@Editorial from Editor-in-Chief
<#LINE#>prof. Dr. Dipak Sharma<#LINE#>1<#LINE#>Editoreal_Form_Editor.pdf<#LINE#>
@Research Paper
<#LINE#>Study of Ionospheric Perturbations during Strong Seismic Activity by Correlation Analysis Method<#LINE#>A.K.@Gwal,SantoshKumar@Jain,Gopal@Panda,Y.S.@Gujar, S.@Raghuwanshi,Vijay@S.K.<#LINE#>2-9<#LINE#>01.ISCA-RJCS-2011-_005.pdf<#LINE#>Space Science Laboratory, Department of Physics Barkatullah University Bhopal-462026, INDIA <#LINE#>6/10/2011<#LINE#>29/11/2011<#LINE#> Present paper deals the variation in NmF2 (Maximum electron density of F2 layer) parameter by correlation technique at the time of strong seismic activity. We used Ionosonde data which installed at different locations for analysis purpose. We used two ionosonde receivers, where one is in the earthquake preparation zone and the other is out side of it. By correlation technique we calculate Auto Correlation Coefficient and Cross-Correlation Coefficient. Results of the study showed the anomaly in Correlation Coefficients related to NmF2 parameter few days before the seismic event. This fact can be regarded as precursory phenomena. The anomaly in the F-layer density may be interpreted as a result of associated seismic electric field generated by internal gravity waves. It may be due to the inflow of energy from the earth and then propagated upward, which perturb the F-region of ionosphere. This study may be beneficial for prediction of earthquake.   <#LINE#> @ @ Pulinets S.A. and Legen’ka A.D., Spatial – temporal characteristics of the large scale disturbances of electron concentration observed in the F-region of the ionosphere before strong earthquakes. Kosmicheskie issledovaniya (Cosmic Research), 41(3), 1-10 (2003) @No $ @ @ Evans J.V., Satellite beacon contributions to the structure of the ionosphere, Rev. Geophys. Space Phys., 15, 325-350 3.Calais E. and Minster J.B., GPS detection of ionospheric perturbations following the January 17, 1964, Northbridge earthquake, Geophys, Res. Lett.,22, 1045-1048 (1995) @No $ @ @ Zaslavski Y., Parrot M. and Blanc E., Analysis of TEC measurements above active seismic regions, Physics of the earth and Planetary Interiors, 105, 219-228 (1998) @No $ @ @ Liu J.Y., Chuo Y.J., Pulinets S.A., Tsai H.F. and Zeng X., A study on the TEC perturbations prior to the Rei-Li, Chi-Chi and Chai-Yi earthquakes, In “Seismo- Electromagnetics: Iithosphere-Atmosphere- Ionosphere Coupling”, Eds Hayakawa, M. and Molchanov O.A., TERRAPUB, Tokyo, 297-301 (2002) @No $ @ @ Liu J.Y., Chuo Y.J., Shan S.J., Tsai Y.B. and Pulinets S.A., Pre- earthquake ionospheric anomalies monitored by GPS TEC, Ann., Geophys., 22, 1585-1593 (2004) @No
<#LINE#>Science Communication through Mass Media<#LINE#>Abhijit@Bora<#LINE#>10-15<#LINE#>02.ISCA-RJCS-2011-_006.pdf<#LINE#>Tezpur University, Napaam, Sonitpur district, Assam, INDIA<#LINE#>28/9/2011<#LINE#>1/11/2011<#LINE#>   Communication is one of the lifelines of humankind. And communicating meaningful information in science is a much more challenging job than anything else. And the world over definitely a good amount of progress has been achieved throughout the years in this direction. But without an effective and convenient dissemination of such information to the persons concerned these developments are not going to yield any positive results. Nowadays mass communication has managed to rightfully acquire the prime position of the fourth basic need of human beings after food, shelter and clothes. Can we imagine any walk of life in which mass media does not play an important role in getting across necessary information to the masses concerned? Being from the field of mass communication I personally believe that the effort for the purpose has not been enough till date. In this paper I shall try to explore how to figure out the target audience / people for dissemination of these information specially in areas with difficult terrains like the North-East India, types of media available in this regard etc. This is because any human being – whether literate or illiterate, rich or poor needs to be informed, educated and persuaded about adopting and switching over to practices of using energy only from renewable sources. But media has the power and capacity to carry out this function over a given period of time. For this there is an urgent need for creating an interface between the personnel and institutions involved in this business including the scientific community, research laboratories among others. It is quite a natural that we can’t expect this community of personnel to be very media savvy. And there comes the expertise of media handy in bridging the gap between these two sides of interested parties – the scientific community and the masses. We would like to explore the scope of media intervention in disseminating these information in an effective and productive manner.<#LINE#>  @ @ Arora, SK, Ushering in Radio revolution through FM Radio, The Employment News, September 3 – 9, 1, (2005) @No $ @ @ Arora, AK, FM Radio : A revolution, Yojana November issue, 35, (2005) @No $ @ @ Baruah, UL, This is All India Radio, Publications Division, Ministry of Information & Broadcasting (MIB), Government of India, (1983) @No $ @ @ Dutta Choudhury, Anindita, Easy listening, Sahara Time, October 8, 25, (2005) @No $ @ @ Editorial, Yojana, November issue, (2005) @No $ @ @ Jopsephine, Joseph Dr, Gopalakrishnan, TR, Srivalli, P, Training communications for the digital era : Challenges & opportunities, Journal of Communication, Karnataka University, December, 63, (2003) @No $ @ @ Sarma KS, Public service broadcasting, Yojana November issue, 45, (2005) @No $ @ @ Sarma, KS, Modernizing and moving ahead (interview), Frontline, October 7, 98, (2005) @No $ @ @ Sambadan V.S., For that old magic, Frontline, January 27, 87 (2006) @No $ @ @ Singh, Govind, Community FM in India, SPAN, Jan/ Feb, 46, (2005) @No $ @ @ Tully, Mark, Broadcasting in India, Vidura April-June, issue, vol, 43, no 2, 29, (2006) @No
