@Research Paper
<#LINE#>Implementing a cost-effective soil monitoring system using wireless sensor networks to enhance farming practices for small-scale farmers in developing economy countries<#LINE#>Phumla P. @Dlamini,Tinashe @Chizema,Darelle Van @Greunen,Swelihle @Msomi <#LINE#>1-8<#LINE#>1.ISCA-RJRS-2024-004.pdf<#LINE#>Centre for Community Technology (CCT), Nelson Mandela University (NMU), Gqeberha, Summerstrand 6001, South Africa@Centre for Community Technology (CCT), Nelson Mandela University (NMU), Gqeberha, Summerstrand 6001, South Africa@Centre for Community Technology (CCT), Nelson Mandela University (NMU), Gqeberha, Summerstrand 6001, South Africa@Centre for Community Technology (CCT), Nelson Mandela University (NMU), Gqeberha, Summerstrand 6001, South Africa<#LINE#>3/2/2024<#LINE#>16/4/2024<#LINE#>Small-scale farmers in Africa often face challenges in monitoring soil and environmental parameters essential for informed agricultural decision-making. This study addresses this issue by developing a cost-effective soil monitoring system utilizing Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN). Our approach integrates real-time data analysis and visualization components to offer timely insights into soil conditions, weather patterns, and crop development, thereby enhancing agricultural decision-making processes. While commercial soil monitoring systems exist, their high cost presents a barrier to widespread adoption, particularly in African contexts. To address this issue, our proposed system utilizes WSN sensor nodes transmitting data to a central database via Arduinos functioning as web servers. This innovative approach extends monitoring capabilities to remote areas beyond the reach of individual nodes, thus promoting accessibility and affordability through the utilization of open-source software. In conclusion, our study aims to revolutionize farming practices in Africa by providing an affordable solution that empowers farmers with actionable insights for optimized agricultural outcomes, thereby aligning with the distinctive African perspective on the theory and practice of information systems.<#LINE#>Ehrlich, P. R., & Raven, P. H. (1964).@Butterflies and plants: a study in coevolution.@Evolution, 586-608.@Yes$Payero, J. O., Nafchi, A. M., Davis, R., &Khalilian, A. (2017).@An Arduino-Based Wireless Sensor Network for Soil Moisture Monitoring Using Decagon EC-5 Sensors.@Open Journal of Soil Science, 07(10), 288–300. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojss.2017.710021@Yes$Sui, R., & Baggard, J. (2015).@Wireless sensor network for monitoring soil moisture and weather conditions.@Applied Engineering in Agriculture, 31(2), 193–200. https://doi.org/10.13031/aea.31.10694@Yes$Kanagaraj, E., Kamarudin, L. M., Zakaria, A., Gunasagaran, R., & Shakaff, A. Y. M. (2015).@Cloud-based remote environmental monitoring system with distributed WSN weather stations.@In 2015 IEEE SENSORS (pp. 1-4). IEEE.@Yes$Panigrahi, C. R., Sarkar, J. L., Pati, B., Buyya, R., Mohapatra, P. & Majumder, A. (2021).@Mobile Cloud Computing and Wireless Sensor Networks: A review, integration architecture, and future directions.@Iet Networks, 10(4), 141-161.@Yes$Hyma, B., & Js, A. (2018).@WSN and GPS Based Crop Monitoring and Automated Irrigation System.@8(8), 16–24.@Yes$Islam, R. U. (2017).@Wireless Sensor Network Based Flood Prediction Using Belief Rule Based Expert System.@@Yes$Masinde, M., & Bagula, A. (2015).@A calibration report for wireless sensor-based weatherboards.@Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks, 4(1), 30-49.@Yes$Id, H. S. U. & Discipline, A. (2014).@Shubham Sharma Under the Guidance of: Miss Himanshu Sharma U. ID – 16833 Designation – Assistant Professor Discipline of CSE / IT Lovely School of Technology & Sciences.@2(4), 13–19@Yes$Rahmat, M., Azis, M., Rustami, E., Maulina, W., Seminar, K. B., Yuwono, A. S., & Alatas, H. (2012).@Low cost configuration of data acquisition system for wireless sensor network.