Research Journal of Recent Sciences _________________________________________________ ISSN 2277-2502 Vol. 3(ISC-2013), 279-282 (2014) Res. J. Recent. Sci. International Science Congress Association 279 Studies on the VariousPhysico – Chemical Parametersof dam Water in Irrukkankudi, Virudhunagar, Tamilnadu, India Santhi, A.S and Rajan, M.K. Department of Zoology, Ayya nadar Janaki Ammal College (Autonomous), Sivakasi – 626 124. Virudhunagar, Tamilnadu, INDIAAvailable online at: www.isca.in, www.isca.me Received 13th November 2013, revised 7th January 2014, accepted 13th February 2014 AbstractThis study is to be carried out to assess the physico-chemical parameters with reference to seasons in Irukkankudi Dam, Virudhunagar district, Tamil Nadu. The various water parameters such as temperature (TEM), Total dissolved solids (TDS), Electrical conductivity (EC) and chemical parameters such as p, Alkalinity and total hardness (TH) were carried out. In addition, the ions such as, sodium (Na), potassium (k), iron (Fe), magnisium (Mg), nitrate and nitrite were also analysed. From this we understand that the condition of this dam showed fluctuation in water qualities. Keywords: Physical parameters, chemical parameters, electrical conductivity, seasonal variations. Introduction Water is a basic need of all living organisms on the earth. Water is in the form of ice caps, oceans and underground water etc., Most of our demand for water is fullfilled by rain water, which gets deposited in surface on ground water resources. Reservoirs are made by constructing dams across the rivers to serve a variety of purposes like industrial process, irrigation, Navigation, domestic water supply, fish culture, recreation and generation of hydroelectricity. Many substances dissolved in water and because of this nature, water is rarely pure and its properties vary from pure substances. It is commonly found in all states of matter. Organic waste, if urban or rural from sewage and agriculture run off affects the quality of water. In this study we refer various water qualities with reference to the physico-chemical characteristics of water reservoir in the vicinity of Irukkankudi. The Study Site: The samples to be examined were collected from Irukkankudi dam that is situated near Irukkankudi Mariamman Temple 8 km away from Sattur Town. It is newly constructed dam across two major rivers such as Vaippar and Arjuna River. The surface density of the dam 56.850 meters, total depth of the dam is 54.850 meters, running water level of the dam 50,000 meters. More than 11 villages in that area are benefited by having water from this dam. Methodology In this study samples to be examined were collected during morning hours from a depth of one feet below the surface water. The water quality parameter such physical parameters, chemical parameters and ionic parameters were determined in various seasons such as summer, monsoon and winter according to standard method. Results and Discussion Season wise water quality parameters of Irukkankudi dam, Tamil Nadu, India has been presented in table 1 and figure-1 to 11 Bar diagrams. Table-1 Showing the seasonal variations of physico-chemical characteristics of Irukkankudi Dam S.No. Parameters Units Summer Monsoon Winter 1. Water Temperature 0 C 37 0 C 32 0 C 31 0 C 2. Turbidity NTU 2.2 2.1 1.5 3. Total Dissolved Solids mg/l 449 775 494 4. Electrical Conductivity mic.mho/cm 680 1174 748 5. P H 8.1 8.1 8.0 6. Total Alkalinity mg/ml 162 202 166 7. Total Hardness mg/ml 113 117 119 8. Calcium mg/ml 31 32 32 9. Magnesium mg/ml 8 9 9 10. Nitrite mg/ml 0.05 0.21 0.04 11. Nitrate mg/ml 3 3 10 Research Journal of Recent Sciences ______________________________________________________________ ISSN 2277-2502Vol. 3(ISC-2013), 279-282 (2014) Res. J. Recent. Sci. International Science Congress Association 280 Physical Parameter: In this study, maximum water temperature 37C was recorded in summer seasons and mimimum temperature 31C was recorded in monsoon. Maximum temperature (37C) in summer due to hyper solar radiation and high temperature (figure-1). The same results observed by Simpi et al. in Hosahalli tank, Karnataka. For turbidity, the values were recorded in this dam 1.5 NTU to 2.2 NTU (figure-2). Maximum turbidity values were in summer and minimum turbidity values were during winter. It is due to abundant sewage waste and also due to excess growth of aquatic vegetation. Similarly the results have been reported by Verma et al. in Kalpi River, Gwalior. In case of total dissolved solids (TDS) were recorded ranges from 449 mg/l to 775 mg/l (figure-3). 