<#LINE#>Limnology of Sama Pond, Vadodara City, Gujarat<#LINE#>AnkitaN.@Parikh,P.C.@Mankodi<#LINE#>16-21<#LINE#>03.ISCA-RJCS-2011-_007.pdf<#LINE#> Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Varodara.390 002, Gujarat, INDIA <#LINE#>15/10/2011<#LINE#>24/11/2011<#LINE#> The water quality is characterized by various physico-chemical parameters. These parameters change widely due to many factors like source of water, type of pollution, seasonal flucations etc. The urban pond is influenced by several extrinsic factors which may alter the structural and functional components of such ecosystem. The present study deals with the seasonal variation in the water quality of the urban pond – Sama of Vadodara City (Gujarat) during November 2007 to October 2009. The samples were collected from three different sites, having varied external influences. Various physico-chemical parameters like pH, temperature, acidity, alkalinity, hardness, chloride, dissolved oxygen, phosphate, nitrate etc. were analyzed. Significant seasonal variation was observed during the study for various parameters which was compared for different sites. The results were correlated to external influences and human interference.  <#LINE#> @ @ Diersing N., "Water Quality: Frequently Asked Questions". PDA. NOAA, (2009) @No $ @ @ Ramachandra T. V., Kiran R., and Ahalya N. Status, Conservation and Management of Wetlands, Allied Publishers (P) Ltd, (2002) @No $ @ @ Postel S. Last Oasis: Facing Water Scarcity W. W. Norton and Company, INC (1992) @No $ @ @ Tiwari T. N. Pollution of lake Hussain Sagar,Hyderabad, India: Correction and cluster analyses. In: Mishra SR, Saksena DN, eds. Aquatic ecology. Ashish Publishing House, New Delhi; 213-29 (1992) @No $ @ @ Kaushik S. and   Saksena D. N. Trophic status and rotifer fauna of certain water bodies in central Indian,   J. 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C. and Paliwal P. C. Physicochemical and Bacteriological analysis of Kost River water in central Himalaya. J. Poll. Res. 27 (1) 179-183 (2008) @No $ @ @ Ganai H.A., Parveen S and Khan A., Study of some physic-chemical parameters in medical pond, Aligarh. The Ekol, 10 (1-2) (2010) @No $ @ @ Zaffar A. R., Ecology of algae in certain fish ponds of Hyderabad, India. Hydrobiologia, 30 (1), 96-112 (1964) @No $ @ @ Soni R. N and Bhatt S. A, Periodical Ecological Study of an urban pond near Vadodara, Gujarat, India. Proceedings of TAAL 2007, the 12th World Lake Conference, 1591-1596 (2008) @No $ @ @ Kadam M. S., Pampatwar D. V., and Mali R. P., Seasonal variations in different physico-chemical characteristics in Masoli reservoir of Parbhani district, Maharashtra, J. Aqua. Biol., 22(1), 110-112 (2007) @No $ @ @ Sehgal H. S. Limnology of lake Sruinsar, Jammu with reference to zooplankton and fisheries prospectus, Ph.D. Thesis, University of Jammu  (1980) @No $ @ @ Kumar R.  and Kapoor K., Water quality monitoring in respect to physico-chemical characteristics of tropical lake of Udaipur city of Rajasthan, Indian J. Environ & Ecoplan., 12 (3), 775-782  (2006) @No $ @ @ Tepe Y. and Matlu E., Physico-chemical characteristics of Hatay Harbiye Spring water, Turkey Journal of the Institute of Science and Technology of Dumplupinar University, , 77-88 (2005) @No
<#LINE#>Empirical Correlation of Various Inclusions on the Effect of Primary and Secondary Parameters for Estimation of Effective Thermal Conductivity (ETC) of Two Phase Materials<#LINE#>A.P.@SenthilKumar,P.@Karthikeyan,PrabhuRaja@V.,Ramu@M.,S.@Somasundharam,V.@Vasudevan<#LINE#>22-32<#LINE#>04.ISCA-RJCS-2011-_008.pdf<#LINE#>Department of Mechanical Engineering PSG College of Technology, Coimbatore, INDIA @ Department of Automobile Engineering PSG College of Technology, Coimbatore, INDIA<#LINE#>20/10/2011<#LINE#>30/11/2011<#LINE#> In this present work, an Empirical Correlation is developed to estimate the Effective Thermal Conductivity (ETC) of the two-phase materials for various inclusion shapes based on unit cell. The coefficients of the correlation can be given as functions of concentration and contact ratio. The validity of the correlation is verified through Finite Element Analysis (FEA).   <#LINE#> @ @  Al-Sulaiman FA, Mokheimer EMA, Al-Nassar YN,Prediction of the thermal conductivity of the constituents of fiber reinforced composite laminates, J Heat mass Transfer, 43(12), pp. 117-122 (2005) @No $ @ @  Zou M, Yu B, Zhang D, An analytical solution for transverse thermal conductivities of unidirectional fiber composites with thermal barrier, J Phys D Appl Phys,35(15), 1867– 1874 (2002)@No $ @ @  Dasgupta A, Agarwal R, Orthotropic thermal conductivityof plain-weave fabric composites, J Compos Mater26(18), 2736–2758 (1992)@No $ @ @  Yagoub N. Al-Nassar, Prediction of thermal conductivity of air voided-fiber-reinforced compositelaminates part II: 3D simulation, Heat Mass Transfer,43, 117–122 (2006) @No $ @ @  Thomas L, Antar M, Heat transfer in composite walls: a practical two-dimensional thermal circuit method. ASHRAE Trans, 104(2),198–209 (1998) @No $ @ @  Shim H, Seo M, Park S, Thermal conductivity and mechanical properties of various cross-section types carbon fiber-reinforced composite, J Mater Sci, 35(9),1881–1885(2002) @No $ @ @  Terron JM, SanchezLavega A, On the effective thermal diffusivity of fiber-reinforced composites. Appl Phys Lett, 80(11),1903–1905 (2002) @No $ @ @ Islam MR, Pramila A, Thermal conductivity of fiber reinforced composite by FEM. J Compos Mater, 33(18), 1699–1715 (1999) @No $ @ @  Xu Y, Kinugawa J, Yagi K, Development of thermal conductivity prediction system for composites. Mater Trans, 44(4), 629–632 (2003) @No $ @ @  Senthil Kumar A P , Prabhu Raja V and Karthikeyan .P, Comparison of geometry dependent resistance models with conventional models for estimation of effective thermal conductivity of two –phase materials, Heat Mass Transfer, 46, 1379–1394 (2010) @No
