@Research Paper <#LINE#>Comparative spectral analysis of the effect of ethanolic fruit, leaf and root extract of Solanum macrocarpon on normal human haemoglobin<#LINE#>Eleazar Chukwuemeka @Anorue,Chiemekam Samuel @Ezechukwu,Edmund Chidiebere @Mbegbu <#LINE#>1-7<#LINE#>1.ISCA-RJRS-2020-011.pdf<#LINE#>Medical Unit, Department of Biochemistry, University of Nigeria Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria@Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria@Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria<#LINE#>25/5/2020<#LINE#>10/10/2020<#LINE#>Solanum macrocarpon a plant of the family Solanaceae has been suggested to contain some pharmacological properties that could be useful in the treatment and management of several diseases. However, certain studies have reported the toxic effect of different parts of this plant thereby raising concern about its use in phyto-therapy. Sequel to this, this study was conducted to investigate the effect of different parts of this plant on normal human haemoglobin by spectrophotometry, so as to ascertain the safety of this plant as a potential therapeutic agent. Ten groups consisting of the control and test groups (100 µl, 200 µl and 300 µl of 25 mg/ml fruit, leaf and root extract of Solanum macrocarpon respectively) were used for the study. It was found that the fruit and the root did not cause any toxic effect on haemoglobin whereas the leaf caused significant dose-dependent oxidation of the human haemoglobin especially at higher doses. Therefore, caution should be taken in the use of the leaf extract of Solanum macrocarpon as a therapeutic agent.<#LINE#>Burkhill, H. M. (2000).@The Useful Plants of West Tropical Africa.@2nd Edition. Royal Botanic Gardner, London, UK, 2000.@Yes$Amadi, B., Onuoha, N., Amadi, C., Ugbogu, A. and Duru, M. (2013).@Elemental, amino acid and phytochemical constituents of fruit of three different species of eggplant.@Int J. Med aromat Plant., 3, 200-203.@Yes$Dougnon, T. V., Bankole, H. S., Johnson, R. C., Klotoe, J. R., Dougnon, G., Gbaguidi, F., Assogba, F., Gbenou, J., Sahidou, S., Ategbo, J-M., Rihn, B. H., Loko, F., Boko, M., and Edorh, A. P. (2012).@Phytochemical screening, nutritional and toxicological analyses of leaves and fruits of Solanum macrocarpon Linn (Solanaceae) in Cotonou (Benin).@Food Sci. Nutr., 3, 1595-1603.@Yes$Mbegbu, E. C., Ezechukwu, C. S., Ejere, V. C, Nnamonu, E. I. and Ugwu, G. C. (2019).@Phytochemistry, acute toxicity and blood profile of albino rats treated with fruit extract of Solanum macrocarpon.@J. Pharmacognosy Phytother, 11, 43-51.@Yes$Sodipo, O. A., Abdulrahman, F. I., Akan, J. C., and Akinniyi, J. A. (2018).@Phytochemical screening and elemental constituents of the fruit of Solanum macrocarpum Linn.@C. J. Appl. Sci., 3, 85-94.@Yes$Chinedu, S. C., Olasumbo, A. C., Eboji, O. K., Emiloju, O. C., Arinola, O. K. and Dania, D.I. (2011).@Proximate and Phytochemical Analyses of Solanum aethiopicum L. and Solanum macrocarpon L. Fruits.@Res. J. Chem. Sci., 1, 63-71.@Yes$Adewale, O. B., Oloyede, O. I., Onasanya, A., Olayide, I. I., Anadozie, S. O. and Fadaka, A.O. (2015).@Hepatoprotective effect of aqueous extract of Solanum macrocarpon leaves against carbon tetrachloride-induced liver damage in rats.@J Appl Pharm Sci., 5, 81-86.@Yes$Komlaga, G., Sam, G. H., Dickson, R. A., Mensah, M. L. K and Fleischer, T. C. (2014).@Pharmacognostic studies and antioxidant properties of the leaves of Solanum macrocarpon.@J. Pharm. Sci. Res., 6, 1-4.@Yes$Nwezoku, U., Milala, M. A. and Gidado, A. A. (2017).@Antioxidant and hepatoprotective effect of extracts of some commonly consumed local fruits in Maiduguri.@J. Pharm. Biomed. Sci., 7, 85-89.@Yes$Olajire, A. A. and Azeez, L. (2012).@Protective effects of Solanum macrocarpon against air pollution-induced oxidative stress in rats: Toxicological and histopathological studies.@Adv. Chem. Sci., 1, 1-11@Yes$Sodipo, O. A., Abdulrahman., F. I, Sandabe, U. K., Wampana, B. (2013).@Comparative Assessment of the Total Lipid Profile, Faecal Cholesterol, Very Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (VLDL-C) and Atherogenic Index (A.I.) of the Aqueous Fruit Extract of Solanum macrocarpum, α-solanidine and Antihyperlipidaemic Drugs on Triton-Induced Hyperlipdaemic Rats.@Greener J. of Med. Sci., 3, 008-017@Yes$Bukenya-Ziraba, R. and Bonsu, K. O. (2004).@Solanum macrocarpon L.@In: Grubben, G.J.H. and Denton, O.A. (Eds). PROTA, Wageningen, Netherlands, Vegetables/Legume, [CD-Rom].@No$Emeka, E. J. I. and Joyce, O. O. (2015).@Prostate Specific Antigen, Antioxidant and Haematological Parameters in Prostatic Rats Fed Solanum macrocarpon L. Leaves.@Asian J. Biol. Sci., 8, 30-41.@Yes$Oboh, G., Ekperigin, M. M. and Kazeem, M. I. (2005).@Nutritional and haemolytic properties of eggplants (Solanum macrocarpon) leaves.@J. Food Compost. Anal., 18, 153-160.@Yes$Owolabi, J. O., Olatunji, S. Y. and Olanrewaju, A. J. (2016).@Solanum macrocarpon Leaf Extract Effects on Cerebral Cortex Microanatomy in Isoproterenol Induced Myocardial Infarction.