@Indonesia International J. Eng. Technol, 12(2), 23-32.@Yes$Khan, G., Dhakate, K., Kambe, S., Meshram, S., & Lunge, A. (2018).@A review on Arduino based smart irrigation system.@IJSRST, 4, 623-630.@Yes$Yadav, P. N., & Chakrisreedhar, S. (2018).@IoT Based Smart Irrigation Using Water Flow Sensors.@4(8), 301–308.@No$Cao-Hoang, T., Van Trong Tinh, P., & Duy Can, N. (2017).@Design of a Cost Effective Soil Monitoring System to Support Agricultural Activities for Smallholder.@Journal of Information Communication Technology and Digital Convergence, 2(2), 1–5.@Yes$Samuji, F. (2016).@Flood Monitoring and Alert System Using Wireless Sensor Network. Retrieved from Kodali, R. K., & Mahesh, K. S. (2017). Low cost implementation of smart home automation.@2017 International Conference on Advanced Computing and Communication Systems (ICACCS), 461–466.@Yes$Singh, A., Pal, A., & Rai, B. (2015).@GSM based home automation, safety and security system using android mobile phone.@International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT), 4(05).@Yes$Papoutsidakis, M., Chatzopoulos, A., Drosos, C., & Kalovrektis, K. J. I. J. C. A. (2018).@An arduino family controller and its interactions via an intelligent interface.@Int. J. Comput. Appl, 179(30), 5-8.@Yes
<#LINE#>Innovative Lignin Nanoparticles: Biocontrol Agents against Garlic Crop Pathogen Fungi<#LINE#>Pooja @Sharma,Nivedita @Sharma <#LINE#>9-19<#LINE#>2.ISCA-RJRS-2024-007.pdf<#LINE#>Microbiology Laboratory, Dept. of Basic Sciences, Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni-Solan (Himachal Pradesh), India and Department of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Baba Farid Colleges, Bathinda (Punjab), India@Microbiology Laboratory, Dept. of Basic Sciences, Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni-Solan (Himachal Pradesh), India<#LINE#>11/5/2024<#LINE#>18/6/2024<#LINE#>By being employed for diverse applications by itself, lignin, which is thrown as waste during lignocellulosic biomass pre-treatments for the manufacture of biofuel, biogas, paper, and several other products, can greatly boost the economic viability of bio-refineries. We focused on discarded lignin and its usage in the synthesis of nanoparticles and their application as biocontrol agents for garlic crop. By fractionating agricultural waste biomass using the modified organosolv technique, lignin, which served as a capping agent for the synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles, was obtained and characterized using the Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) technique, whereas, the analytical investigations of lignin-derived zinc oxide nanoparticles (L-ZnO NPs) were carried out using the NMR, UV- Visible spectroscopy, Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy, and High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy techniques, which validated their production, morphology, shape, and size. The NPs were effective against 3 phyto-pathogenic fungi (Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium proliferatum and Stemphylium vesicarium) that cause dry rot, basal rot, and blight of important cash crop- garlic (Allium sativum) in Himachal Pradesh, India. This was done in a lab setting before a net-house pot trial on garlic, where the L-ZnO NPs demonstrated strong antagonistic efficacy against the phyto-pathogenic fungi. Additionally, the environmentally friendly, cost-effective lignin-derivation from agricultural waste and subsequent lignin-mediated zinc oxide nanoparticle synthesis process would help in the production of numerous value-added materials in the future, as well as a potent antifungal agent for use in agriculture.<#LINE#>Razo, I., Carrizales, L., Castro, J., Diaz, B.F. and Moroy, M. (2004). Arsenic and Heavy Metal Pollution of Soil, Water and Sediments in a semi-arid Climate Mining area in Mexico. Water, Air, Soil and Pollution, 152(1-4), 129-152.