<#LINE#>Hexagonal Geometrical Inclusion to Estimate Effective Thermal Conductivity (ETC) of Porous System and Suspension system Including the Effect of Natural Convection<#LINE#>B.@Selvakumar,PrabhuRaja@V.,NandhaKumar@R.,A.P.@SenthilKumar,Vignesh@M.S.,VivekSharma@G.R.,P.@Karthikeyan<#LINE#>33-39<#LINE#>05.ISCA-RJCS-2011-_009.pdf<#LINE#>Department of Mechanical Engineering PSG College of Technology, Coimbatore, INDIA @ Department of Automobile Engineering PSG College of Technology, Coimbatore, INDIA <#LINE#>20/10/2011<#LINE#>26/11/2011<#LINE#>In this present work, a numerical model of hexagonal geometrical inclusion is developed to estimate the Effective Thermal Conductivity (ETC) of the two-phase materials taking the natural convection into account.   A 2-D Constant Cross Section of unit cell model is analyzed with 1-D and 2-D heat transfer using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) software. Numerical analysis has been carried out by considering primary effects (Conductivity ratio, concentration) and secondary effects (natural convection) to estimate ETC of two phase materials. The developed hexagonal geometrical model also shows excellent agreement with the available experimental and analytical data.  <#LINE#> @ @ Hsu, C.T., P. Cheng, and K.W. Wong, A lumped parameter model for stagnant thermal conductivity of spatially periodic porous media, ASME J. of Heat Transfer, 117, 264-269 (1995) @No $ @ @ Maxwell, J.C., A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism, Clarendon Press, Oxford, UK, 365 (1873) @No $ @ @ Wiener, O. Lamellare doppelbrechung, Phys. Z., , 332-338 (1904) @No $ @ @ Zehner, P. and E.U. Schlunder, On the effective heat conductivity in packed beds with flowing fluid at medium and high temperatures, Chem. Eng. 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[Great Britain] AERE RIR, 2578–2584 (1958) @No $ @ @ Lees CH, On the thermal conductivity of single and mixed solids and liquids and their variation with temperature, Proc R Six Land, A191:339 (1898) @No $ @ @ Knudsen JG, Wand RH, Thermal conductivity of liquid– liquid emulsions, Ind. Eng. Chem., 50, 1667–1675 (1958) @No
<#LINE#>Electron Density Measurement in an Active Region observed By Extreme Ultraviolet Imaging Spectrometer (EIS) on Hinode<#LINE#>Pradeep@Kumar,Bhupendra@Singh,Anil@Kumar<#LINE#>40-45<#LINE#>06.ISCA-RJCS-2011-_012.pdf<#LINE#> Department of Physics, K G K (P G) College, Moradabad 244 001, Uttar Pradesh, INDIA @ Department of Physics, Hindu College, Moradabad 244 001, Uttar Pradesh, INDIA<#LINE#>30/9/2011<#LINE#>12/12/2011<#LINE#> Active regions are the brightest features seen on the Sun’s surface when observing in ultra-violet and X-rays. They are the structures of complex magnetic topology and most of the high energy explosions such as flares and coronal mass ejections (CMEs) originate from active regions. The Extreme-ultraviolet Imaging Spectrometer (EIS) on board Hinode provides an excellent opportunity to study the physical plasma parameters in spatially resolved coronal structures. Using spectral observations performed over an active region on February 07, 2007 with the EIS spectrometer on Hinode, we study the density structure at different temperatures. To analyze the density structure we compare density ratios of a series of iron lines Fe XII 186.88 Å , Fe XII 195.12 Å, Fe XIII 202.04 Å, Fe XIII 203.82 Å, Fe XIV 264.79 Å and Fe XIV 274.20 Å observed by the Hinode/EUV Imaging Spectrometer (EIS). We found that the electron density in the observed active region (AR 10940) varies from 10-1012 cm-3 and is highest in the core of this active region.   <#LINE#> @ @ Culhane J.L. et al., The EUV Imaging Spectrometer for Hinode, Solar Phys., 243, 19-43 (2007) @No $ @ @ Korendyke C.M., Brown C.M. and Thomas R.J. et al., Optics and mechanisms for the Extreme-Ultraviolet Imaging Spectrometer on the Solar-B satellite, Appl. Optics, 45, 8674-8688 (2006) @No $ @ @ Dere K.P. and  Mason H.E., In Solar Active Regions, ed., F. Q. Orrall (1981) @No $ @ @ Flower D.R., Excitation of the Fe XII spectrum in the solar corona, Astron. Astrophys.,54, 163-166 (1977) @No $ @ @ Feldman U., Doschek G.A. and Cohen L., Lines of Fe XII sensitive to coronal electron density, Astrophysical J., 273, 822-828 (1983) @No $ @ @ Del Zanna G. and Mason H.E., Benchmarking atomic data for astrophysics: Fe XII, Astron. Astrophys.,433, 731-744 (2005) @No $ @ @ Del Zanna G., Benchmarking atomic data for astrophysics: Fe XIII EUV lines, Astron. Astrophys.,533, A11 (2011) @No $ @ @ Tripathi D., Bothmer V. and Cremades H., The basic characteristics of EUV post-eruptive arcades and their role as tracers of coronal mass ejection source regions, Astron. Astrophys., 422, 337-349 (2004) @No $ @ @ Mason H.E. Landi E., Pike C.D. and Young P.R., Electron density and temperature structure of two limb active regions observed by SOHO-CDS, Solar Phys., 189, 129-146 (1999) @No $ @ @ Young P.R., Del Zanna G., Mason H.E., Doschek G.A.,Culhane L. and Hara H., Solar Transition Region FeaturesObserved with Hinode/EIS, Publ. Astron. Soc. Japan,59, S727–S733 (2007) @No $ @ @ Young P.R. Watanabe T. Hara H. and Mariska J.T., High-precision density measurements in the solar corona-I. Analysis methods and results for Fe XII and Fe XIII, Astron. Astrophys., 495, 587-606 (2009) @No $ @ @ Dere K.P., Landi E., Mason H.E.,  Monsignori-Fossi B. C. and Young P.R., CHIANTI - an atomic database for emission lines I. Wavelengths greater than 50 Å, Astron. and Astrophys. Supp.,125, 149-173 (1997) @No $ @ @ Landi E., Del Zanna G., Young P.R., Dere K.P., Mason H.E. and Landini M., CHIANTI—an atomic database for emission lines. VII. New data for x-rays and other improvements, 2006, Astrophysical J. Suppl., 162, 261-280 (2006) @No $ @ @ Dere K.P., Landi E., Young P.R., Del Zanna G., Landini M. and Mason M.E., CHIANTI – an atomic data base for emission lines IX, Ionization rates, recombination rates, ionization equilibria for the elements hydrogen through zinc and updated atomic data, Astron. Astrophys., 498, 915–929 (2009) @No $ @ @ Tripathi D.  Mason H.E. Young P.R. and Del Zanna G., Density structure of an active region and associated moss using Hinode/EIS, Astron. Astrophys., 481, L53–L56 (2008) @No