@J. Altern. Complement. Med., 1, 1-8@Yes$Feher, J. J. (2102).@Quantitative Human Physiology; Membrane transport and metabolism.@Academic Press, United States, 2012.@No$Sodipo, O. A., Abdulrahman, F. I., and Sandabe, U. K. (2012).@Effects of the aqueous fruit extract of Solanum macrocarpon Linn. on hematological parameters of chronic triton-induced hyperlipidemic rats.@J. Physiol. Pharmcol. Adv., 2, 122-132@No$Leavesley, H. B., Li, L., Prabhakaran, K., Borowitz, J. L. and Isom, G. E. (2018).@Interaction of cyanide and nitric oxide with Cytochrome c oxidase: Implications for acute cyanide toxicity.@Tox Sci., 101, 101-111.@Yes$Nagababu, E. and Rifkind, J. M. (2004).@Heme degradation by reactive oxygen species.@Antioxid. Redox Sign, 6, 967-978@Yes$Okoye, C. N., Ogwu, D., Ihedioha, J. I., Ochiogu, I. S., Udoumoh, A. F. and Mbegbu, E. C. (2016).@Effects of Telfairia occidentalis (Hook F.) methanol leaf extract on the haematological indices and histomorphology of the endometrium and liver of female albino rats.@Not. Sci. Biol., 8, 272-276.@Yes$Awad, S., Allison, S. P. and Labo, D. N. (2008).@The history of 0.9% saline.@Clin. Nutr., 27, 179-188@No$Isac-Garcia, J., Dobado, J. A. and Calva-Flores, F. G. (2016).@Martinez-Garcia H Laboratory Notebook. In: Experimental organic chemistry laboratory manual.@pp. 29-43.@No$Hills, A. G. (1973).@pH and the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation.@The American journal of medicine, 55(2), 131-133.@Yes$Meng F. and Alayash, A. I. (2017).@Determination of extinction coefficients of human hemoglobin in various redox states.@Anal. Biochem., 521, 11-19@Yes$Horecker, B. L. (1942).@The absorption spectra of haemoglobin and its derivatives in the visible and near infra-red regions.@J. Biol. Chem., 148, 173-183@Yes$Ibrahim, M. A., EL-Gohary, M. I., Saleh N. A. and Elashry, M. Y. (2008).@Spectroscopic study on oxidation reactions of normal and pathogenic haemoglobin molecules.@Rom. J. Biophys., 18, 39-47@No$Duru, M., Ugbogu, A. and Amadi, B. (2013).@Effect of Solanum macrocarpon fruit on haematology, hepatic and renal function.@Adv. Biochem., 1, 28-32.@Yes$Nwanna, E. E, Ibukun, E. O. and Oboh, G. (2013).@Nutritional contents and antioxidant activities of african garden egg (Solanum aethiopium) cultivars.@Adv. Food Sci., 35,1@Yes$Asiedu, M. S., Agbemafle, J., Setoglo, J., Danquah, A. O. and Andeson, A. K. (2012).@Effect of Storage and Cooking Time on the Antioxidant Properties of Two Commonly Used Ghanaian Vegetables.@Adv. J. Food Sci. Technol., 4, 73-77.@Yes$Faivre, B., Menu, P., Labrude, P. and Vigneron, C. (1998).@Hemoglobin autooxidation/oxidation mechanisms and methemoglobin prevention or reduction processes in the bloodstream.@Artif. Cell Blood Substitutes Biotechnol., 26, 17-26.@Yes$Winterbourn, C. C. (1985).@Free-radical production and oxidative reactions of hemoglobin.@Environ Health Perspect., 64, 321-330.@Yes <#LINE#>Market segmentation in the banking industry of Iran based on customer expected benefits<#LINE#>Mohammad @Aghaei <#LINE#>8-20<#LINE#>2.ISCA-RJRS-2020-018.pdf<#LINE#>Faculty of Management and Economics, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran<#LINE#>18/7/2020<#LINE#>15/10/2020<#LINE#>Nowadays, analysis of customer behavior is necessary for active organizations in the field of banking that deal with many customers with different characteristics. In recent years, Iran\'s banking industry has faced many problems because of the poor customer orientation and customer service. Previous studies have focused mostly on identifying customers expected. Therefore, to solve the existing problem, the current study concentrated on customer segmentation of the banking industry of Iran based on their expected benefits. This study is applied and descriptive-survey research. To achieve the research objectives, through field studies and exploratory interviews with customers and banking experts, 165 benefits were extracted; then, by using expert questionnaires, these benefits reduced. Through factor analysis, nine factors of expected benefits and using cluster analysis, four customer segments of benefit-oriented, peace-oriented, interest-oriented, and moderate were identified. Peace-oriented customers show the highest relation with the banking industry of Iran and moderate customers have the largest population. Finally, consistent with the most important features of the segments, a suitable marketing solution was provided. For bank managers, this paper provides a view that identified customers\' preferences. Customer identification helps banks in increasing profitability because services and products that are presented in the banks should be based on a better understanding of customers.<#LINE#>Abimbola, T., Trueman, M., Iglesias, O., Muhamad, R., Melewar, T. C., and Alwi, S. F. S. (2012).@Segmentation and brand positioning for Islamic financial services.@European Journal of Marketing, 46(7/8), 900-921.@No$Wind, Y. (1978).