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Magalhães S., Filipe A., Melro E., Fernandes C., Vitorino C., Alves L., Romano A., Rasteiro M.G. and Medronho B. (2021) Lignin extraction from waste pine sawdust using a biomass derived binary solvent system. Polymers 13(7): 1090. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym130 71090.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Nitsos C., Rova U. and Christakopoulos P. (2017)@Organosolv fractionation of softwood biomass for biofuel and biorefinery applications.@Energies, 11(1), 50. https://doi.org/10.3390/en11010050.@Yes$Thoresen P.P., Matsakas L., Rova U. and Christakopoulos P. (2020).@Recent advances in organosolv fractionation: Towards biomass fractionation technology of the future.@Bioresource technology, 306: 123189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2020.123189.@Yes$Stigsson C., Furusjö E. and Börjesson P. (2022).@A model of an integrated hydrothermal liquefaction, gasification and Fischer-Tropsch synthesis process for converting lignocellulosic forest residues into hydrocarbons.@Bioresource Technology, 353, 126070. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2021.126070.@Yes$Del Buono D, Luzi F, Tolisano C, Puglia D and Di Michele A (2022).@Synthesis of a lignin/zinc oxide hybrid nanoparticles system and its application by nano-priming in maize.@Nanomaterials, 12(3), 568. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12030568.@Yes$Chandrasekaran S., Anusuya S. and Anbazhagan V. (2022).@Anticancer, anti-diabetic, antimicrobial activity of zinc oxide nanoparticles: A comparative analysis.@Journal of Molecular Structure, 1263: 133139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.133139.@Yes$Gomathi R and Suhana H (2021).@Green synthesis, characterisation and antimicrobial activity of zinc oxide nanoparticles using Artemisia pallens plant extract.@Inorganic and Nano-Metal Chemistry, 51(12), 1663-72. https://doi.org/10.1080/24701556.2020.1852256.@Yes$Samb-Joshi KM, Sethi YA, Ambalkar AA, Sonawane HB, Rasale SP, Panmand RP, Patil R, Kale BB and Chaskar MG (2019).@Lignin-mediated biosynthesis of ZnO and TiO2 nanocomposites for enhanced antimicrobial activity.@Journal of Composites Science, 3(3), 90. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs3030090.@Yes$Sardar M, Ahmed W, Al Ayoubi S, Nisa S, Bibi Y, Sabir M, Khan MM, Ahmed W and Qayyum A (2022).@Fungicidal synergistic effect of biogenically synthesised zinc oxide and copper oxide nanoparticles against Alternariacitri causing citrus black rot disease.@Saudi journal of biological sciences, 29(1), 88-95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.08.067.@Yes$Jose LM, Kuriakose S and Thomas S (2020).@Fabrication, characterisation and in vitro antifungal property evaluation of biocompatible lignin-stabilized zinc oxide nanoparticles against selected pathogenic fungal strains.@BioNanoScience, 10, 583-96. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12668-020-00748-8.@Yes$Sharma P and Sharma N (2023).@Lignin Derived from Forestry Biomass as Capping Reagent in the Biosynthesis and Characterisation of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles and Their In Vitro Efficacy as a Strong Antifungal Biocontrolling Agent for Commercial Crops.@BioNanoSci., 13, 36–48. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12668-022-01052-3.@Yes$Capanema EA, Balakshin MY, Chen CL, Gratzl JS and Gracz H (2001).@Structural analysis of residual and technical lignins by 1H-13C correlation 2D NMR-spectroscopy.@https://doi.org/10.1515/HF.2001.050.@Yes$Yedurkar S, Maurya C and Mahanwar P (2016).@Biosynthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using Ixoracoccinea leaf extract—a green approach.@Open Journal of Synthesis Theory and Applications, 5(1), 1-4. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.8b02234.@Yes$Park JK, Kwon HJ and Lee CE (2016).@NMR Observation of mobile protons in proton-implanted ZnO nanorods.@Scientific reports, 6(1), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep23378.