Research Journal of Recent Sciences ______ _____________________ _________ ______ ____ ___ ISSN 2277 - 2502 Vol. 2 ( ISC - 2012 ), 4 - 6 (201 2 ) Res.J. Recent .Sci. International Science Congress Association 4 Short Communication Genetic Diversity for Yield and Its Components in Blackgram ( Vigna mungo L. ) Singh M., Swarup I., Billore M. and Chaudhari P.R. Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics,College of Agriculture, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, INDIA Availabl e online at: www.isca.in Received 17 th September 2012, revised 31 st December 201 2 , accepted 19 th January 201 3 Abstract Seventy five genotypes of blackgram were subjected to genetic divergence by using D 2 statistic. The genotypes were grouped into seven clusters by D 2 analysis. Cluster V consisted maximum accessions (21) followed by cluster VI (19) and VII (13) and cluster I consisted only 1 accession. The inter - cluster distances were greater than intra - cluster distances , revealing that considerable amount of genetic diversity existed among the accessions . Plant height, seed yield per plant, number of seeds per plant, number of seeds per pod and 1000 - seed weight were major traits causing genetic divergence among accession s. Cluster II had highest mean value for number of pods per plant, 1000 - seed weight and seed yield per plant, cluster IV had highest value for number of seeds per plant and number of seeds per pod. The accessions IU - 65 - 2 - 1 and IU - 73 - 2 - 1 may serve as poten tial parents for hybridization programme in the improvement of yield. Keywords : Divergence, Yield attributes, black gram . Introduction Multivariate analysis by 1 D 2 statistic is a powerful tool in quantifying the degree of divergence among all possible pairs of population at genotypic level 1 . The availability of genetically diverse germplasm is the basic need for the progress in plant breeding. Choice of parents for hybridization is one of the important considerations for creating new variability. Seve ral biometrical approaches have been shown to be useful in selecting parents for successful hybridization programmes. D 2 analysis has been found most effective and, therefore, widely used for the classification of parental lines. The present study was the refore, undertaken to estimate the amount of genetic diversity in Seventy five genotypes of black gram Gram ( Vigna mungo L. Hepper) and to identify genetic diverse parents for hybridization programmeaimed at yield improvement in this crop. Material and Me thods The material under investigation consisted of seventy five genotypes of black gram Gram ( Vigna mungo L. Hepper) were grown in Kharif 2009 - 10 and evaluated in a randomized block design with two replications at Regional Research Centre on Pulses, Colle ge of Agriculture, Indore MP . All the recommended package of practices were fol lowed for raising healthy crop. Observations were recorded on, plot as well as on single plant basis. Observations on plot basis were recorded for days to 50% flowering and day s to maturity. For recording single plant observations, five competitive plants from each plot were randomly selected. Average of these five plants in respect of plant height, number of primary branches per plant, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per plant, number of seeds per pod, 1000 - seed weight and seed yield per plant was used for statistical analysis. Mahalanobi’s D 2 statistic was employed to assess the genetic diversity. Result and Discussion The analysis of variance for randomized block de sign revealed highly significant differences among accessions for all the characters under investigation thereby indicating