@Issues and advances in segmentation research.@Journal of marketing research, 15(3), 317-337. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224377801500302@Yes$Liu, Y., Ram, S., Lusch, R. F., and Brusco, M. (2010).@Multicriterion market segmentation: a new model, implementation and evaluation.@Marketing Science, 29(5), 880-894. https://doi.org/10.1287/mksc.1100.0565@Yes$Guillet, B. D., and Kucukusta, D. (2016).@Spa market segmentation according to customer preference.@International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 28(2), 418-434. https://doi.org/10.1108/ IJCHM-07-2014-0374@Yes$Kotler, P., and Armstrong, G. (2010).@Principles of marketing.@Global Edition: Pearson Education.@Yes$Liu, J., Liao, X., Huang, W., and Liao, X. (2019).@Market segmentation: A multiple criteria approach combining preference analysis and segmentation decision.@Omega, 83, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.omega. 2018.01.008@Yes$Cameron, F., Cornish, C. and Nelson, W. (2006).@FSS2: A new methodology for segmenting consumers for financial services.@Journal of Financial Services Marketing, 10(3), 260-271. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.fsm.4770191@Yes$Hunt, S. D. (2002).@Foundations of marketing theory: Toward a general theory of marketing.@New York: ME Sharpe.@Yes$Hunt, S. D., and Arnett, D. B. (2004).@Market segmentation strategy, competitive advantage and public policy: Grounding segmentation strategy in resource-advantage theory.@Australasian Marketing Journal, 12(1), 7-25. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1441-3582(04)70083-X@Yes$Fullerton, G. (2019).@Using latent commitment profile analysis to segment bank customers.@International Journal of Bank Marketing, 38(3), 627-641. https://doi.org/10.1108/ IJBM-04-2019-0135@Yes$Osei-Poku, M. (2012).@Assessing service quality in commercial banks: A case study of Merchant Bank Ghana Limited.@Doctoral dissertation, Kwame Nkrumah University of science and technology.@Yes$El Saghier, N., and Nathan, D. (2013).@Service quality dimensions and customers satisfactions of banks in Egypt.@In Proceedings of 20th international business research conference, Dubai, UAE, (pp 1-13).@Yes$Bennett, D., and Higgins, M. (1988).@Quality means more than smiles.@ABA Banking journal, 80(6), 46.@Yes$Bowen, J. W., and Hedges, R. B. (1993).@Increasing service quality in retail banking.@Journal of Retail Banking, 15(3), 21-29.@No$Esfidani, M. R., Mahmoudi, S. M., Keimasi, M., Mohammadi, H., and Parsafard, M. R. (2014).@Retail banking market segmentation based on the expected benefits of Bank Mellat customers.@Iranian Journal of Business Management, 6(2), 227-250. https://doi.org/10. 22059/JIBM.2014.51378@Yes$Machauer, A., and Morgner, S. (2001).@Segmentation of bank customers by expected benefits and attitudes.@International Journal of Bank Marketing, 19(1), 6-17. https://doi.org/10.1108/02652320110366472@Yes$Piercy, N., Campbell, C. and Heinrich, D. (2011).@Suboptimal segmentation: Assessing the use of demographics in financial services advertising.@Journal of Financial Services Marketing, 16(3-4), 173-182. https://doi.org/10.1057/fsm.2011.21@Yes$Andronikidis, A. I., and Dimitriadis, N. I. (2003).@Segmentation of bank customers by utilising ethnic/cultural profile dimensions: A qualitative approach. Journal of Marketing Management, 19(5-6), 629-655. https://doi.org/10.1080/0267257X.2003.9728229@undefined@Yes$Kaynak, E., and Harcar, T. D. (2005).@American consumers@The International Journal of Bank Marketing, 23(1), 73-89. https://doi.org/10.1108/ 02652320510577375@Yes$Foscht, T., Maloles, C., Schloffer, J., Chia, S. L., and Sinha. I. J. (2010).@Banking on the youth: the case for finer segmentation of the youthmarket.@Young Consumers: Insight and Ideas for Responsible Marketers, 11(4), 264 - 276. https://doi.org/10.1108/17473611011093907@Yes$Rashid, M. (2012). Bank selection criteria in developing country: Evidence from Bangladesh. Asian journal of scientific research, 5(2), 58-69. https://doi.org/10.3923 /ajsr.2012@undefined@undefined@Yes$Gupta, A., and Dev, S. (2012).@Client satisfaction in Indian banks: an empirical study.@Management Research Review, 35(7), 617-636.https://doi.org/10.1108/014091712112388 39@Yes$Sayani, H., and Miniaoui, H. (2013).@Determinants of bank selection in the UnitedArab Emirates.@International Journal of Bank Marketing, 31(3), 206-228. https://doi.org/ 10.1108/02652321311315302@Yes$Bassi, F. (2015).@Forecasting Financial Products Acquisition via Dynamic Segmentation: An Application to the Italian Market.@International Journal of Market Research, 57(6), 909-930. https://doi.org/10.2501/IJMR-2015-071@Yes$Lees, G., Winchester, M. and De Silva, S. (2016).@Demographic product segmentation in financial services products in Australia and New Zealand.@Journal of Financial Services Marketing, 21(3), 240-250. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41264-016-0004-3@Yes$Aghaei, M., Vahedi, E., Kahreh, M. S., and Pirooz, M. (2014).