775 mg/l amount of total dissolved solids were during monsoon seasons, and 449 mg/l amount of TDS were in summer seasons due to receiving agricultural run off and sewage waste. The same results has been reported by Sinde et al. in Horsool-Savangi Dam, Aurangabad. Recording electrical conductivity in this dam ranges from 680 mic.mho/cm to 1174 mic.mho/cm (figure-4). Maximum value of (EC) were recorded during monsoon, where as minimum were observed in summer seasons. From this fluctuation due to reflection of pollution status and tropic level of aquatic body of the river join the Irukkankudi dam. Chemical Parameters: In p of this dam ranges from 8.0 to 8.1 (figure-5). High value of pH (8.1) was recorded during summer and low value of p (8.0) was recorded during winter seasons. It is indicate that the water is safe for growth of plant and living organisms. While considering the total alkalinity of this dam water ranges from 162 mg/l to 202 mg/l (figure-6). Maximum value 202 mg/l was noted in monsoon and 162 mg/l was noted in summer seasons. It is due to anthropogenic activities beside this dam. Similarly results have been recorded by Ayode et al. in Rivers Garhwal Himalaya. In this dam water, total hardness ranges from 113 mg/l to 119 mg/l (figure-7). Total hardness is the sum of the molar concentration of calcium and magnesium in mol/l. Water was categorized in to hard water, solf water and very hard water according to WHO. In this study the maximum 119 mg/l total hardness recorded in winter and minimum total hardness (113 mg/l) in summer seasons. Similar results have been reported by Salve and Hiwar. Ionic Parameters: In this present investigation, calcium amount were recorded from 31 mg/l to 32 mg/l (figure-8). Calcium amount were higher in monsoon where as lower in summer seasons. Similar results observed by Garg et al in Ramsagar reservoir10. Regarding magnesium, the amount was noted ranges from 8 mg/l to 9 mg/l (figure-9). In winter, maximum magnesium amount was in monsoon and in winter minimum magnesium amount was recorded where as moderate value was noted in summer. Similar results observed by Prathap Singh et al. on Kodaikanal lake.11 The amount of nitrites recorded in this dam water ranges from 0.04 mg/l to 0.21 mg/l (Figure-10). In monsoon 0.21 mg/l maximum nitrites amount was observed and in winter 0.04 mg/l value was observed and moderate value in summer. The same results has been noted by Avnish K. et al. Kalpi River, Gwalior12. In case of nitrate of this dam value ranges from 3 mg/l to 10 mg/l (figure-11). During monsoon nitrate value was noted as minimum where as maximum nitrate (10 mg/l) value was noted in winter seasons. 2829303132333435363738SUMMERMONSOONWINTERUnits Seasonal VariationsWater Temperature SUMMER MONSOON WINTER Figure-1 0.51.52.5SUMMERMONSOONWINTERUnits NTUSeasonal VariationTurbidity NTU SUMMER MONSOON WINTER Figure-2 100200300400500600700800900SUMMERMONSOONWINTERUnits mg/lSeasional VariationTotal Dissolved Solids mg/l SUMMER MONSOON WINTER Figure-3 Research Journal of Recent Sciences ______________________________________________________________ ISSN 2277-2502Vol. 3(ISC-2013), 279-282 (2014) Res. J. Recent. Sci. International Science Congress Association 281 200400600800100012001400SUMMERMONSOONWINTERUnits mic.mho/cmSeasonal VariationsElectrical Conductivity mic.mho/cm SUMMER MONSOON WINTER Figure-4 7.947.967.988.028.048.068.088.18.12SUMMERMONSOONWINTERSeasonal VariationsPH SUMMER MONSOON WINTER Figure-5 50100150200250SUMMERMONSOONWINTERUnits mg/lSeasonal