the presence of a considerable magnitude of genetic variability among 75 accessions of black gram for these characters (table - 1). T he multivariate analysis giving the D 2 values between 75 accessions, all these entries can be grouped into seven clusters ( table 2). The estimates of D 2 values varied substantially from 1.47 to 670.86. The highest D 2 value of 670.86 was recorded between a ccession IU - 65 - 2 - 1 and IU - 73 - 2 - 1 . A cross between these two accessions is expected to give heterotic hybrid and wide spectrum of variability. Intra and inter cluster D 2 values were worked out from divergence analysis ( table 3). The inter - cluster distances were greater than intra - cluster distances, revealing that considerable amount of genetic diversity existed among the accessions. Same result also reported by 2, 3 . Average intra - cluster distance revealed that cluster VII, which contained 13 accessions, h ad little intra - cluster distance. It indicated these accessions were closely related in their evolutionary process and passed through similar evolutionary factors. Research Journal of Recent Sciences ______ _ _ _______________ ________________ ______________ _ ________ ISSN 2277 - 2502 Vol. 2 ( ISC - 2012 ), 4 - 6 (201 2 ) Res.J.Recent.Sci . International Science Congress Association 5 Table - 1 ANOVA showing values of mean squares for different characters in black gram S. No. Source of variation Replication Accessions Error d.f. 01 74 74 ↓ Characters Mean sum of square 1 Days to 50% flowering 1.7031 18.6681** 3.1121 2 Days to maturity 23.1875 13.2323* 8.8421 3 Plant height (cm) 0.0156 1275.00** 4.0270 4 Number of primar y branches / plant 0.1870 1.1939** 0.1401 5 Number of pods / plant 19.6406 65.6060** 9.5122 6 Number of seeds / plant 31.7500 2663.577** 319.8007 7 Number of seeds / pod 2.1118 8.0205** 1.8943 8 Thousand - seed weight (g) 22.875 123.8062** 6.5629 9 Seed yield / plant (g) 1.2509 12.7314** 1.3696 * - Significant at p = 0.05 ** - Significant at p = 0.01 Table - 2 Clustering pattern of 75 accessions of the black gram on the basis of genetic divergence Cluster number Number of accessions Constituent acces sions I 1 40 (IU - 65 - 2 - 1) II 7 1 (99 - V - 42), 15 (IU - 10 - 6), 46 (IU - 69 - 4), 47 (IU - 73 - 2), 48 (IU - 73 - 2 - 1), 49 (IU - 77 - 4), 56 (IU - 83 - 2) III 9 12 (IU - 421), 13 (IU - 421 - 1), 18 (IU - 20 - 23), 27 (IU - 25 - 22), 28 (IU - 25 - 22 - 1), 34 (IU - 62 - 2), 41 (IU - 67 - 2), 62 (IU - 86 - 9), 65 (MGS - 1) IV 5 9 (IU - 8 - 38), 54 (IU - 78 - 2), 58 (IU - 83 - 3), 64 (MGS - 1), 71 (IU - 994 - 23 - 1) V 21 17 (IU - 20 - 11), 30 (IU - 37 - 28 - 1), 31 (IU - 43 - 12), 32 (IU - 63 - 02), 33 (IU - 63 - 02), 35 (IU - 62 - 3), 36 (IU - 62 - 3 - 1), 37 (IU - 65 - 3), 38 (IU - 65 - 1), 39 (IU - 65 - 2), 42 (I U - 67 - 2 - 1), 43 (IU - 67 - 2 - 2), 44 (IU - 68 - 5), 45 (IU - 68 - 5 - 1), 57 (IU - 83 - 2 - 1), 66 (IU - 92 - 4), 67 (IU - 92 - 41), 68 (IU - 79 - 8), 69 (IU - 994 - 9), 70 (IU - 994 - 23), 75 (IU - 994 - 27) VI 19 2 (99 - V - 42 - 1), 3 (99 - V - 43), 4 (99 - V - 43 - 1), 5 (IU - 8 - 6 - 130), 6 (IU - 8 - 36 - 2), 7 (IU - 8 - 36 - 2 - 1), 8 (IU - 8 - 36 - 2 - 2), 10 (99 - U - 46), 11 (99U - 47), 14 (99 - U - 42), 16 (99 - U - 41), 22 (IU - 31 - 13), 23 (IU - 31 - 13 - 1), 24 (IU - 31 - 13 - 2), 50 (IU - 77 - 4 - 1), 51 (IU - 77 - 5), 53 (IU - 78 - 1), 55 (IU - 78 - 2 - 1), 60 (IU - 83 - 4) VII 13 19 (IU - 20 - 23 - 1), 20 (IU - 30 - 13), 21 (I U - 30 - 13 - 1), 25 (IU - 32 - 8), 26 (IU - 32 - 8 - 1), 29 (IU - 37 - 8), 52 (IU - 77 - 5), 59 (IU - 83 - 3 - 1), 61 (IU - 4 - 6 - 9), 63 (IU - 88 - 2), 72 (IU - 994 - 24), 73 (IU994 - 25), 74 (IU - 994 - 25 - 1) The maximum inter - cluster distance of 