@An examination of the relationship between services marketing mix and brand equity dimensions.@Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 109, 865-869. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro. 2013.12.555@Yes$Hasan, M., and Khan, S. S. (2015).@Marketing performance-based brand valuation: An application of marketing profitability and capitalization factor.@Du Journal of Marketing, 18, 41-56.@Yes$Mahr, D., Stead, S., and Odekerken-Schröder, G. (2019).@Making sense of customer service experiences: a text mining review.@Journal of Services Marketing, 33(1), 88-103. https://doi.org/10.1108/JSM-10-2018-0295@Yes$De Keyser, A., Schepers, J., and Konuş, U. (2015).@Multichannel customer segmentation: Does the after-sales channel matter? A replication and extension.@International Journal of Research in Marketing, 32(4), 453-456. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijresmar.2015.09.005@Yes$Marshall, G., and Johnston, M. (2010).@Marketing Management.@McGraw-Hill Higher Education, London.@No$Souza, L. L. F., Bassi, F. and de Freitas, A. A. F. (2019).@Multilevel latent class modeling to segment the microfinance market.@International Journal of Bank Marketing, 37(5), 1103-1118. https://doi.org/10.1108/ IJBM-05-2018-0132@Yes$Garland, R. (2005).@Segmenting retail banking customers. Journal of Financial Services Marketing, 10(2), 179-191.@https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.fsm.4770184@Yes$Cho, M., Bonn, M. A., and Brymer, R. A. (2017).@A constraint-based approach to wine tourism market segmentation.@Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Research, 41(4), 415-444. https://doi.org/10.1177/1096348 014538049@Yes$Mir Mohammadi, S. M., NejhandFard, M. S., and Izadkhah, M. M. (2016).@Segmentation of chain stores based on expected customer benefits (case study: Adan chain store).@Iranian Journal of Strategic Management Research, 61(22), 9-28.@Yes$Asiedu, E. (2016).@A study of use and impact of market segmentation practices on bank performance: with special reference to commercial banks in Colombia.@Journal of Business and Financial Affairs, 5(162), 2167-0234. https://doi.org/10.4172/2167-0234.1000162@Yes$Khajvand, M., and Tarokh, M. J. (2011).@Estimating customer future value of different customer segments based on adapted RFM model in retail banking context.@Procedia Computer Science, 3, 1327-1332. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2011.01.011@Yes$Minhas, R. S., and Jacobs, E. M. (1996).@Benefit segmentation by factor analysis: an improved method of targeting customers for financial services.@International Journal of Bank Marketing, 14(3), 3-13. https://doi.org/10.1108/02652329610113126@Yes$Gonzlez-Benito, S. and Gonzlez-Benito, J. (2005).@The role of geodemographic segmentation in retail location strategy.@International Journal of Market Research, 47(3), 295-316.https://doi.org/10.1177/147078530504700305@Yes$Ahmad, R. (2003).@Benefit segmentation.@International Journal of Market Research, 45(3), 1-13. https://doi.org/ 10.1177/147078530304500302@Yes$Harrison, T. S. (1994).@Mapping customer segments for personal financial services.@International Journal of Bank Marketing, 12(8), 17-25. https://doi.org/10.1108/02652329 410069010@Yes$McDougall, G. H. G., and Levesque, T. J. (1994).@Benefit segmentation using service quality dimensions: an investigation in retail banking.@International Journal of Bank Marketing, 12, 15-23. https://doi.org/10.1108/02652 329410052946@Yes$Dolnicar, S. and Leisch, F. (2004).@Segmenting markets by bagged clustering. Australasian Marketing Journal (AMJ), 12(1), 51-65.@https://doi.org/10.1016/S1441-3582(04) 70088-9@Yes$Dolnicar, S., Grün, B., and Leisch, F. (2018).@Market segmentation analysis.@In Market Segmentation Analysis, 11-22. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-8818-6_2@No$Haley, R. I. (1968). Benefit segmentation: A decision-oriented research tool. Journal of marketing, 32(3), 30-35. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224296803200306@undefined@undefined@Yes$Cermak, D. S., File, K. M., and Prince, R. A. (1994).@A benefit segmentation of the major donor market.@Journal of Business Research, 29(2), 121-130. ‏https://doi.org/10. 1016/0148-2963(94)90016-7@Yes$Haley, R. I. (1995).@Benefit segmentation: A decision-oriented research tool.@Marketing Management, 4(1), 59.@Yes$Mortazavi, S., Kaffashpour, A., Habibirad, A., and Aseman Darreh, y. (2009).@Mashhad bank Market segmentation based on expected customer benefits.@Iranian Journal of financial economics research, 16(29), 126-162. https://doi.org/10.22067/pm.v16i29.27198@Yes$Seyyedhashemi, M., and Mamduhi, A. R. (2010).@A cluster analysis of marketing strategies implementation barriers in the car manufacturing industry (Case study: Iran Khodro company).@Iranian Journal of Business Management, 2(6), 165-186.@Yes$McQueen, J. M. (1998).@Segmentation of continuous speech using phonotactics.@Journal of memory and language, 39(1), 21-46.https://doi.org/10.1006/jmla.1998. 