<#LINE#>Optical Analysis of Chemical bath Fabricated Cuo Thin Films<#LINE#>I.A.@Ezenwa<#LINE#>46-50<#LINE#>07.ISCA-RJCS-2011-_013.pdf<#LINE#> Department of Industrial Physics, Anambra State University Uli, NIGERIA <#LINE#>7/12/2011<#LINE#>28/12/2011<#LINE#> Copper oxide CuO thin films were deposited on glass substrates using chemical bath deposition technique. The films’ growth was based on the decomposition of cupric sulphate in the presence of sodium hydroxide with EDTA disodium salt (CHN( CHCOOH)CHCOONa)2HO) acting as complexing agent. Optical and morphological investigations were also performed. The films were found to have strong absorption of approximately 0.87 at wavelength range of 300-320nm. The optical absorbance generally reduced with increase in wavelength. The optical band gap of the deposited film was found to be 1.7eV.  <#LINE#> @ @ Lu H.C., Chu C.L., Lai C.Y., Wang Y.H., Thin Solid Films, 517,  4408 (2009) @No $ @ @ Muhibbullah M., Hakim M.O., Choudhury M.G.M., Thin Solid Films, 423, 103 (2003) @No $ @ @ Ortiz J.R., Ogura T., Medina-Valtierra J., Acosta-Ortiz S.E., Bosh P., A. de las Reyes, Lara. V.H., Appl. Surf. Sci., 174, 177 (2001) @No $ @ @ Kharas K.C.C., Appl. Catal., B Environ., 2, 207 (1993) @No $ @ @ Vasiliev R.B., M.N. Rumyantseva, N.V. Yakovlev, A.M. Gaskov, Sens. Actuators, B, Chem. 50, 186, (1998) @No $ @ @ Nakamura Y., Zhuang H., Kishimoto A., Okada O., Yanagida H.. J. Electrochem. Soc. 145, 632, (1998) @No $ @ @ Kim D.W., Park B., Chung J.H., Hong K.S., Jpn. J. Appl. Phys.39, 2696, (2000) @No $ @ @ Chaudhary Y.S., Agrawal A., Shrivastav R., SatsangiV.R., Dass S.m Int. J. Hydrogen Energy29, 131, (2004) @No $ @ @ Yoon K.H., Choi W.J., Kang D.H., Thin Solid Films, 372, 250, (2000) @No $ @ @ Nova´ P., Electrochim. Acta 30, 1687, (1985) @No $ @ @ Nova´k, P., Electrochim. Acta 31, 1167, (1986) @No $ @ @ Liao L., Zhang Z., Yan B., Zheng Z., Bao Q.L., TWu, CMLi, Shen Z.X., Zhang J.X., Gong H., Li J.C. and Yu T., Multifunctional CuO Nanowire Devices: p-type Field Effect Transistors and CO Gas Sensors. Nanotechnology, 20, 085203, p.6., (2009) @No $ @ @ Markworth, P. R., Liu, X., Dai, J. Y., Fan, W., Marks, T. J., Chang, R. P. H.  J. Mater. Res., 16, 2408, (2001) @No $ @ @ Golden, T. D., Shumsky, M. G.; Zhou, U., Vander Werf, R.A., Van Leeuwen, R. A. and  Switzer, J. A. Chem. Mater., , 2499, (1996) @No $ @ @ Özer, N. and  Tepehan, F. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 30, 13, (1993) @No $ @ @ Ray, S.C. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells, 68, 307, (2001) @No $ @ @ Kosugi, T.; Kaneko, S. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 81, 3117, (2004) @No $ @ @ Chen, A., Long, H., Li, X., Li, Y.,  Yang, G. and Lu, P. Vacuum, 83, 927, (2009) @No $ @ @ Ma, X., Wang, G., Yukimura, K., Sun, M. Surf. Coat. Technol., 201, 6712, (2007) @No $ @ @ Theye M., Thin Film Technology and Application in Optical Properties of Thin Films, K. L. Chopra and L. K. Malhota (eds) , Tata McGraw-Hill, New Delhi,  p.163.C. Ndukwe (1996) @No $ @ @  Sol. Ener. Mater. and Sol. Cells, vol. 40, p.123, (1985) @No $ @ @ Ndukwe I.C., Sol. Ener. Mater. and Sol. Cells, vol. 40, p.123, (1996) @No $ @ @ Pankove J.I., Optical Processes in Semiconductors, Prentice-Hall, New York, (1971) @No $ @ @ Marabelli F., Parravicini G.B., Salghetti-Drioli F., Phys. Rev. B 52, 1433, (1995) @No $ @ @ Kazuyuki Toyoda, Junji Sasano, Toshihide Takenaka, Izaki Masanobu, Mitsuteru InouePreparation of 1.45-eV-Bandgap CuO Thin-films by Solution Electrochemical Reaction J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys, 40, 3326 (2007) @No $ @ @ Partha Mitra. Preparation of Copper Oxide thin Films by SILAR and their Characterization,Journal of Physical Sciences, Vol. 14, 235-240, (2010) @No
<#LINE#>OSMO-Convective Drying of Onion Slices<#LINE#>M.M.@Patil,S.B.@Kalse,S.K.@Jain<#LINE#>51-59<#LINE#>08.ISCA-RJCS-2011-_015.pdf<#LINE#>  Dept. of Processing and food Eng., College of Technology and Eng. Maharana Pratap Uni. of Agriculture and Tech. Udaipur, INDIA <#LINE#>2/9/2011<#LINE#> <#LINE#> The present study is carried out to standardize the pretreatment of onion slices and study drying characteristics during convective drying. The effect of process parameters during osmotic dehydration such as osmosis, concentration and temperature of syrup on mass reduction, water loss and salt gain increased with increase of syrup concentration and temperature. The water loss and solid gain during osmosis at 5, 12.5 and 20 \rBrix was varied in the range of 15.88 to 25.65 and 6.63 to 10.15 per cent at 35, 45 and 55\r C temperatures respectively. The drying temperature and pretreatment as osmotic dehydration had a significant effect on the rehydration ratio and colour. The drying times of un-osmoses and osmoses onion slices by convective drying at 40 and 60 per cent drying temperature were 12, 10 and 8 and 6 hrs respectively. Quality of dried product in respect to colour and rehydration was superior. The osmo-convective dehydrated samples were found more acceptable than convective dried ones. The onion dried at 20\rC brix solution concentration, 55\rC osmosis temperature and 70°C drying temperature was more acceptable on the basis of colour and rehydration.    <#LINE#> @ @ Baroni A.F. and M. B. Hubinger, Drying of onion: Effects of pretreatment on moisture transport. Drying technology 16, 9,10, (1998) @No $ @ @ Jain S.K., R.C. Verma, L. K.  Murdia and P. K.  Dashara, Mass transfer and drying characteristics of osmotically dehydrated papaya cubes followed by Airdrying, National convention held at hyderabad in 2004-2005, (2004) @No $ @ @ Jannot Y., T. Andre, J. Rodolphe, and J. Nganhou, Modelling of banana convective dring by the drying characteristic curve (DCC) method. Drying technology 22(8), 1949-1968, (2004) @No $ @ @ Krokida, MK., Karathanos VT. and Maroulis ZB, Effect of osmotic dehydration on colour and sorption characteristics of apple and banana. Drying Technology, 18(4&5), 937:50, (2000) @No $ @ @  Pavasovic, V.,Stefanovic, M., and Stefanovic, R. Osmotic dehydration of fruit. : Drying 86. Ed. Mujumdar, A.S. Hemishpere Publ.CO., New York, Vol., 76, 1986. 6.Rahman M. S. and Jack Lamb, Osmotic dehydration, Drying technology, 19(6): 1163-1176, (1990) @No $ @ @ Ranganna S., Handbook  of analysis and quality control for fruits and vegetable produce, Tata mcgraw hill publishing co-operation limited; New Delhi, (2000) @No $ @ @   Brooker D. B., F. W. Bakker and C. W. Hall, Drying and storage of grains and oil seeds, The AVI publishing company, Inc. west port, Connecticut: 56-71, (1974) @No