@Yes$Ghadamgahi F, Mehraban SA and Shahidi BG (2014).@Comparison of inhibitory effects of silver and zinc oxide nanoparticles on the growth of plant pathogenic bacteria.@International Journal of Advanced Biological and Biomedical Research, 2(4), 1163-67.@Yes$Sharma S, Sharma N and Sharma P (2022).@Biosynthesis and Characterisation of Silver Nanoparticles Using Probiotic Strain Lactobacillus Spicheri G2 and Analysis of Its Antimicrobial Potential.@International Journal of Nanomaterials & Molecular Nanotechnology, 4(1), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.36266/ IJNMN/125.@Yes$Abdelmigid HM, Hussien NA, Alyamani AA, Morsi MM, AlSufyani NM and Kadi HA (2022).@Green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using pomegranate fruit peel and solid coffee grounds vs. chemical method of synthesis, with their biocompatibility and antibacterial properties investigation.@Molecules, 27(4), 1236. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27041236.@Yes$Arora A, Nandal P, Singh J and Verma ML (2020).@Nanobiotechnological advancements in lignocellulosic biomass pretreatment.@Materials Science for Energy Technologies, 3, 308-18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mset. 2019.12.003.@Yes$Matsakas L, Raghavendran V, Yakimenko O, Persson G, Olsson E, Rova U, Olsson L and Christakopoulos P (2019).@Lignin-first biomass fractionation using a hybrid organosolv–Steam explosion pretreatment technology improves the saccharification and fermentability of spruce biomass.@Bioresource technology, 273, 521-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2018.11.055.@Yes$Davidson DJ, Lu F, Faas L, Dawson DM, Warren GP, Panovic I, Montgomery JR, Ma X, Bosilkov BG, Slawin AM and Lebl T (2023).@Organosolv Pretreatment of Cocoa Pod Husks: Isolation, Analysis, and Use of Lignin from an Abundant Waste Product.@ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, 11(39), 14323-33. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.2c03670.@Yes$Sheng Y, Ma Z, Wang X and Han Y (2022).@Ethanol organosolv lignin from different agricultural residues: Toward basic structural units and antioxidant activity.@Food Chemistry, 376, 131895. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.foodchem.2021.131895.@Yes$Chen L, Liang Z, Zhang X, Zhang L, Wang S, Chen C, Zeng L and Min D (2022).@A facile and novel lignin isolation procedure–Methanolic hydrochloric acid treatment at ambient temperature.@International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 222, 1423-32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.09.277.@Yes$Gan F, Cheng B, Jin Z, Dai Z, Wang B, Yang L and Jiang X (2021).@Hierarchical porous biochar from plant-based biomass through selectively removing lignin carbon from biochar for enhanced removal of toluene.@Chemosphere, 279, 130514. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.chemosphere.2021.130514.@Yes$Zhang HM Balakshin M, Capanema E, Gracz, H and Jameel H (2006).@Quantification of lignin–carbohydrate linkages with high-resolution NMR spectroscopy.@Planta, 233, 1097-1110.@Yes$Tricker AW, Stellato MJ, Kwok TT, Kruyer NS, Wang Z, Nair S and Sievers C (2020).@Similarities in recalcitrant structures of industrial non‐kraft and kraft lignin.@Chemical Sustainable Chemical, 10, 1002-1006.@Yes$Constant S, Wienk HL, Frissen AE, De Peinder P, Boelens R, Van Es DS, Grisel RJ, Weckhuysen BM, Huijgen WJ, Gosselink RJ and Bruijnincx PC (2016).@New insights into the structure and composition of technical lignins: A comparative characterisation study.@Green Chemistry 18(9), 2651-65.@Yes$Gutiérrez-Hernández JM, Escalante A, Murillo-Vázquez RN, Delgado E, González FJ and Toríz G (2016).@Use of Agave tequilana-lignin and zinc oxide nanoparticles for skin photoprotection.@Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology, 163, 156-61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2016.08.027.@Yes$Abel S, Tesfaye JL, Shanmugam R, Dwarampudi LP, Lamessa G, Nagaprasad N, Benti M and Krishnaraj R (2021).