2568@Yes$Baradaran, V., and Farrokhi, Z. (2014).@Customer Segmentation in the Banking Industry by Extended Model of RFMC.@Iranian Journal of brand management, 1(2),135-154. https://doi.org/10.22051/BMR.2015.1226@Yes$Shashidhar, H. V., and Varadarajan, S. (2011).@Customer segmentation of bank based on data mining-security value based heuristic approach as a replacement to K-means segmentation.@International Journal of Computer Applications, 19(8), 13-18. https://doi.org/10.5120/2383-3145@Yes$Hicks-Moore, S. L. (2005).@Clinical concept maps in nursing education: An effective way to link theory and practice.@Nurse education in practice, 5(6), 348-352. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nepr.2005.05.003@Yes$Alfansi, L., and Sargeant, A. (2000).@Market segmentation in the Indonesian Banking sector: the relationship between demographics and desired customer benefits.@International Journal of Bank Marketing, 18(2), 64-74. https://doi.org/10. 1108/02652320010322976@Yes$Almossawi, M. (2001).@Bank selection criteria employed by college students in Bahrain: an empirical analysis.@International Journal of Bank Marketing, 19(3), 115-125. https://doi.org/10.1108/02652320110388540@Yes$Blankson, C., Omar, O. E., and Cheng, J. M. S. (2009).@Retail bank selection in developed and developing countries: A cross-national study of students bank-selection criteria.@Thunderbird International Business Review, 51(2), 183-198. https://doi.org/10.1002/tie.20257@Yes$Marimuthu, M., Jing, C. W., Gie, L. P., and Mun, L. P. (2010).@Islamic Banking: Selection Criteria and Implications.@Global Journal of Human Social Science, 10(4), 52-62.@Yes$Hedayatnia, A., and Eshghi, K. (2011).@Bank Selection Criteria in the Iranian Retail Bank Industry.@International Journal of Business and Management, 6(12), 222-231. https://doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v6n12p222@Yes$Hosseini, M., and Ghaderi, S. (2010).@The model of affective factors on Bank Service quality.@Iranian Journal of Business Management Perspective, 36(3), 89-115.@No$Mokhlis, S., Salleh, H. S., and Mat, N. H. N. (2009).@Commercial bank selection: comparison between single and multiple bank users in Malaysia.@International Journal of Economics and Finance, 1(2), 263-273. https://doi.org/10.5539/ijef.v1n2p263@Yes$Zakrzewska, D., and Murlewski, J. (2005).@Clustering algorithms for bank customer segmentation. In 5th International Conference on Intelligent Systems Design and Applications (ISDA@undefined@Yes <#LINE#>Composite brick production from sawdust of Parkia biglobosa (Jacq.) G. Don and Vitellaria paradoxa C. F. Gaertn as Partial Replacement for sand<#LINE#>David Oriabure @Ekhuemelo,Veronica Eyakamo @Abu,Kennedy @Odeeh <#LINE#>21-27<#LINE#>3.ISCA-RJRS-2020-019.pdf<#LINE#>Department of Forest Production and Products, Federal University of Agriculture Makurdi, Nigeria@Department of Forest Production and Products, Federal University of Agriculture Makurdi, Nigeria@Department of Forest Production and Products, Federal University of Agriculture Makurdi, Nigeria<#LINE#>26/7/2020<#LINE#>8/10/2020<#LINE#>This study was undertaken to investigate sawdust as a fractional substitute for sand to produce bricks with an aim to minimizing production cost and productive use of sawdust waste as profitable resource. Sawdust of V. paradoxa and P. biglobosa was obtained from Timber Shed within Makurdi metropolis. The collected sawdust was treated by boiling it in water to remove lignochemical substances and thereafter, it was sun dried. Recommended ratio of 1:6 of cement to sand was endorsed in this study. Varied percentages of 0, 2, 4, and 6 of sawdust were employed to substitute for sand while quantity of cement for all level was held steady during the mixture of mortar. Tests were carried on the percentage of water absorption (PWA), bulk density (BD), and compressive strength (CS) on bricks made after 28 days of curing. Results revealed that bricks from 4% sawdust substitution for sand had the maximum percentage water absorption of 12.80 and 11.06% for followed by 2% (9.43% and 10.14) and 6% (8.66 and 6.47%) for P. biglobosa and V. paradoxa respectively while 0% sawdust substitution level had 8.21%. Mean compressive strength of 0% sawdust substitution (control) was highest (4.94 N/mm) followed by 2% (3.20 and 3.26 N/mm3), 4% (3.17 and 3.40 N/mm3) and 6% sawdust substitution level (3.35 and 3.21 N/mm3) for P. biglobosa and V. paradoxa sawdust, respectively. Bulk densities of made bricks were between 3600.56 and 1303.33 kg/m3, highest in 0% and least in 6% V. paradoxa sawdust replacement level. However, bulk densities were higher in V. Paradoxa (1345.78-1318.94) kg/m3 than in P. biglobosa (1328.60 - 1303.33) kg/m3. It was concluded that 2% sawdust replacement had the maximum compressive strength and bulk density with the least percentage water absorption. Hence, it was recommended for utilization for construction of non-load bearing walls.<#LINE#>Elias P. and Boucher D. (2014).