<#LINE#>Turbocharging and Oil Techniques in Light Motor Vehicles<#LINE#>Sunil@Pathak<#LINE#>60-65<#LINE#>09.ISCA-RJCS-2011-_018.pdf<#LINE#>Swami Vivekanand College of Engineering Indore, MP, INDIA <#LINE#>22/9/2011<#LINE#>25/11/2011<#LINE#> Earlier the use of turbo charging in two wheelers is not possible this is possible only in heavy engines but now days with the use of technology and high grade machineries the turbochargers can be used in two wheelers with increased power and volumetric efficiency. This article reviews a Range of energy efficiency measures in the transportation Sector and assesses their Potentials for improving fuel efficiency. The primary Focus is on light-duty vehicles because they represent. The largest portion of world transport energy use and Carbon di oxide emissions; freight trucks, a rapidly Expanding source of greenhouse emissions, are also Discussed. Increasing energy efficiency can be achieved by improving the design and technology Used in new vehicles, but vehicle technology is only one component of fleet fuel economy. Measures that Create strong incentives for customers to take energy efficiency into consideration when buying and operating their vehicles will be crucial to policy success. <#LINE#> @ @ Baines, Nicholas C., Fundamentals of Turbo charging.  Concepts ETI. ISBN 0-933283-14-8, (2005) @No $ @ @ History of the Supercharger, http:// www.calaisturbo.org/history-of-the-supercharger.php, retrieved 06-30(2011)   @No $ @ @  The turbocharger turns 100 years old this week". Gizmag.com. http://www.gizmag.com/go/4848/. Retrieved, 08-02 (2010) @No $ @ @ GM/LBST., "Well-to-Wheel Analysis of Energy Use and Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Advanced Fuel/Vehicle Systems—a European Study", (2002) @No $ @ @ The Turbo supercharger and the Airplane Power plant. http://rwebs.net/avhistory/opsman/geturbo/geturbo.htm. @No $ @ @  "Gallery".Picturegallery.imeche.org.http://picturegallery.imeche.org/ViewLarger.aspx?PID=422&RAID=30. Retrieved 04-09 (2011) @No $ @ @   Parkhurst, Terry. "Turbochargers: an interview with Garrett’s MartinVerschoor".Allpar, LLC.http:// www.acarplace.com/ cars /turbochargers. html. Retrieved 12 December (2006) @No $ @ @  "Turbocharger-Kit Wastegate and Blow-off Valves". Turbochargerkit.comhttp:// www.turbochargekit.com /wastegateandb lowoff.html. Retrieved 08-02 (2010) @No $ @ @  Heywood, J. B., & Weiss, M. A. (2003) @No $ @ @  The Performance of Future ICE and Fuel Cell Powered Vehicles and Their Potential Fleet Impact. LFEE2003004. MIT (2003) @No $ @ @   IEA.. CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion 1971-2004. Paris: IEA (2006) @No
@Short Communication
<#LINE#>Biomass of Fish Species in the Shadegan Wetland, IRAN<#LINE#>SeyedAhmadReza@Hashemi,Eskandary @Gholamreza,Ansary@Hoshang<#LINE#>66-68<#LINE#>10.ISCA-RJCS-2011-_001.pdf<#LINE#>South of Iran aquaculture fishery research center, Ahwaz, IRAN  <#LINE#>20/9/2011<#LINE#>21/10/2011<#LINE#> Biomass assessment and production of fish species was carried out from April 2010 to March 2011 in the Shadegan wetland. Samples were collected From five stations, Mahshar, Rogbe, Khorosy, Salmane and Ateish, in the Shadegan wetland in Khuzestan Provinces (Iran). More than 3900 specimen fish were measured during the study and depletion method was used for fish stock assessment. Maximum and minimum fish biomass (species) and fish production (species) were Silurs triostegus, Barbus pectoralisand Barbus luteus, Barbus pectoralis respectively. Maximum and minimum biomass (season) measurements were in Spring (380.40 kg/ha/year) and winter (58.41 kg/ha/year) respectively. Fish production and biomass in wetland Shadegan were estimated 137 (kg/ha/year) and 244 (kg/ha/year) respectively. <#LINE#> @ @   UNNEP. The Mesopotamian Marshlands: Demise of an ecosystem, early warning and assessment report, UNEP/DEWA/TR.01-3 Rev.1, Division of Early Warning and Assessment, Nations Environmental Program, Nairobi, Kenya (2001) @No $ @ @  Mitsch W.J. and Gosselink J.G., The value of wetlands: Importance of scale and landscape setting, Ecological Economics,35(1), 25-35 (2000) @No $ @ @  Lotfi A., Ghafari H., Behrozirad B., Savari A. and Kawosi K., Human activity and their affect in shadegan Wetland, Conselor Engining publisher (2003) @No $ @ @  Maramazi Gh., Fish stock assessment in Shadegan Wetland, South of Iran Aquaculture Fishery Research Center, Ahwaz, Iran, 57p (1997) @No $ @ @   Ansari H. and Mohammadi G.H. Capture fishing status in shadegan Wetland. South of Iran Aquaculture Fishery Research Center, Ahwaz, Iran, 60p (2001) @No $ @ @   Hashemi S.A.R., Eskandari G.H.  and  Ansari H., Survey fishing status and Biomass fish in Shadegan Wetland. Wetland Journal, Islamic Azad University (Ahwaz branch), 1(4), 3-9 (2010) @No $ @ @  Hashemi S. A. R., Eskandary G.H. and Ansari H., Stock Assessment and Production of Fish Species in the Shadegan Wetland, Iran; World Journal of Fish and Marine Sciences 3(6), 502-508 (2011) @No $ @ @  King M., Fisheries Biology & Assessment and Management Fishing News Press, 340 (2007) @No $ @ @  Downing J.A. and Plante C., Production of fish population in lakes, Can. J. ish. Aquat. Sci., 50,110-120 (1993) @No $ @ @  Kholfenilsaz M., Survey frequency and