@Research Paper <#LINE#>Estimation of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants of Solanum nigrum L.<#LINE#>Minakshi @Mahajan,Snehangshu @Das <#LINE#>1-4<#LINE#>1.ISCA-RJRS-2020-007.pdf<#LINE#>Department of Botany, Fergusson College, Pune-411004, India@Department of Botany, Shivaji University, Kolhapur-416004, India<#LINE#>9/4/2020<#LINE#>25/11/2020<#LINE#>Biotic and abiotic stress creates oxidative stress and to be protected from oxidative stress, antioxidants play an essential role in medicinally crucial plants. Naturally, the plants contain enzymatic and non-enzymatic parameters. Solanum nigrum L. from Solanaceae is commonly known as European black nightshade or only black nightshade. It is one of the weeds which has got nutritive value. Soups are prepared from shoots in different parts of the world. The stalks and berries have medicinal and local uses. It has a high nutritive value. It has that it manages several diseases like seizure and epilepsy, pain, ulcer, inflammation, diarrhea, some eye infections, and jaundice. The dietary importance of Solanum is due to the source of foods and nutraceuticals for the prevention and management of cognitive impairment associated with diseases such as Alzheimers disease. The present study was carried out for assessing the antioxidant status of leaves of this plant at the vegetative and fruiting stages. The work estimated enzymatic (peroxidase and polyphenoloxidase) and non-enzymatic antioxidants (proteins, reducing sugar, ascorbic acid, and polyphenols). It has been observed that the leaves possess an outstanding amount of enzymatic antioxidants. Among the non-enzymatic parameters are in considerable amount while the content of protein is more in ripe fruits. The medicinal properties of this plant refer to its use in the antioxidant formulations.<#LINE#>Lalitha, R. (2000).@Awaken those energy auras.@Folio, March 2000, a supplement to the Hindu, March, 2000, pp. 22-23@No$Linnaeus, C. (1799).@Species plantarum.@Vol. 4-5. Impensis GC Nauk.@Yes$Taab, A. (2009).@Seed dormancy and germination in Solanum nigrum and S. physalifolium as influenced by temperature conditions.@No. 49.@Yes$Keeley, P. E., & Thullen, R. J. (1991).@Biology and control of black nightshade (Solanum nigrum) in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum).@Weed Technology, 5(4), 713-722.@Yes$Venkateswarlu, J., & Rao, M. K. (1971).@Inheritance of fruit colour in the Solanum nigrum complex.@In Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences-Section B, 74(3), 137-141. Springer India.@Yes$Canadian Poisonous Plants (2010).@Notes on poisoning: black nightshade.@http://www.zetatalk15.com/docs/Food/ Edible_Plants/Canadian_Poisonous_Plants_Information_System_2010.pdf Accessed on 29th March 2020.@Yes$Edmonds, J. M., & Chweya, J. A. (1997).@Black nightshades: Solanum nigrum L. and related species.@Vol. 15. Bioversity International.@Yes$North, P. M. (1967).@Poisonous plants and fungi in colour.@Poisonous plants and fungi in colour.@Yes$Ignacimuthu, S., & Ayyanar, M. (2006).@Ethnobotanical investigations among tribes in Madurai district of Tamil Nadu (India).@Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine, 2(1), 25.@Yes$Sehat itu anugerah (2010).@Leunca/Ranti.@http://sehat-gayaku.blogspot.com/2010/07/leuncaranti.html. Accessed on: 1st April 2020.@No$Akubugwo, I. E., Obasi, A. N., & Ginika, S. C. (2007).@Nutritional potential of the leaves and seeds of black nightshade-Solanum nigrum L. Var virginicum from Afikpo-Nigeria.@Pakistan journal of Nutrition, 6(4), 323-326.@Yes$Jagatheeswari, D., Bharathi, T., & Ali, H. S. J. (2013).@Black Night Shade (Solanum nigrum L.)- An Updated Overview.@Int. J. Pharm. Biol. Arch, 4, 288-295.@Yes$Leporatti, M. L., & Ghedira, K. (2009).@Comparative analysis of medicinal plants used in traditional medicine in Italy and Tunisia.@Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine, 5(1), 31.@Yes$Wang, Z., Li, J., Ji, Y., An, P., Zhang, S., & Li, Z. (2013).@Traditional herbal medicine: a review of potential of inhibitory hepatocellular carcinoma in basic research and clinical trial.@Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2013.@Yes$Jain, R., Sharma, A., Gupta, S., Sarethy, I. P., & Gabrani, R. (2011).@Solanum nigrum: current perspectives on therapeutic properties.@Altern Med Rev, 16(1), 78-85.