion binding patterns to nucleo bases.@Coordination Chemistry Reviews, 200, 487-516.@No$Li,C., Liu, S. L., Guo, L. H., and Chen, D. P. (2005).@A new chemically amplified electrochemical system for DNA detection in solution Electrochem.@Commuications Chemistry, 7(1), 23-28.@No$Swarnalatha, K., Rajkumar, E., Rajagopal, S., Ramaraj, R., Banu, I. S. & Ramamurthy, P. (2011).@Proton coupled electron transfer reaction of phenols with excited state ruthenium (II)–polypyridyl complexes.@Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry, 24(1), 14-21.@Yes$Sumitha Celin, T. & Allen Gnana Raj, G. (2020).@Luminescence quenching of tris(4,4ʹ-dimethyl-2,2ʹ-bipyridyl  ruthenium (II) complex with quinones in aprotic  polar medium.@Indian Journal of Chemistry, 59A, 923-928.@Yes$Nordell, K. J., Jackelen, A. L., Condren, S. M., Lisensky, G. C., & Ellis, A. B. (1999).@Liver and Onions: DNA Extraction from Animals and Plant Tissues.@Journal of Chemical Education,76(3), 400A,@No$Saha, B. &  Stanbury, D. M. (2000).@Thermal and Photochemical  Reduction of Aqueous Chlorine by Ruthenium (II) Polypyridyl Complexes.@Inorganic Chemistry, 39(6), 1294-1300.@No$Abisha, M., Sumitha Celin, T. and Allen Gnana Raj, G. (2022).@A study of binding of DNA extracted from onion with Ruthenium polpyridyl complexes.@Research Journal of Chemical Sciences, 12(3), 20-24.@Yes$Jefey J.R, Sumitha Celin T (2023).@Binding Studies of Ru(II) Bathophenanthroline Complex With  DNA Isolated From guava fruit Extract.@Proceedings of National Conference on Biomaterials, Scott Christian College (Autonomous), Nagercoil, India, 21st  April. pp 15-19.@Yes$Sumitha Celin T (2019).@Photophysics and Photochemistry of metal polypyridyl complexes.@Doctoral Thesis, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tamilnadu, India, pp 1- 221.@No
<#LINE#>Effect of Salicylic acid and Uniconazole on Pigments and Antioxidant activities in Panicum miliaceum (Broomcorn millet or Proso millet)<#LINE#>Jaya @Mathur,Sunita @Goyal <#LINE#>19-27<#LINE#>3.ISCA-RJRS-2025-008.pdf<#LINE#>Department of Life Sciences, Lachoo Memorial College of Science and Technology, Jodhpur (Rajasthan), India@Department of Life Sciences, Lachoo Memorial College of Science and Technology, Jodhpur (Rajasthan), India<#LINE#>11/6/2025<#LINE#>28/6/2025<#LINE#>Different concentrations of salicylic acid (SA) and uniconazole (UCZ) were tested for their effects on chlorophyll content, ascorbic acid, phenol, catalase, and polyphenol oxidase in laboratory-grown Panicum miliaceum (TNAU-149 and K-1 cultivar) seedlings. It is well established that applying uniconazole and salicylic acid boosts antioxidant activity and aids plant growth under stressful environments. Thus, this study's objective was to evaluate how salicylic acid and uniconazole affected different enzymatic activities and plant pigments in two Panicum miliaceum cultivars. At both concentrations, SA decreased the ascorbic acid, chlorophyll a, b and carotenoid content in TNAU-149 seedlings. However, SA only reduced the levels of carotenoid, ascorbic acid, and chlorophyll a, b in K-1 seedlings at higher concentrations. In K-1 and TNAU-149 seedlings, SA raised polyphenol oxidase, catalase, and phenol levels. In both TNAU-149 and K-1 seedlings, uniconazole raised the levels of phenol, carotenoid, chlorophyll a and b, and catalase activity, while decreasing the levels of ascorbic acid. In K-1, uniconazole reduced polyphenol oxidase, while in TNAU-149 seedlings, it increased.<#LINE#>Thakur P. S. and A. Thakur (1993).@Influence of triacontanol and mixtalal during plant moisture stress in Lycopersicon esculantum.@Plant Physiol. Biochem., 31(3), 433-439.@Yes$Mahdavian, K., Kalantari, K. M. and Ghorbanli, M. (2007).@The effect of Different concentrations of Salicylic acid on protective enzyme activities of pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) Plants.@Pakistan journal of Biological Sciences, 10 (18), 3162-3165.@Yes$Simaei, M., Khavarinejad, R.A. and Saadatmand, S. (2011).