diversity planktonic in shadegan Wetland. Scientific Journal of Marine Biology, Islamic Azad University Ahwaz Branch, 1(1), 1-12 (2009) @No $ @ @  Ansari H., Fishing status in shadegan Wetland. South of Iran Aquaculture Fishery Research Center, Ahwaz, Iran, 85 (2003) @No $ @ @  Welcomme R., Inland fisheries ecology and management, Food and Agriculture Organization and Fishing News Books, Blackwell Science Ltd. 345 (2001) @No $ @ @  Welcomme R., Review of the present state of knowledge of fish stock and fisheries of Africa river In D.P Dodge (ed.) proceeding of the international large River Symposium, Canadian Special publication of Fisheries and Aquatic Science, 106 515-532 (1989) @No $ @ @   Jenning S., Kasier M. and Reynold J., Marine Fisheries Ecology Black well Science, 391 (2000) @No $ @ @  Beveridge M.c.M., Cage and pen fish farming, Carrying capacity models and environmental impact, FAO Fisheries Technical Paper, 225 (1996) @No $ @ @  Dugan P., Investig in Africa the world fish centers African strategy in summary In M.J Williams (ed.) NAGA World fish Center Quarterly, 26(3), 4-7 (2003) @No $ @ @  Ita E.O., Inland fishery resources of Nigeria, CIFA Occasional papers No.20, Food and Agriculture of the United Nations (FAO) Rome, 120 (1993) @No $ @ @  Welcomme R., Inland Fisheries Ecology and Management Food and Agriculture Organization of United Nation by Black wall Science, 345 (2001) @No
<#LINE#>Significance of Blood Cellular lxr-a Gene Aberration in Coronary Heart Disease Subjects<#LINE#>V.P.@Dave,D.@Kaul,Y.P.@Sharma<#LINE#>69-72<#LINE#>11.ISCA-RJCS-2011-_002.pdf<#LINE#>Dept. of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, P. G. Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, INDIA  @ Dept. of Cardiology, P. G. Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, INDIA <#LINE#>22/9/2011<#LINE#>25/11/2011<#LINE#> Keeping in view our previous finding that unambiguously revealed a significant positive correlation between the expression of mutated Liver X Receptor (LXR)- gene and the extent of coronary heart disease (CHD), the present study was addressed to explore whether or not this observed blood cellular LXR- gene aberration is pathognomonic feature of CHD. To detect previously reported blood cellular LXR- gene aberration restriction digestion was performed with TaaI endonuclease in the LXR- ligand binding domain derived from the cDNA library of peripheral blood mononuclear cells isolated from different unrelated inflammatory disease group (Rheumatic heart disease, Diabetes, Psoriasis and Tuberculosis ) including coronary heart disease. Inheritance of reported blood cellular LXR- gene aberration was also checked in a family having a higher risk of CHD.Results of our study revealed that LXR- gene aberration was not only selectively and specifically observed in the blood mononuclear cells derived from CHD patients but also showed a nonmendelian epigenetic inheritance in a family having higher risk of CHD. Based upon these results we propose that blood cellular LXR- gene aberration may have the potential to act as a noninvasive marker for the early diagnosis of subjects that are at high risk of development of CHD. <#LINE#> @ @   Marenberg M.E., Risch N., Berkman L.F. et al., Genetic susceptibility to death from coronary heart disease in a study of twins. N. Engl. J. Med.,(330), 1041–1046 (1994) @No $ @ @   Lusis A.J., Fogelman A.M., Fonarow G.C., Genetic basis of atherosclerosis: part I: new genes and pathways, Circulation, (110), 1868–1873 (2004) @No $ @ @   Kutuk O. and Basaga H., Inammation meets oxidation: NF-kB as a mediator of initial lesion development in atherosclerosis, Trends. Mol. Med., (9), 549–557 (2003) @No $ @ @   Ross R., Atherosclerosis: an inammatory disease, N. Engl. J. Med.,(340), 115–126 (1999) @No $ @ @   Joseph S.B., Castrillo A., Laftte B.A., Mangelsdorf D.J., Tontonoz P., Reciprocal regulation of inammation and lipid metabolism by liver X receptors, Nat. Med.(9), 213–219 (2003) @No $ @ @   Tontonoz P. and Mangelsdorf D.J., Liver X receptor signaling pathways in cardiovascular disease, Mol. Endocrinol., (17), 985–993 (2003) @No $ @ @   Dave V.P., Kaul D., Sharma Y.P., Bhattacharya R., Functional genomics of blood cellular LXR- gene in human coronary heart disease, J. Mol. Cellu. Cardiol., (46), 536–544 (2009) @No $ @ @  Boyum A., Ficoll-Hypaque method for separating mononuclear cells and granulaocytes from human blood, Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest.,(779), 57–62 (1968) @No $ @ @   Chomczynski P. and Sacchi N., Single step method of RNA isolation by acid guanidium thiocynate phenol chloroform extraction, Anal. Biochem.,(162), 156–159 (1987) @No
<#LINE#>Influence of Internal Waves on Underwater Acoustic Propagation<#LINE#>Farshid@Hemmati<#LINE#>73-76<#LINE#>12.ISCA-RJCS-2011-_003.pdf<#LINE#> Shoushtar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shoushtar, IRAN <#LINE#>28/9/2011<#LINE#>28/12/2011<#LINE#> The harmonic excitation is taken imperfect, i.e., with a random phase modulation due to Gaussian white noise, accounting for both chaotic and stochastic behavior. Simulated turbulence is represented using the potential theory line vortex approach. Simulations are conducted for long range propagation, 1000km, containing internal wave fields with added deterministic effects and are compared to those fields with non-deterministic properties. These results show that long range acoustic propagation has a very strong dependence on the intensity of deterministic fluctuations. Numerical analysis for short range propagation, 10km, was constructed for sound passage through the following perturbation scenarios: simulated turbulence, an internal wave field, and a field of internal waves and simulated turbulence combined.  <#LINE#> @ @ Simmon J. and Flatte S., Near-caustic behavior in a 270-km acoustical experiment Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 105(6-1), 323-3244 (1999) @No $ @ @ Smith K., Brown M. and Tappert F., Acoustic ray chaos induced by mesoscale ocean structure Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 91 (4-1), 1950-1959(1992) @No $ @ @ Colosi J., Flatte S. and Bracher, C., Internal wave effects on 1000-km oceanic acoustic pulse propagation Simulation and comparison with experiment Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 96(1), 452-468 (1994) @No $ @ @ Zaslavsky G. and Abullaev S. Chaotic Transmission of waves and "cooling" of signals, Chaos, 7(1), 182-186 (1997) @No $ @ @ Simmen J., Flatte S., and Wang G., Wave front folding, chaos, and diffraction for sound propagation through ocean internal waves Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 102(1), 235-255(1997) @No $ @ @ Wiercigroch M., Badiey M., Simmen J. and Cheng A., Non-Linear Dynamics of Underwater Acoustics, Journal of Sound and Vibration, 220(5), 771-786 (1999) @No $ @ @ Munk W., Sound Channel in an exponentially stratified ocean, with application to SOFAR Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 55(2), 220-226 (1974) @No $ @ @ Brown, M. and Viechnicki J., Stochastic ray theory for long-range sound propagation in deep ocean environments Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 104(4), 2090-2104 (1998) @No $ @ @ Brekhovskikh L., Fundamentals of Ocean Acoustics (G. Ecker, Ed.) Berlin, Germany Springer-Verlag (1982) @No
<#LINE#>Simulation of Perturbation in the PG<#LINE#>Zangeneh@Mojtaba<#LINE#>77-80<#LINE#>13.ISCA-RJCS-2011-_004(1).pdf<#LINE#> Islamic Azad University, Shoushtar, IRAN <#LINE#>28/9/2011<#LINE#>28/12/2011<#LINE#> The upper most layers of the Persian Gulf (PG) as a pert of suface waters, along with the lower atmospheric boundary layer, play a crucial role in the air-sea fluxes of momentum, heat, and mass, thereby providing important boundary conditions for both the atmosphere and the surface waters that control the evolution of weather and climate. The principal internal feature of the thermocline is a series of thin, laminar-flow sheets of high static stability, separated by weakly turbulent layers of only moderate density gradient and a few metres thick. In this paper, the authors present evidence of a clear coupling between thermocline and turbulence in northern part of the PG. Turbulence kinetic energy increasing will be resulted from winter to summer due to thermocline development in northern part of the PG.<#LINE#> @ @ Businger J.A.   Wungaard J.C.  Izumi Y. and  Bradley E.F.,   Flux-profile   relationships in the atmospheric surface layer Journal Atmospheric Science, 28:181-189 (1971) @No $ @ @ Edson J. B. and Fairall C.W., Similarity relationships in the marine surface layer Atmos Se, 55:2311-2328 (1998) @No $ @ @ Edson J. B., Zappa C.J., Ware J.A., McGillis W.R. and Hare, J.E., Scalar flux profile relationships over the open ocean, Geophys Res, 109, C08S09, doi:10.1029/2003JC001960 (2004) @No $ @ @ Hodges B.R., Modeling the Hydrodynamics, Hydronformatics 2000 conference, 14p (2000) @No $ @ @ Kitaigorodskii S.A., Review of the Theories of WindMixed Layer Deepening, Institute of Oceanography press, Moscow, 26p (1997) @No $ @ @ Ludlam,  F. H.,    Characteristics of billow clouds and their relation to clear-air turbulence. Q. J. Soy. Meteor. Soc. 93, 419 (1967) @No $ @ @ Mellor, G.L. and Yamada T., Development of a Turbulence Closure Model for Geophysical Fluid Problems, J. of Review of Geophysics and Space physics, Vol. 20, No. 1, pp.851-875 (1982) @No $ @ @ Privett, D.W., Monthly Charts of evaporation from the N. Indian Ocean(including the red Sea and the PG), National institute of Oceanography, Surrey, 5p (1959) @No $ @ @  Sullivan P.P. and Me Williams J.C. Turbulent flow over water waves in the presence of stratification Phys. Fluids, 14: 1182-1195 (2002) @No $ @ @ Swift A. S. and Bower A. S., Formation and circulation of dense water in the PG. J. of  Geophys. Res., Woods  Hole Oceanographic Institution 108,  45 pp (2003) @No $ @ @ Veron E., Melville W. K., and Lenain L., Wave coherent heat flux. Phys.  Oceanogr In Press (2008) @No $ @ @ Woods  J. D., An investigation of some physical processes associated with the vertical flow of heat through the upper ocean. Met. Mag.   97, 65-72 (1968) @No $ @ @ WoodsJ. D. and Fosberry G. G., The structure of the summer thermocline, in Underwater Association Report 1966-67 (London), pp. 5-18 (1967) @No
<#LINE#>Distribution of Selected Trace Metal in Fish Parts from the River Nigeria<#LINE#>G.E.@Nwajei,G.E.@Obi-Iyeke,P.@Okwagi<#LINE#>81-84<#LINE#>14.ISCA-RJCS-2011-_011.pdf<#LINE#>  Department of Chemistry, Delta State University, Abraka, Delta State, NIGERIA @ Department of Botany, Delta State University, Abraka, Delta State, NIGERIA @ Department of Chemistry, College of Education, Agbor. Delta state, NIGERIA <#LINE#>04/9/2011<#LINE#>2/12/2011<#LINE#> Three species of fish namely Chryschthys nigrodigitatus, Clarius anguillaris and Tilapia zilli obtained from the River Niger investigated to ascertain the extent of trace metal pollution. The fishes were cut into three parts namely, the gills, muscles and tails and were analysed for trace metals such as manganese, lead, cadmium, chromium, nickel and copper using the atomic absorption spectrophotometer of model pye unican SP 2900 Australia. The results obtained revealed that all the aforementioned trace metals were all detected and there were variations in the concentrations of metals in various fish parts analysed. There were evidence of bioaccumulation of metals in fishes indicating that they were highly polluted since the values exceeded the WHO set standard for fishes. A look at the mean results further indicated that the gills accumulate more metals than those of the muscles and tails. Also Tilapia zilli was observed to accumulate the highest trace metal levels than others in this study. Manganese had the highest concentrations when compared with other metals. The fishes studied can be used as indicators for environmental pollutions monitoring programme in Nigerian Rivers. <#LINE#> @ @  De Hayes D.H., Schaberg P.G and Strimbeck G.R., Red Spruce Hardiness and Freezing injury susceptibility In:F. Bigras ed. Conifer Cold  Hardiness, Kluwer academic Publishers (2001) @No $ @ @    Agbozu L.E Opuene, K and Iwegbue C.M.A, Temporal Trends of  Heavy Metals in Shrimps(Macrobrachium Macrobrachion) from a   Non-Tidal Fresh Water Ecosystem, Journal of Chemical Society of Nigeria,  34(2), 101-105 (2009) @No $ @ @  Egereonu U.U and Ozuzu C.I .U.,  Physicochemical Analysis of the  River Niger at Onitisha Bank, Nigeria,   Journal of Chemical society of    Nigeria,30(2), 197-203 (2005) @No $ @ @  Ihenyen A.O. and Aghimien A.E , A study of trace metal levels in Warri   soil and vegetations, Southern Nigeria, African Journal of Environmental  Pollution and Health, ,72-82 (2002) @No $ @ @  Nwajei G.E., Iwegbue C.M.A. and Okafor M.I., Heavy Metals in Surface soils under waste Dumps from Onitsha Nigeria, Journal of Biological Science, 7(2),405-408 (2007) @No $ @ @  Iwegbue, C.M.A Nwajei, G.E. and Arimoro F.O., Assessment of  Contamination  by Heavy Metals in Sediments of Ase River,  Niger Delta,  Nigeria, Research Journal of Environmental Sciences, 1(5),   220-228 (2007) @No $ @ @  Sundaramanickam, A. Sivakumar, T. Kumaran, R. Ammaiappan, V. and Velappan,  R., A comparative study of Physicochemical  Investigation   along Parangipettai and Cuddalore Coast, Journal of Environmental Science and  Technology,1(1), 1-10, (2008) @No $ @ @  Nwajei, G.E,  Trace Metals distribution in synodontis membraneceus, Sediments, Asystasia gangetica  and  platostoma Africana from  Ofuafor  River around Delta Glass factory in Ughelli North Local  Government Area, Delta State Nigerian, Journal of  Environmental Sciences, 14(1), 79-82 (2002) @No $ @ @  Iwegbue C.A., Nwajei G.E. and Eguavoen I.O., Distribution of cadmium, chromium, iron, lead and mercury in water, fish and aquatic plants   from Ewulu River, Nigeria, Advances in Natural and Applied Sciences Research,2(1), 72-82 (2004) @No $ @ @  Eisler R., Cadmium Hazards to fish, Wildlife and Invertebrates: a synoptic review, U.S fish and Wildlife Service, Biol. Rep., 85(1,2)(1995) @No $ @ @  Okafor E.C. and Nwajei G.E., Heavy Metals in water and fish (synodotis membranaceus) from Ora and Ebe Rivers in the Vicinity of Nigerian Cement  factory, Nkalagu Biosciences and Biotechnology Research Asia 4(1), 185-192 (2007) @No $ @ @  Nwajei G.E.,  Assessment of water quality parameters in Ebe and Ora  Rivers    around the Vicinity of the Nigerian Cement Factory Nkalagu, Current World Environment,2(1), 7-16 (2007) @No $ @ @  Ney J.I., and Van-Hussel J.H., sources of variability in Accumulation of   Heavy Metals by fishes in a Road side stream,  Arch.  Environ.   Contam. Toxicol.,12,701-706 (1983) @No $ @ @  Usero J., Ganxales-Reyalado E. and Garcia 1., Trace metals in the  Bivalve  mollusca Chemelea gallina fromAtlantic Coast of Southern Spain,  Marine  Pollution Bulletin,3(3), 305-310 (1996) @No $ @ @   WHO Health criteria other supporting information, In: Guidelines for Drinking water Quality, 2(2), 31-38 (1996) @No $ @ @  Nwajei G.E., and Oroveuje J.U., Assessment of Heavy Metals in Clarins Buthpopgon parts and Nymphaea letus in River Niger, Delta State of  Nigeria, Pakistan Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research,45(6), 333-337 (2001) @No $ @ @  Nwajei  G.E.,  Trace meters concentration in fishes from Iyede-Ame River in Isoko, Delta State, Nigerian Journal of Science and Environment, 9, 30-35 (2010) @No $ @ @  Ashraf M .Taria J. and Jaffar, M., contents of Trace metals in fish sediments and water from freshwater reservoir on the Indus, River, Pakistan,  fish Res., , 355 -364 (1991) @No $ @ @  Kargin F., Metal concentration in tissues of the freshwater fish capoeta barroisis from the seyhan River  (Turkey) Bull,  Environ. Contamin. Toxicol., 60,822 -828 (1998) @No $ @ @   Agbozu L.E., Opuene K. and Iwegbue C.M.A., Temporal Trends of  Heavy metals in Shrimps (Macrobrachium  Macrobrachion) from a Non-Tidal   Freshwater  Ecosystem, Journal of Chemical Society of Nigeria, 34 (2) 101-105 (2010) @No
<#LINE#>Regioselective Synthesis of ? -Butenoildes Mediated by Silvertrifluroacetate with ?-Halo Acetals<#LINE#>Makama@BelloY.<#LINE#>85-88<#LINE#>15.ISCA-RJCS-2011-_014.pdf<#LINE#>Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science & Science Education, Kano University of Science & Technology, Wudil, Kano State, NIGERIA <#LINE#>13/12/2011<#LINE#>23/12/2011<#LINE#> -Butenoildes were prepared by 1,4 addition of -halo acetals with 2-(tert-butyldimethylsiloxy)-3-methylfuranone mediated by silvertrifluroacetate in one step with high regioselectivity The structures of these products were determined using H NMR, 13C NMR, Mass spect. and IR analysis <#LINE#> @ @   Ishibashi, M.; Kimihoro, M.; Li, Y. S., Ohizumi, Y. Littoralisone, A Novel Neuritogenic Iridolactone Having an Unprecedented Heptacyclic Skeleton Including Four- and Nine-Membered Rings Consisting of Glucose from Verbena littoralis, Journal of Organic Chemistry, 66, 2165 (2001) @No $ @ @   Macmillan, D. W. C. & Mangion, I. K. Total Synthesis of Brasoside and Littoralisone, Journal of  the   American Chemical Society, 127, 3697 (2005) @No $ @ @   Makama, B. Y. (2010) @No $ @ @ Synthesis of an enantioenriched tricyclci iridolactone core in Brasoside, Science World Journal, , 15 (2010) @No $ @ @   Larson, G. L. ; Klesse, R. An Improved Synthesis of the Ethylene Acetal of 3-Iodopropanal and The Ethylene Ketal of 4-Iodo-2-butanone, J. Org. Chem., 50, 3627 (1985) @No $ @ @   Oku, A.,  Kinugasa, M.,  Kamada, T. Deprotection of Acetals and Silyl Ethers by DDQ. Is DDQ a Neutral Catalyst, Chem. Lett.,22,165 (1993) @No $ @ @ Tanemura, K., Suzuki, T.,  Horaguchi, T. 2,3-Dichloro-5,6-dicyano--benzoquinone as a mild and efficient catalyst for the deprotection of acetals  J. Chem. Soc., Chem, Commun., 979 (1992) @No $ @ @ Perrin, D. D.; Amarego, W. L. F. Purification of Laboratory Chemicals, Pergamon Press Oxford (1998)  @No