@Green synthesis and characterisations of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles using aqueous leaf extracts of coffee (Coffeaarabica) and its application in environmental toxicity reduction.@Journal of Nanomaterials, 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/3413 350.@Yes$Barzinjy AA and Azeez HH (2020).@Green synthesis and characterisation of zinc oxide nanoparticles using Eucalyptus globules Labill. leaf extract and zinc nitrate hexahydrate salt.@SN Applied Science, 2(5), 991. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-020-2813-1.@Yes$Mahamuni PP, Patil PM, Dhanavade MJ, Badiger MV, Shadija PG, Lokhande AC and Bohara RA (2019).@Synthesis and characterisation of zinc oxide nanoparticles by using polyol chemistry for their antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity.@Biochemistry and biophysics reports, 17, 71-80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrep.2018.11.007.@Yes$Muhammad W, Ullah N, Haroon M and Abbasi BH (2019).@Optical, morphological and biological analysis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) using Papaver somniferum L.@RSC advances, 9(51), 29541-8. https://doi.org/10.1039/C9RA04424H.@Yes$Chaudhary A, Kumar N, Kumar R and Salar RK (2019).@Antimicrobial activity of zinc oxide nanoparticles synthesised from Aloe vera peel extract.@SN Applied Sciences, 1, 1-9.@Yes$Wang Q, Chen K, Li J, Yang G, Liu S and Xu J (2011).@The solubility of lignin from bagasse in a 1, 4-butanediol/water system.@BioResources, 6(3), 3034-43.@Yes$Attia GH, Moemen YS, Youns M, Ibrahim AM, Abdou R and El Raey MA (2021).@Antiviral zinc oxide nanoparticles mediated by hesperidin and in silico comparison study between antiviral phenolics as anti-SARS-CoV-2.@Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, 203: 111724.@Yes$Kavitha S, Dhamodaran M, Prasad R and Ganesan M (2017).@Synthesis and characterisation of zinc oxide nanoparticles using terpenoid fractions of Andrographis paniculata leaves.@International Nano Letters, 7, 141-7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40089-017-0207-1.@Yes$Mondani L, Chiusa G and Battilani P (2021).@Fungi associated with garlic during the cropping season, with focus on Fusarium proliferatum and F. oxysporum.@Plant health progress, 22(1), 37-46. https://doi.org/10. 1094/PHP-06-20-0054-RS.@Yes$Ali J, Mazumder JA, Perwez M and Sardar M (2021).@Antimicrobial effect of ZnO nanoparticles synthesised by different methods against food borne pathogens and phytopathogens.@Materials Today: Proceedings, 36, 609-15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.03.173.@Yes$Kriti A, Ghatak A and Mandal N (2020).@Inhibitory potential assessment of silver nanoparticle on phytopathogenic spores and mycelial growth of Bipolaris sorokiniana and Alternaria brassicicola.@Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. Appl. Sci., 9(3), 692-9. https://doi.org/10. 20546/ijcmas.2020.902.083.@Yes$González‐Merino AM, Hernández‐Juárez A, Betancourt‐Galindo R, Ochoa‐Fuentes YM, Valdez‐Aguilar LA and Limón‐Corona ML (2021).@Antifungal activity of zinc oxide nanoparticles in Fusarium oxysporum‐Solanum lycopersicumpathosystem under controlled conditions.@Journal of Phytopathology, 169(9), 533-44. https://doi.org/10.1111/jph.13023.@Yes$Sharma P, Thakur N, Mann NA and Umar A (2024).@Melatonin as plant growth regulator in sustainable agriculture.@Scientia Horticulturae, 323, 112421. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2023.112421.@Yes