@Interactive effects of salicylic acid and nitric oxide on soybean plants under NaCl salinity.@Russian Journal of Plant Physiology, 58, Article No. 783.@Yes$Habibi, G. (2012).@Exogenous salicylic acid alleviates oxidative damage of barley plants under drought stress.@Acta Biol. Szeged., 56, 57–63.@Yes$Nazar, R., Iqbal, N., Syeed, S., and Khan, N. A. (2011).@Salicylic acid alleviates decreases in photosynthesis under salt stress by enhancing nitrogen and sulfur assimilation and antioxidant metabolism differentially in two mungbean cultivars.@J. Plant Physiol., 168, 807–815. doi: 10.1016/ j.jplph.2010.11.001@Yes$Miura, K., Okamoto, H., Okuma, E., Shiba, H., Kamada, H. and Hasegawa, P. M. (2013).@SIZ1 deficiency causes reduced stomatal aperture and enhanced drought tolerance via controlling salicylic acid-induced accumulation of reactive oxygen species in Arabidopsis.@Plant J., 73, 91–104.@Yes$Ye, Q.F., Zhou, W.J., Xi, W.F. and Fang, J.Y. (1995).@Effects of S-3307 on levels of endogenous (IAA, ABA and ZT) and physiological of rape seedlings.@Acta Agri. Zhejiang., 7, 451-456@Yes$Siegel, M.R. (1981).@Sterol-inhibiting fungicides: Effects on sterol biosynthesis and sites of action.@Plant Dis., 65, 986-989.@Yes$Davis, T. D., Steffens, G.L. and Sankhla, N. (1988).@Triazole plant growth regulators.@In: Janick J. (ed.) Hort. Rev. Timber Press, Portland, Oregon, 10, 63-105.@Yes$Gilley A. and Fletcher R.A. (1997).@Relative efficacy of paclobutrazol, propiconazol and tetraconazol as stress protectants in wheat seedlings.@Plant Growth Regul., 4, 181-188.@Yes$Zhou, W. and Ye, Q. (1996).@Physiological and yield effects of uniconazole on winter rape (Brassica napus L.).@Journal of Plant Growth Regulation, 15(2), 69-73.@Yes$Fletcher, R.A. and Hofstra, G. (1988).@Triazole as potential plant protectants. In sterol biosynthesis inhibitors in plant production.@Eds. D Berg, M Plempel Ellis Horwood Ltd, Cambridge, 321-331.@Yes$Zhang, M.C., Duan, L.S., Tian, X.L., He, Z.P., Li, J.M., Wang, B.M. and Li, Z.H. (2007).@Uniconazole-induced tolerance of soybean to water deficit stress in relation to changes in photosynthesis, hormones and antioxidant system.@J. Plant Physiol.,164, 709–717.@Yes$Rachie, K. O. (1975).@The Millets. Importance, Utilization and Outlook.@Hyderabad: International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT).@Yes$Kothari, S. L., Kumar, S., Vishnoi, R. K., Kothari, A., and Watanabe, K. N. (2005).@Applications of biotechnology for improvement of millet crops: review of progress and future prospects.@Plant Biotechnol., 22, 81–88. doi: 10.5511/plantbiotechnology.22.81@Yes$Fuller, D. Q. (2006).@A Millet Atlas: Some Identification Guidance.@London: University College London.@Yes$Zou, C., Li, L. and Miki, D. (2019).@The genome of broomcorn millet.@Nat Commun., 10, 436.@Yes$Arnon, D. I. (1949).@Copper enzymes in isolated chloroplast: polyphenol oxidase in Beta vulgaris.@Plant Physiol., 24: 1-5.@Yes$Ranganna, S. (1986). Handbook of Analysis and Quality Control for Fruit and Vegetable Products. Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Co. Ltd., New Delhi; 190-210.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Singleton, V.L, Orthofer, R. and Lamuela- Raventos, R.M. (1999).@Analysis of total phenols and other oxidation substrates and antioxidants by means of folin-ciocalteu reagent.@Methods in enzymology, 299, 152-178.@Yes$Chance, B. and Maehly, A.C. (1955). Assay of catalase and peroxidases. Methods Enzymol. 2: 764-775.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Canacki, S. (2008).@Effects of Salicylic acid on fresh weight change, chlorophyll and protein amounts of Radish (Raphanus sativus L.) seedlings.@Journal of Biological Sciences, 8(2), 431-435.@Yes$Canacki, S. and Munzuroglu, O. (2002).@Effects of acetylsalicylic acid application to the roots of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and corn (Zea mays L) seedlings on transpiration rate and weight changes.@Firat University J. Sci. Eng. Sci. 14(2):1-9.@Yes$Pancheva, T.V., Popova, L.P. and Uzunova, A.N. (1996).