@Yes$Ogunsuyi, O. B., Ademiluyi, A. O., Oboh, G., Oyeleye, S. I., & Dada, A. F. (2018).@Green leafy vegetables from two Solanum spp. (Solanum nigrum L and Solanum macrocarpon L) ameliorate scopolamine induced cognitive and neurochemical impairments in rats.@Food science & nutrition, 6(4), 860-870.@Yes$Jain, SK (1968).@Medicinal Plants.@Thomson Press (India) Ltd. pp. 133–134.@No$Sikdar, M., & Dutta, U. (2008).@Traditional phytotherapy among the Nath people of Assam.@Studies on Ethno-Medicine, 2(1), 39-45.@Yes$Gubarev, M. I., Enioutina, E. Y., Taylor, J. L., Visic, D. M., & Daynes, R. A. (1998).@Plant derived glycoalkaloids protect mice against lethal infection with Salmonella typhimurium.@Phytotherapy Research: An International Journal Devoted to Pharmacological and Toxicological Evaluation of Natural Product Derivatives, 12(2), 79-88.@Yes$Mohsenikia, M., Alizadeh, A. M., Khodayari, S., Khodayari, H., Karimi, A., Zamani, M., & Mohagheghi, M. A. (2013).@The protective and therapeutic effects of alpha-solanine on mice breast cancer.@European journal of pharmacology, 718(1-3), 1-9.@Yes$Lv, C., Kong, H., Dong, G., Liu, L., Tong, K., Sun, H., & Zhou, M. (2014).@Antitumor efficacy of α-solanine against pancreatic cancer in vitro and in vivo.@PLoS One, 9(2).@Yes$Vidyasekharan, P., & Durairaj, P. (1973).@Shot hole syndrome in mango.@Indian Phytopath, 26, 49-55.@Yes$Sadasivan, S. Balasubramaniam (1987).@In: Practical Manual in Biochemistry.@Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, 14.@Yes$Farkas, G. L., & Kiraaly, Z. (1962).@Role of phenolic compounds in the physiology of plant diseases and disease resistance.@Journal of Phytopathology, 44(2), 105-150.@Yes$Nelson, N. (1944).@A photometric adaptation of the Somogyi method for the determination of glucose.@J. biol. Chem, 153(2), 375-380.@Yes$Sadasivan, S., & Manickam, A. (1996).@Pigments. Biochemical methods.@2nd edn, New Age International (P) Ltd Publishers, New Delhi, India, 190-191.@No$Lowry, O. H., Rosebrough, N. J., Farr, A. L., & Randall, R. J. (1951).@Protein measurement with the Folin phenol reagent.@Journal of biological chemistry, 193, 265-275.@Yes$Prabha, K. (1999).@Controversial correlations in Ayurvedic Drugs.@Benofitting Publishing Company Ltd. New Delhi, PP 83-93.@No$Vamos Vigyazo, L., & Haard, N. F. (1981).@Polyphenol oxidases and peroxidases in fruits and vegetables.@Critical Reviews in Food Science & Nutrition, 15(1), 49-127.@No$Moron, M. S., Depierre, J. W., & Mannervik, B. (1979).@Levels of glutathione, glutathione reductase and glutathione S-transferase activities in rat lung and liver.@Biochimica et biophysica acta (BBA)-general subjects, 582(1), 67-78.@Yes$Tannenbaum, S. R., & Wishnok, J. S. (1987).@Inhibition of Nitrosamine Formation by Ascorbic Acid a.@Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 498(1), 354-363.@Yes$Fuleki, T., & Francis, F. J. (1968).@Quantitative methods for anthocyanins. 1. Extraction and determination of total anthocyanin in cranberries.@Journal of food science, 33(1), 72-77.@No$Decker, E. A. (1997).@Phenolics: prooxidants or antioxidants?.@Nutrition reviews, 55(11), 396-398.@Yes$Huang, H. C., Syu, K. Y., & Lin, J. K. (2010).@Chemical composition of Solanum nigrum linn extract and induction of autophagy by leaf water extract and its major flavonoids in AU565 breast cancer cells.@Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 58(15), 8699-8708.@Yes$Upadhyay, P, Ara, S. & Prakash, P. (2015).@Antibacterial and Antioxidant Activity of Solanum nigrum Stem and Leaves.@Chem. Sci, 4, 1013-1017.@Yes <#LINE#>School based assessment in food and nutrition practical examinations: Eswatini Teachers Experiences<#LINE#>Rachel Hlengiwe @Manana,Molyn @Mpofu <#LINE#>5-12<#LINE#>2.ISCA-RJRS-2020-016.pdf<#LINE#>Examinations Council of Eswatini, Eswatini@University of Eswatini, Luyengo Campus, P.O. Luyengo, M205, Eswatini<#LINE#>8/6/2020<#LINE#>14/12/2020<#LINE#>In 2015, the Examinations Council of Eswatini (ECESWA) presented a new technique from External Examiner Based (EEB) to the School Based Assessment (SBA) of Food and Nutrition practical examinations. The purpose of this study was to explore the teachers experiences with the EEB and their attitudes towards the SBA. The population of the study was Consumer Science (CS) teachers from the Hhohho and Shiselweni regions of