@Planting for the Future. How Demand for Wood Products could be friendly to Tropical Forests.@Union of Concerned Scientists. Pp 41. Available online: https://www.ucsusa.org/resources/ planting-future (accessed on 16 June, 2020).@Yes$Deac, T., Fechete-Tutunaru, L., and Gaspar, F. (2016).@Environmental Impact of Sawdust Briquettes Use - Experimental Approach.@Ener. Proced., 85, 178-183.@Yes$Kupolati W. K., Grassi S. and Frattari A. (2012).@Environmental Greening through Utilization of Sawdust for Production of Bricks.@OIDA Inter. J. of Sust. Develop., 4(12), 64 78.@Yes$Uchechukwu E., A. (2006).@Effect of addition of sawdust ash to clay bricks.@Civ. Eng. & Enviro. Sys., 23(4), 263-270.@Yes$Turgut, P., and Murat Algin, H. (2007).@Limestone dust and wood sawdust as brick material.@Buil.& Envir., 42(9), 3399-3403@Yes$Paramasivam, P., and Loke, Y. O. (1980).@Study of sawdust concrete.@Inter. J. Cem. Comp. & Lightw. Con., 2(1), 57-61.@Yes$Dixson J. P., Karthikeyan S., Manikandan G. and Velmurugan.S. (2017).@Experimental Study on Properties of Concrete by Partial Replacement of Cement with Silica Powder and Fine Aggregate with Saw Dust Ash.@Inter. J. Civ. Eng. & Tech., 8(3), 680-687.@No$Vaickelionis G, Vaickelioniene R (2006).@Cement hydration in the presence of wood extractives and pozzolan mineral additives.@Ceramics-silikaty., 50(2), 155-122.@Yes$Raheem, A.A. (2006).@Comparism of the Quality of Sandcrete Blocks Produced by LAUTECH Block Industry with others within Ogbomoso Township.@Sci. Foc., 11(1), 103-108.@Yes$British Standard Institute (BSI) (1975).@Precast concrete blocks: BS2028.@London.@No$Ekhuemelo, D.O., Ademu O. and Tembe, E.T., (2016).@Physical and strength properties of bricks produced from Portland cement and saw dust of Danielia oliverii wood.@PRO LIGNO, Sci. J. wood. Engin., 12(4). 53 - 60.@Yes$Ekhuemelo, D., Tembe, E. T., & Versue, A. M. (2017).@Some aspects of physical and mechanical properties of hollow blocks procuced from hot water treated sawdust.@Sustainability, Agri, Food and Environmental Research, 5(4), 82-97.@Yes$Ali, N., Mohd Yusup, N. F., Sheikh Khalid, F., Shahidan, S., and Abdullah, S. R. (2018).@The Effect of Water Cement Ratio on Cement Brick Containing High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) as Sand Replacement.@MATEC Web of Conferences, 150, 03010. doi:10.1051/matecconf/ 201815003010 .@Yes$Omoniyi, T.E. Akinyemi B.A. and Fowowe A.O. (2014).@Effects of Waste Glass Powder as Pozzolanic Material in Saw Dust Cement Brick.@Scho. J. Eng. and Tech., 2(4A), 517-522.@Yes$Bustamante D., Dablo G. M., Sia R. and Arazo R. (2015).@Physical and Mechanical Properties of Composite Brick from Cement Mortar, fly ash and Rubber Crumbs.@Inter. J. Res. Eng. & Tech., 4(10), 1-5.@Yes$National Building Code (NBC) (2006).@Building Regulations, National Building Code.@Lexis Nexis Butterworths, Ohio.@No$Bamfo-Agyei E. (2020).@Establishing the Compressive Strength of Sandcrete Blocks Produced in the Central Region, Ghana.@https://www.academia.edu/2606907/ Establishing_The_Compressive_Strength_of_Sandcrete_Blocks_Produced_In_The_Central_Region_Ghana?auto=download@Yes$NIS (2000).@Nigerian Industrial Standard: Standard for Sandcrete blocks.@Standard Organisation of Nigeria, Lagos, Nigeria. NIS, 87, 2000.@No$National Committee on Building Regulation and Codes (1989).@GHANA Building Code.@Ministry of Works and Housing: Kumasi, Ghana.@No$Baiden B.K., and Asante C.K.O. (2004).@Effects of orientation and compaction methods of manufacture on strength properties of sandcrete blocks.@Const. & Buil. Mat., 18, 717-725.@Yes$British Standards Institution (2005).@Code of Practice for the use of Masonry.@BS 5628: Part 1, British Standards Institution, London@No$Thomas, B. S., Gupta, R. C., Kalla, P., and Cseteneyi, L. (2014).@Strength, abrasion and permeation characteristics of cement concrete containing discarded rubber fine aggregates.@Const. Buil. Mat., 59, 204-212.@Yes$Nigerian Industrial Standard (NIS) (2000).@Standard for Sandcrete Blocks. Standards Organisation of Nigeria.@Lagos, Nigeria.@No$Siddique, R. and Naik, T. (2004).@Properties of concrete containing scrap-tire rubber - An overview.@Waste Managem., 24: 563-569.@Yes <#LINE#>Content analysis of political advertisements in local newspapers<#LINE#>Tarakeswara Rao @Ippili <#LINE#>28-34<#LINE#>4.ISCA-RJRS-2020-020.pdf<#LINE#>Dept. of Journalism and Mass Communication, Central University of Karnataka, Karnataka, India<#LINE#>14/8/2020<#LINE#>13/11/2020<#LINE#>In democratic politics, political advertising plays an essential role as a form of political communication. This paper focuses on the form and content of political advertising messages appearing in major Telugu leading newspapers. The researcher wants to do in this study is that how a specific sort of text, the political advertisements paid for by the parties themselves and published in dailies, fills in as a pointer of how the political discourse has changed within the state. The populace of this examine turned into described as all political advertisements at the state level seeming in leading daily newspapers from January - June 2018. The period of six months end up being enough to envelop the appearance of most ads all through the period. Findings from the content analysis point out that political advertising messages communicated via way of means of the political parties had been particularly reflective of their directions.