@Effects of Salicylic acid on growth and photosynthesis in barley plants.@J. Plant Physiol., 149, 57-63.@Yes$Moharekar, S.T., Lokhande, S.D. (Moharekar), Hara, T., Tanaka, R., Tanaka, A. and Chavan, P.D. (2003).@Effect of Salicylic Acid on Chlorophyll and Carotenoid Contents of Wheat and Moong Seedlings.@Photosynthetica, 41(2), 315-317.@Yes$Karimian, M., Fazeli-Nasab, B., Sayyed, R.Z., Ilyas, N., Almalki, W.H., Vats, S., Munir, S., Said, H., and Rahi, A.A. (2023).@Salicylic Acid Foliar Spray Promotes Yield, Yield Components, and Physiological Characteristics In Foxtail Millet Under Drought Stress.@Pak. J. Bot., 55(SI): DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.30848/PJB2023-SI(12)@Yes$Aftab, T., Masroor, M., Khan, A., Idrees, M., Naeem, M. and Moinuddin (2010).@Salicylic acid acts as potent enhancer of growth, photosynthesis and artemisinin production in Artemisia annua L.@J. Crop Sci. Biotechnol. 13, 183–188.@Yes$Cag, S., Cevahir-Öz, G., Sarsag, M. and Gören-Saglam, N. (2009).@Effect of salicylic acid on pigment, protein content and peroxidase activity in excised sunflower cotyledons.@Pak. J. Bot., 41, 2297–2303.@Yes$Bisht, R. (1999).@Photosynthetic potential and metabolic responses of some important minor millets to environmental stress and plant growth regulators.@Ph.D. Thesis, J.N. Vyas University, Jodhpur (India).@No$Ud-deen, M.M., Hossain, T. and Alam, A.M.S. (2006).@Effect of uniconazole on biochemical changes in onion (Allium cepa L.).@J Life Earth Sci. 1(2): 9-12.@Yes$Fletcher, R. A. and Arnold, V. (1986).@Stimulation of cytokinins and chlorophyll synthesis in cucumber cotyledons by Triadimefon.@Physiol. Plant., 66, 197-201.@Yes$Wood, B.W. (1984).@Influence of paclobutrazol on selected growth and chemical characteristics of Young Pecan seedlings.@Hort Science, 19(6), 837-839.@Yes$Apelbaum, A. and Yang, S.F. (1981).@Biosynthesis of stress ethylene induced by water deficit.@Plan Physiol., 68, 594-596.@Yes$Wright, S.T.C. (1977).@The relationship between leaf water potential and the levels of abscisic acid and ethylene in excised wheat leaves.@Planta., 13(7), 183-189.@Yes$Nie, L., Liu, H. X. and Chen, L.G. (2000).@Effects of uniconazole on growth, photosynthesis and yield of longan.@In: ISHS Acta Horticulturae 558: I International Symposium on Litchi and Longan.@Yes$Gopi, R., Jaleel, C.A., Divyanair, V., Azooz, M.M. and Panneerselvam, R. (2009).@Effect of Paclobutrazol and ABA on Total Phenol Contents in Different Parts of Holy Basil (Ocimum sanctum).@Academic J. Plant Sci., 2(2), 97-101.@Yes$Kurian, R. M., Y. T. N. Reddy, R. K. Sonkar and V. V. P. Reddy (2001).@Effect of paclobutrazol on source- sink relationship in mango (Mangifera indica L.).@J. Appl. Hort., 3(2), 88-90.@Yes$Agarwal, S., Sairam, R.K., Srivastava, G.C., Tyagi, A. and Meena, R.C. (2005).@Role of ABA, salicylic acid, calcium and hydrogen peroxide on antioxidant enzymes induction in wheat seedlings.@Plant Science, 169(3), 559-570.@Yes$Durner, J. and Klessig, D.F. 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@Review Paper
<#LINE#>Study on the synthesis techniques of optical brighteners: A Review<#LINE#>Kanak @Saxena <#LINE#>28-43<#LINE#>4.ISCA-RJRS-2025-005.pdf<#LINE#>Chemistry Department, Manoj Pandey Block, National Defence Academy, Pune, Maharashtra-411023, India<#LINE#>12/5/2025<#LINE#>19/6/2025<#LINE#>The efficiency of optical brightening agents (OBAs) also referred to as fluorescent whitening agents (FWAs), has been a subject of sustained interest. These are synthetic compounds widely used to enhance the appearance of colour in textiles, paper, detergents, and plastics by absorbing ultraviolet (UV) light and re-emitting it as visible blue light. This review provides a comprehensive overview with a focus on recent advances in their synthesis published up to the year 2023.This paper explores the synthesis of various types of optical brightening agents (OBAs), primarily derived from azoles, triazines, stilbenes, and naphthalimides, including their hybrid forms. 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