Eswatini. Fifty nine (n=59) CS teachers were purposively selected. A mixed methods approach, comprising quantitative and qualitative methods, was employed using a descriptive survey research design. Findings of the study revealed that teachers generally had negative attitude towards SBA. They bemoaned nonpayment for the time consuming task of assessment. Teachers were also discouraged by the lack of technologies necessary for the assessment to include cameras, computers and printers. They indicated preference for the EEB because inspectors visits lessened their workload. They also considered the external examiners as more objective since they were not directly involved with the students. Teachers were not satisfactorily trained for SBA and wanted financial incentives while expecting ECESWA to consider reverting to the former system of conducting the assessment. Based on the teachers suggestions, it is therefore recommended that teachers be further trained on SBA and schools be supplied with requisite technology for assessment.<#LINE#>Majid, F.A. (2011).@School based assessment in Malaysian Schools: The concerns of the English Teachers.@Journal of US- China Education Review, 8(10), 1-15.@Yes$Jaba, S. (2013).@Acceptance towards School-Based Assessment among Agricultural Integrated Living Skills Teachers: teachers challenges in implementing a Holistic Assessment.@Journal of Technical Education Training, 5(1), 44-51.@Yes$Grima, G. (2003).@School Based Assessment: Implementation Issues and Practices.@A Paper presented at the 21st Annual AEAA Conference: Assessment and Certification in a changing Educational, Economic and Social Context. Cape Town, South Africa, 25th- 30thAugust, 2003.@Yes$Onyango, P. O. & Ndenge, J.G. (2007).@Linking School Based Assessment with Public Examinations: The Kenya National Examinations Council Experience.@Journal of the Association for educational Assessment in Africa, 1(1), 23-32.@Yes$Chan, Y.F., Sidhu G.K. & Md. Yunus, M.R. (2009).@School Based Assessment Enhancing knowledge and Best practices.@Selangor: University Press. Sdn. Bhd.@Yes$The Kingdom of Swaziland (2015).@Annual Education Census Report.@Ministry of Education and Training. (Educational Management Information Systems). http://emis.co.sz/images/slide/aec 24/02/2020.@No$Begum, M. & Farooqui, S. (2008).@School Based Assessment: Will it really Change the Education Scenario in Bangladesh?.@International Education Studies, 1(2) 45-53.@Yes$Mansor, A. N., Leng, O.H., Mohamad, S., Raof, R.A. &Yusoff, N. (2013).@The benefits of School-Based Assessment. Asian Social Science.@Canadian Centre of Science and Education, 9(8), 94-101.@No$Dlamini, C. (2020).@Determinants of negatively skewed distribution of the food and nutrition practical examination scores in Eswatini high schools.@Unpublished Masters dissertation. University of Eswatini.@No$Cele, C. I. & Kwele, M, (2007).@Validity Evidence for Using Regional and International Instruments for National Assessment. The Botswana Experience.@Journal of the Association for Educational Assessment in Africa, 1(6), 88-102.@No$Griffith, S.A. (2005).@Assuring Fairness in school based Assessment. Mapping the boundaries of Teachers involvement. A Paper presented at the 31st Annual Conference of the International Association for Educational Association.@Abudja, Nigeria 4th - 9th. 13-22.@Yes$Marope, M. (2010).@The Education System in Swaziland. Training skills Development for shared Growth and Competitiveness.@World Bank Working Paper. No.188.@Yes$Government of Swaziland (2007).@MoET (H) IGCSE Implementation Plan a Ministry of Education and Training Paper on IGCSE programme in Swaziland.@@No$Creswell, J. W. (2014).@Research design: A qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods approaches.@4thEd. The United States of America. SAGE Publications.@Yes$Nair, G.K.S., Setia, R.,Samad, N.Z.A, Zahri., R.N.H.B.R., Luqman, A. Vadeveloo, T. & Ngah, H.C. (2014).@Teachers knowledge and Issues in the implementation of School-Based Assessment: A case of Schools in Terengganu.@Asian Social Science, 10(3), 211-243.@Yes$Norzilla, M.Y. (2013).@School-based Assessment: Transformation in Educational Assessment in Malaysia.@Cambridge Horizon, 3 June, 2013. Doctoral dissertation, Queensland. University of Technology, Australia.@No$Parbhoo, J. (2007).