<#LINE#>Raw and treated MSW stabilisation in laboratory scale bioreactor landfills<#LINE#>Yaser Saleem @Siddiqui,Asif Ali @Siddiqui,Sohail @Ayub <#LINE#>20-27<#LINE#>3.ISCA-RJRS-2024-008.pdf<#LINE#>Department of Civil Engineering, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India@Department of Civil Engineering, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India@Department of Civil Engineering, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India<#LINE#>12/5/2024<#LINE#>16/6/2024<#LINE#>Bioreactor landfills (BLFs) are an effective and sustainable method for waste stabilisation. The process involves controlled recirculation of leachate back into the landfill, enhancing the biodegradation of municipal solid waste and thus increasing its efficiency. To manage large volumes of waste in a landfill, the waste undergoes pre-treatment, which has shown to yield superior results for biodegradation in a shorter time frame compared to untreated waste. This is because pre-treatment leads to lower biogas production and leachate pollution potential. This study focuses on two anaerobic bioreactors out of which one is filled with untreated municipal solid waste (MSW) and the other with windrow compost as treated MSW. The aim is to provide a comparative analysis to examine the effect of treatment on biodegradation and stabilisation in both untreated and treated MSWs. During the ongoing study period of about 10 months, data from the initial 3 months (13 weeks) is shared. Treated waste has shown better results compared to untreated MSW due to its lower pollution potential. It is hypothesized that treated waste will yield superior results throughout the entire study period in terms of environmental sustainability. Stabilisation of waste matrix in treated MSW is expected to be done in almost half duration as compared to that of raw MSW.<#LINE#>Kaza, S., Yao, L., Bhada-Tata, P., & Van Woerden, F. (2018).@What a Waste 2.0: A Global Snapshot of Solid Waste Management to 2050.@Washington, DC: World Bank.@Yes$Central Pollution Control Board (2024).@Status of implementation of solid waste rules.@https://cpcb.nic.in/status-of-implementation-of-solid-waste-rules/@No$Wang, Q., Zhang, Z., Wang, M., & Wang, B. (2022).@Smart Management Platform for Landfilling of Waste after Mechanical Biological Treatment.@Adv. Civ. Eng. Article ID 5376066, 1-11.  https://doi.org/10.1155/ 2022/5376066@Yes$Ayub, S. & Siddiqui, Y.S. (2015).@Municipal solid waste dumping practice and its impact assessment.@European Int. J. Sci. & Tech., 4(3), 33-53.@Yes$Central Pollution Control Board (2016).@Annual Review Report: 2015-16.@chrome-extension://efaidnbmnnnibpcaj pcglclefindmkaj/https://cpcb.nic.in/uploads/MSW/MSW_AnnualReport_2015-16.pdf@No$Ahmadifar M., Sartaj M. and Abdallah M. (2016)@Investigating the performance of aerobic, semi-aerobic, and anaerobic bioreactor landfills for MSW management in developing countries.@J Mater Cycles Waste Manage, 18(4), 703–714.@Yes$Mahar, R. B., Sahito, A. R., Yue, D., & Khan, K. (2016).@Modeling and simulation of landfill gas production from pretreated MSW landfill simulator.@Front Environ Sci Eng., 10(1), 159–167.@Yes$Siddiqui, A. A. (2011).@Biodegradation and settlement behaviour of mechanically biologically treated (MBT) waste@. Doctoral dissertation, University of Southampton, School of Civil Engineering and the Environment.@Yes$Ivanova, L. K. (2007).@Quantification of Factors Affecting Rate and Magnitude of Secondary Settlement of Landfills.@PhD thesis, University of Southampton.@Yes$Siddiqui, A. A. (2014).@Pretreated municipal solid waste behaviour in laboratory scale landfill.@Int. J. Sustain. Dev., 9(2), 263-276.@Yes$Ivanova, L. K., Richards, D. J., & Smallman, D. J. (2008).@The long-term settlement of landfill waste. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers –Proc.@Inst. Civ. Eng.: Waste Resour., 161(3), 121–133.@Yes$Ivanova, L. K., Richards, D. J., & Smallman, D. J. (2008).@Assessment of the anaerobic biodegradation potential of MSW.@Proc. Inst. Civ. Eng.: Waste Resour. 161(4), 167–180.@Yes$Hussain, A., Filiatrault, M., & Guiot, S. R. (2017).@Acidogenic digestion of food waste in a thermophilic leach bed reactor: Effect of pH and leachate recirculation rate on hydrolysis and volatile fatty acid production.@Bioresour. Technol., 245, 1-9.@Yes$Huang, F.S., Hung, J.M., & Lu, C.J. (2012).@Enhanced leachate recirculation and stabilization in a pilot landfill bioreactor in Taiwan.