VariationsTotal Alkalinity mg/l SUMMER MONSOON WINTER Figure-6 110112114116118120SUMMERMONSOONWINTERUnits mg/lSeasonal VariationsTotal Hardness mg/l SUMMER MONSOON WINTER Figure-7 30.53131.53232.5SUMMERMONSOONWINTERUnits mg/lSeasonal VariationsCalcium mg/l SUMMER MONSOON WINTER Figure-8 7.47.67.88.28.48.68.89.2SUMMERMONSOONWINTERUnits mg/lSeasonal VariationsMagnesium mg/l SUMMER MONSOON WINTER Figure-9 0.050.10.150.20.25SUMMERMONSOONWINTERUnits mg/lSeasonal VariationsNitrite mg/l SUMMER MONSOON WINTER Figure-10 1012SUMMERMONSOONWINTERUnits mg/lSeasonal VariationsNitrate mg/l SUMMER MONSOON WINTER Figure-11 Figure-1 to 11 The Bar Diagrams showing Seasonal Variations of Physico-chemical characteristics of Irukkankudi Dam Research Journal of Recent Sciences ______________________________________________________________ ISSN 2277-2502Vol. 3(ISC-2013), 279-282 (2014) Res. J. Recent. Sci. International Science Congress Association 282 Conclusion The present study proves the seasonal changes in physical, chemical and ionic parameters of Irukkandkudi Dam water. Some parameters indicate that the reservoir is just above permissible limit in the monsoon seasons. If this condition exists more the dam water becomes inactive soon. So that steps should be take to reduce the pollution level and to maintain favorable condition for the growth of plant and living organisms. References 1.APHA, Standard Methods for the estimation of water and waste water, American public health association. American waste water Association and water pollution control federation 21st Edn Washington, (1985)2.Kripa P.K., Prasanth K.M., Sreejesh K.K. and Thomas T.P., Aquatic Macro invertebrates as Bio indicators of stream water quality. A case study in Koratty, Kerala, India, Research Journal of Recent Science,2 (ISC-2012) 217-222 (2013)3.Simpi B., S.M.Hiremath, K.N.Murthy, K.N.Chandrashe Kurappa, A.N. Patel and E.T. Puttiah., Analysis of water quality using Physico-Chemical parameters in Hosahalli tank Shimoga District, Karnataka, India., Global Journal of Science Frontier Research3(11)(2011)4.Verma A.K and D.N. Saksena,. Assessment of water quality and Pollution status of Kalpi (Morar) 3(1): River, Gwalior Madhya Pradesh, with special reference to conservation and management plan., Asian J.Exp. Biol.Sci. , 419-429 (2010)5.Shinde S.E., T.S. Pathan, K.S. Raut and D.L. Sonawane, Studies on the Physio-Chemical Parameters and Correlation coefficient of Harsool – Savangi Dam, District Aurangabad, India., Middle East Journal of Scientific Research, 8(3), 544–554 (2011)6.Pund Dinesh A. and Ganorkar Rajesh P., Study of some physical chemical parameters of Drinking water sources Tembhurkheda and Jarud Region Dist, Amaravati, M.S. India, International Research Journal of E.Science,2(10)93-95 (2013)7.Hossain M.A., Sujaul I.M. and Nasly M.A., Water Quality Index: an Indicator of surface water pollution in Eastern part of Peninsular Malaysia, Research Journal of Recent Science, 2(10) 10-17 (2013)8.Ayoade A.A., Agarwal N.K. and Chandola-Saklani A, Changes in Physicochemical Features and Plankton of Two Regulated High Altitude Rivers Garhwal Himalaya, India, European Journal of Scientific Research,27(1), 77-92 (2009)9.Salve B.S. and C.J. Hiware, Studies on water quality of Wanparakalpa Reservoir, Nagapur, near Parli Vaijnath, dist, Beed, Marathwada region, J. Aqua Biol.,21(2), 113-117 (2006)10.Garg R.K., R.J. Rao, D. Uchchariya, G. Shukla and D.N. Saksena,. Seasonal variations in water quality parameters and major threats it Ramsagar reservoir, Afr.J.Environ.Sci., 4(2), 61-76 (2010)11.Pratap Singh R. and Regini Balasingh GS, Limnological Studies of Kodaikanal Lake (Dindugal District), in Special Reference to Phytoplankton Diversity, Indian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Life Sciences,(2011)12.Avnish K. Verma* and D.N. Saksena, Assessment of Water quality and Pollution Status of Kalpi (Morar) River, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh: with special reference to Conservation and Management Plan, ASIN J. EXP. BIOL. SCI. 1(2), 419-429(2010)