@Views of Assessment by Coordinators Regarding the Impact of Curriculum Reform on Assessment in Urban high Schools of the Western Cape in South Africa.@Journal of the Association for educational Assessment in Africa, 1(1), 11-19.@No$Thimmappa, P.R. & Sharma, S. (2003).@Implications of School Based Assessment for Pacific.@Journal of Educational Studies, 25(1&2), 57-76.@No @Short Review Paper <#LINE#>Locust as source of food and feed<#LINE#>Shashi @Meena <#LINE#>13-14<#LINE#>3.ISCA-RJRS-2020-024.pdf<#LINE#>Department of Zoology, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur -302004, Rajasthan, India<#LINE#>8/9/2020<#LINE#>15/2/2021<#LINE#>Acridid grasshopper and locust constitute a major group of insect having potential role in agriculture as a pest. Outbreak of locust annually harms crops d devastating for live hood. In the scenario of global food crisis massive locust swarms may be used as food and feed products for human and farm animals. Increasing human population, larger pressure on the environment and more demand for nutrients and energy are predicting for near future. Several studies have described significance of locusts in respect of nutritional value and preferred as edible source. Cultivation or farming of locusts needs less modern tools and techniques and very easy to produce locally by workers. In the future to meet out increasing demand of nutritional food, locust farming may be seen as great scope in sustainable food processing and production at commercial level.<#LINE#>Meena, S. (2018).@Biology of acridid grasshopper, Chrotogonus trachypterus Blanchard -A review.@Research Review International Journal of Multidisciplinary, 3(12), 719-721 .@No$lmms, A.D. (1948).@A general text book of Entomology.@Methuen & Co. Ltd.; London, 884 pp.@No$ltterbeeck, J.V. et al, (2019).@Diversity and Use of Edible Grasshoppers, Locusts, Crickets and Katydids (Orthoptera) in Madagascar.@Foods, 8, 666; doi: 10.3390/foods8120666@Yes$Itterbeeck J.V. (2020).@Locusts are an excellent source of protein, but eating them is no longer a good idea.@https://scroll.in/article/963065/locusts-are-an-excellent-source-of-protein-but-eating-them-is-no- longer-a-good-idea, Accessed 27 May 2020.@No$Chakravorty, J. (2014).@Diversity of Edible Insects and Practices of Entomophagy in India: An Overview.@Journal of Biodiversity, Bioprosperity Development, I(3).@Yes$Van Huis, A., Van ltterbeeck, J., Klunder, H., Mertens, E., Halloran, A., Muir, G., & Vantomme, P. (2013).@Edible insects: future prospects for food and feed security (No. 171).@Food and agriculture organization of the United Nations (FAO).@Yes$FAO (2013).@Edible insects: Future prospects for food and feed security.@Forestry paper, l71, 1- 154.@No$Rurnpold, B.A. and Schluter, O.K. (2013).@Nutritional composition and safety aspects of edible insects.@Molecular Nutrition and Food Research, 57, 802-823.@Yes$Makkar, H.P.S., Tran, G., Heuze, V. and Ankers, P. (2014).@State-of-the-art on use of insects as animal feed.@Animal Feed Science and technology, 197, I-33.@No$FAO, I. (2017).@WFP. The State of Food Insecurity in the World 2015.@Meeting the 2015 International Hunger Targets: Taking Stock of Uneven Progress. Rome, Italy: FAO; 2015. Accessed 15 Jan 2017.@Yes$Oonincx, D. G., Van Itterbeeck, J., Heetkamp, M. J., Van Den Brand, H., Van Loon, J. J., & Van Huis, A. (2010).@An exploration on greenhouse gas and ammonia production by insect species suitable for animal or human consumption.@PloS one, 5(12), e14445.@Yes$Piesse, M. (2020).@Indian Food Security is Unlikely to be threatened by Locust Outbreak.@Research Manager, Global Food and Water Crises Research Programme.@No$Mitsuhashi, J. (2016) Edible 1nsects of the World, 1st ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, USA, p. 296.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Cerritos, R. and Cano-Santana, Z. (2008).@Harvesting grasshoppers Sphenarium purpurascens in Mexico for human consumption: A comparison with insecticidal control for managing pest outbreaks.@Crop Protection, 27, 473-480.@Yes$Aiking H and I de Boer (2019).@Protein and sustainability-the potential of insects.@Journal of Insects Food and Feed, 5(1), 3-7.@No$Das JK (2019).@Diversity of edible insects consumed by ethnic tribes in Baksa District of Assam, India.@Intentional Journal of Scientific Development and Research, 4(7), 301-309.@Yes