@Waste Manag. Res, 30(6), 601–610.@Yes$N’wuitcha, K., Aoukou, K. D. D., Nougbléga, Y., Banna, M., & Chesneau, X. (2023).@Influence of leachate recirculation on landfill degradation and biogas production.@EPE, 15; 37-51.@Yes$Snehlata, Lohchab, R., & Nain, A. (2015).@Anaerobic treatment of MSW using leachate recirculation bioreactor: A case study of Rohtak city.@Nat. Environ. Pollut. Techno., 14(4); 919-912.@Yes$Aromolaran, A., & Sartaj, M. (2021).@Enhancing biogas production from municipal solid waste through recirculation of blended leachate in simulated bioreactor landfills.@Biomass Convers. Bioref., 11(3), 727-738.@Yes$Chakraborty, S., Majumar, K., Pal, M., & Roy, P. K. (2019).@Assessment of Bio-Gas from Municipal Solid Waste for generation of electricity- A case study of Agartala City.@Int. J. Appl. Eng. Res., 14(6); 1265-1268.@Yes$Elango, D., Pulikesi, M., Baskaralin-gam, P., Ramamurthi, V., & Sivanesan, S. (2007).@Production of biogas from municipal solid waste with domestic sewage.@J. Hazard Mater., 141(1); 301-304.@Yes$Xu, Q., Tian, Y., Wang, S., & Ko, J. H. (2015).@A comparative study of leachate quality and biogas generation in simulated anaerobic and hybrid bioreactors.@Waste Manag., 41, 94–100.@Yes$Xu, Q., Tian, Y., Kim, H., & Ko, J. H. (2016).@Comparison of biogas recovery from MSW using different aerobic-anaerobic operation modes.@Waste Manage., 56; 190-195.@Yes$Nain, A., Lohchab, R. K., Singh, K., Kumari, M., & Saini, I. K. (2021).@MSW stabilization in an anaerobic bioreactor landfill and evaluation of in-situ leachate treatment potential with the help of quadric model.@Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Manage, 23; 2192–2207@Yes$Begum, S., Anupoju, G. R., Sridhar, S., Bhargava, S. K., Jegatheesan, V., & Eshtiaghi, N. (2018).@Evaluation of single and two stage anaerobic digestion of landfill leachate: Effect of pH and initial organic loading rate on volatile fatty acid (VFA) and biogas production.@Biores. Tech., 251; 364–373@Yes$Chelliapan, S., Arumagam, N., Din, M. F., Kamyab, H., & Ebrahimi, S. S. (2020).@Anaerobic treatment of municipal solid waste landfill leachate.@(365-399), Elsevier.@Yes$Siddiqui, A. A., Richards, D. J., & Powrie, W. (2012).@Investigations into the landfill behaviour of pretreated MSWs.@Waste Manag., 32(7); 1420–1426.@No$Siddiqui, A. A. (2019).@Assessing pretreated municipal solid waste degradation by BMP and fibre analysis.@Environ. Res. Tech., 2(2); 57-62.@Yes$Siddiqui, A.A., Richards, D.J., & Powrie, W. (2013).@Biodegradation and flushing of MBT wastes.@Waste Manag., 33(11); 2257–2266.@Yes$Sughosh, P., Lakshmikanthan, P., & Babu, G.L.S. (2022).@Stabilization of mechanically biologically treated MSW in anaerobic, aerobic and semi-aerobic bioreactors.@Waste Manag. Res., 40(7), 1054-1068.@Yes$Rehman Z.U., Farooqi I.H. and Ayub S. (2009).@Performance of biofilter for the removal of hydrogen sulphide odour.@International Journal of Environ. Res. 3(4); 537-544.@Yes$Amato, A., Magi Galluzzi, L., & Beolchini, F. (2022).@Effect of MBT on landfill behaviour: an Italian case study.@J. Mater. Cycles Waste Manag., 24; 2569–2581.@Yes
@Review Paper
<#LINE#>Application of organic complex compounds as drug<#LINE#>Devendra Kumar @Singh,Bipin B. @Saxena,Vipin Kumar @Singh <#LINE#>28-33<#LINE#>4.ISCA-RJRS-2024-006.pdf<#LINE#>Department of Chemistry, Agra College, Dr. Bhimrao University Agra, UP, India@Department of Chemistry, Agra College, Dr. Bhimrao University Agra, UP, India@Department of Chemistry, Agra College, Dr. Bhimrao University Agra, UP, India<#LINE#>6/4/2024<#LINE#>15/5/2024<#LINE#>Metal complexes have been widely used for applications in drugs for their special chemical properties. The therapeutic use of as medicine has been clear. Coordination compounds have power to interact and react with bio as possibly also the complex compounds that palladium and ruthenium or platinum are anti-cancer drugs. Some coordination compounds are antimicrobial. 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