<#LINE#>Blake Clark, (1998).@The Advertising Smoke Screen.@New York: Harper.@No$Fowler, E. Franklin, and Travis N. Ridout, (2009).@Local Television and Newspaper Coverage of Political Advertising.@Political Communication, 26(2), 119-136.@Yes$Olusanya, M. (2013).@An Interpersonal Metafunction Analysis of Some Selected Political Advertisements in Some Nigerian Newspapers.@International Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, 3(8), 165-178.@Yes$Ademilokun, M., & Taiwo, R. (2013).@Discursive strategies in newspaper campaign advertisements for Nigerias 2011 elections.@Discourse & Communication, 7(4), 435-455. https://doi.org/10.1177/1750481313494501@Yes$Fairclough, N. (2000).@Discourse, social theory and social research: The discourse of welfare reform.@Journal of Sociolinguistics, 4(2), 163-195. https://doi.org/10.1111/ 1467-9481.00110@Yes$Wright, J. (1983).@Advertising. Bloomington.@Indiana University Press.@No$Roderick, W. (1980).@Advertising: What it is and How to do it.@Surrey: Routledge.@No$Doghudje, C.A. (1985).@Advertising in Nigeria.@Lagos: Zus Bureau.@No$Vestergaard, T. & Schroder, T. (1985).@The Language of Advertising.@Oxford: Basil Blackwell Publisher.@No$Ranade, Sudharshan. (1998, April 19).@The space between the ads.@The Hindu, p.9.@No$Harrop M (1990).@Political marketing.@Parliamentary Affairs, 43(3), 277-291. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxford journals.pa.a052253@No$Kaid, L. L. (1981).@Political advertising.@In D. Nimmo & K. R. Sanders (Eds.), Handbook of political communication, pp. 249-271, Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.@Yes$Kern, M. (1989).@30-Second Politics.@New York: Praeger.@No$Berelson, B. (1966).@Democratic theory and public opinion.@In B. Berelson & M. Janowitz (Eds.), Reader in Public Opinion and Communication, pp. 489-504, New York: Free Press.@Yes$Latimer, M. K. (1984).@Policy issues and personal images in political advertising in a state election.@Journalism Quarterly, 61, 776-784.@Yes$Latimer, M. K. (1989).@Legislators advertising messages in seven state campaigns in 1986.@Journalism Quarterly, 66, 338-348.@Yes$Bowers, T. A. (1973).@Newspaper political advertising and the agenda-setting function.@Journalism Quarterly, 50, 552-556.@Yes$Eyal, C. H. (1985).@Newspaper political advertising and news in the 1984 Israeli elections.@Journalism Quarterly, 62, 601-608.@Yes$Mintz, E. (1986).@Newspaper advertisements in Canadian election campaigns.@Journalism Quarterly, 63, 180-184.@Yes$Pinkleton, B. E. (1998).@Effects of print comparative political advertising on political decision-making and participation.@Journal of Communication, 48, 24-36.@Yes$Bowers, T. A. (1972).@Issue and personality information in newspaper political advertising.@Journalism Quarterly, 49, 446-452.@Yes$Humke, R. G., Schmitt, R. C., & Grupp, S. E. (1975).@Candidates, issues and party in newspaper political advertisements.@Journalism Quarterly, 52, 499-504.@Yes$Jin, H., An, S., & Simon, T. (2009).@Beliefs of and attitudes toward political advertising: An exploratory investigation.@Psychology & Marketing, 26(6), 551-568. https://doi.org/10.1002/mar.20287@Yes$Gamson, W. (1992).@Talking Politics.@Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.@Yes$Anderson, N. (1981).@Foundations of Information Integration Theory.@San Diego: Academic Press.@Yes$Taber, C., & Lodge, M. (2006).@Motivated scepticism in the evaluation of political beliefs.@American Journal of Political Science, 50(3), 755-769.@Yes$Johnston, R., Hagen, M. G., & Jamieson, K. H. (2004).@The 2000 presidential election and the foundations of party politics.@Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.@Yes$Iversen, M. H., & Knudsen, E. (2019).@When politicians go negative: The consequences of political native advertising for citizens trust in news.@Journalism, 20(7), 961-978. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884916688289@Yes$Dai, Y., & Luqiu, L. (2020).@Camouflaged propaganda: A survey experiment on political native advertising.@Research & Politics, Harvard Dataverse. https://doi.org/ 10.7910/DVN/GBLKVP.@Yes @Review Paper <#LINE#>Catapulting scientific temper among learners by some activity-based strategies: a teachers viewpoint<#LINE#>Afshan Naz @Quazi <#LINE#>35-41<#LINE#>5.ISCA-RJRS-2020-022.pdf<#LINE#>Department of Education, Regional Institute of Education (NCERT), Ajmer, Rajasthan, India<#LINE#>28/8/2020<#LINE#>17/11/2020<#LINE#>Science is a quest for knowledge. Exploring the existing knowledge for new construction only depends upon temperament of the learners towards science. Science in itself enfolds objectivity, verification, exploration, reliability, precision, accuracy, intellect and predictions. Meaningful learning only acquired when scientific attitude is developed among the growing lads. Three important components viz. Discourse, Argument, and Analysis must be incorporated in each student to develop the scientific temper. Application of logical-reasoning, bias-avoidance and liberal thoughts for pre-conceived notions throws open new vistas for augmenting scientific attitude among students. Inculcating these scientific qualities in learners is a great challenge for a science teacher. To meet the challenges in Science-teaching effectively, a teacher must be well equipped with innovative teaching techniques. Modern pedagogy directs towards the constructivist approach of learning involving 5Es viz. Engage, Explore, Explain, Elaborate and Evaluate which enable the learners to develop curiosity to discover the cause-effect relationships of the events happening around us. Contextually, a holistic design to teach science by teachers is the determining factor for achieving educational objectives. Hence it is imperative to innovate teaching efforts to exaggerate the conceptual learning to foster scientific skills among growing minds. This paper discusses the activity-based teaching strategies for effective learning which bring positive attitudinal outcomes necessary for developing scientific attitude in pupils. Recapitulating the ideas of scientific spirit and enquiry, it is inferred that appropriate instructions at right time with right teaching strategy assist in developing scientific attitude, evolution of creative ability and an overall enhancement in exploratory and investigative abilities among the curious learners.<#LINE#>Shah Iqbal, and Tayyaba Rahat (2014).@Effect of Activity Based Teaching Method in Science.@International Journal of Humanities and Management Sciences, 2(1), 39-41.@Yes$Noreen, Razia and Abdul Majid Khan Rana (2019).@Activity-Based Teaching versus Traditional Method of Teaching in Mathematics at Elementary Level.@Bulletin of Education and Research, 41(2), 145-59.@Yes$Islam Pitafi, Amjad, Muhammad Farooq Principal, and GHS Khadizai (2012).@Measurement of Scientific Attitude of Secondary School Students in Pakistan.@Academic Rearch International, 2(2), 379-92. www.savap.org.pk% 5Cnwww.journals.savap.org.pk.@Yes$Government of India (1992).@National Education Policy 1986 Modified in 1992.@Retrieved February 7, 2020 from http://www.mhrd.gov.in/documents_reports?field_documents_reports_category_tid=19.@No$Dwianto, A., I. Wilujeng, Z. K. Prasetyo, and I. G.P. Suryadarma (2017).@The Development of Science Domain Based Learning Tool Which is Integrated with Local Wisdom to Improve Science Process Skill and Scientific Attitude.@Jurnal Pendidikan IPA Indonesia, 6(1), 23-31. doi:10.15294/jpii.v6i1.7205.@Yes$Celik, Halil Coşkun (2018).@The Effects of Activity Based Learning on Sixth Grade Students Achievement and Attitudes towards Mathematics Activities.@Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, 14(5), 1963-77. doi:10.29333/ejmste/85807.@Yes$Giselle Dsouza. (2017).@Activity Based Learning: Eliminate Rote For Academic Growth.@International Research Journal of Human Resources and Social Sciences 4(5), 14-23.@Yes$Anwar Fizza (2019).@Activity-Based Teaching, Student Motivation and Academic Achievement.@Journal of Education and Educational Development, 6(1), 154-70. doi:10.22555/joeed.v6i1.1782.@Yes$Couch, Brian A., Tanya L. Brown, Tyler J. Schelpat, Mark J. Graham, and Jennifer K. Knight. (2015).@Scientific Teaching: Defining a Taxonomy of Observable Practices.@CBE Life Sciences Education, 14(1), 1-12. doi:10.1187/cbe.14-01-0002.@Yes$Turpin, Tammye, and Bob N Cage. (2004).@Effect of an Integrated, Activity-Based Science Curriculum on Student Achievement, Science Process Skills, and Science Attitudes.@Electronic Journal of Literacy Through Science, 3(1), 1-17. Retrieved March, 21, 2020 from https:// www.csun.edu/science/ref/curriculum/reforms/nses/nses-complete.pdf.@Yes$Suryawati, Evi, and Kamisah Osman (2018).@Contextual Learning: Innovative Approach towards the Development of Students Scientific Attitude and Natural Science Performance.@Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, 14(1), 61-76. doi:10.12973/ ejmste/79329.@Yes$Lijanporn, Sasitorn, and Jintavee Khlaisang (2015).@The Development of an Activity-Based Learning Model Using Educational Mobile Application to Enhance Discipline of Elementary School Students.@Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 174. Elsevier B.V.: 1707-12. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.01.825.@Yes$Aluko, KO, and RA Aluko. (2008).@Strategies for Developing Teachers Scientific Skills towards a Resourceful Teaching of Primary Science.@African Research Review, 2(3), 160-72. doi:10.4314/afrrev. v2i3.41065.@Yes$Jump Start (2020).@Comprehensive Lessons and Games.@https://www.jumpstart.com.Accessed on 12/01/2020.@No