8.026 was recorded between cluster I and IV foll owed by between cluster I and II, clusters I and VI, clusters I and VII, clusters I and III and between clusters III and IV. It is suggested that if the diverse accessions from these diverse groups are used in breeding programme, it is expected to produce a wide range of genetic variability in the population. The minimum inter - cluster distance between cluster V and VII indicates that the accessions of these clusters are genetically less diverse and were almost with same genetic makeup. Cluster means for th e 9 traits of all the 7 clusters were worked out ( table 4). It was found that cluster I had lowest mean value for days to maturity and plant height. Cluster II had highest mean value for number of pods per plant, 1000 - seed weight and seed yield per plant, cluster IV had highest value for number of seeds per plant and number of seeds per pod. Cluster VI had highest mean value for plant height and number of primary branches per plant while cluster VII had lowest mean value for days to 50% flowering. To improv e any particular trait donor for hybridization could be choosen from an appropriate cluster and that should be utilized in breeding Programme. The pattern of distribution of genotypes into various clusters indicates that geographical diversity, which was i n agreement with earlier reports in blackgram 4,5 . To improve seed yield, number of pods per plant and 1000 - seed weight accessions from cluster II, viz., IU - 73 - 2 and IU - 73 - 2 - 1 would be right choice. Research Journal of Recent Sciences ______ _ _ _______________ ________________ ______________ _ ________ ISSN 2277 - 2502 Vol. 2 ( ISC - 2012 ), 4 - 6 (201 2 ) Res.J.Recent.Sci . International Science Congress Association 6 Table - 3 Average inter and intra (diagonal) cluster D 2 values Clusters I II III IV V VI VII I 0.000 57.897 36.639 64.417 28.016 47.679 42.693 II 3.327 27.196 15.785 14.448 8.381 22.184 III 3.501 34.340 6.250 10.349 6.574 IV 3.193 17.148 14.815 14.326 V 4.326 8.168 5.226 VI 4.933 6.170 V II 2.563 Table - 4 Cluster means for the characters under study in black gram Clusters Days to 50% flowering Days to maturity Plant height (cm) No. of primary branches /plant Number of pods/ plant No. of seeds /plant No. of seeds /pod 1000 seed weigh t (g) Seed yield/ plant (g) I 46.50 65.50 24.50 3.40 26.20 150.45 5.75 13.00 1.95 II 43.57 68.43 34.31 4.61 31.38 190.53 6.29 61.08 11.62 III 40.17 66.39 37.94 3.46 22.08 80.86 3.83 52.22 4.21 IV 39.00 68.10 39.50 4.32 17.90 194.71 11.60 55.78 10.88 V 42.05 68.17 29.36 3.61 20.92 129.69 6.36 50.05 6.52 VI 39.97 66.34 42.05 4.91 25.49 141.96 5.75 56.61 8.02 VII 37.58 67.08 38.31 4.22 16.41 114.52 7.06 52.34 5.98 Conclusion The following conclusions are drawn from this present work. The analysis of v ariance showed significant differences among the accessions for all the characters studied. The pooled divergence for all the characters within the accessions was significant. Seventy - five accessions of black gram were grouped into seven clusters by D 2 ana lysis. The accessions IU - 65 - 2 - 1 and IU - 73 - 2 - 1 may serve as potential parents for hybridization programme in the improvement of yield. The accessions, IU - 67 - 2 - 1 and IU - 83 - 3 for early in days to 50% flowering; IU - 77 - 5 for early in maturity; IU - 62 - 3, IU - 62 - 3 - 1 and IU - 67 - 2 - 1 for dwarf; IU - 77 - 5 for number of primary branches per plant; IU - 73 - 2 and IU - 73 - 2 - 1 for number of pods per plant; IU - 73 - 2, IU - 73 - 2 - 1, IU - 78 - 2 and IU - 83 - 3 for number of seeds per plant; IU - 83 - 3 for number of seeds per pod; IU - 73 - 2, IU - 73 - 2 - 1 and IU - 83 - 3 for 1000 - seed weight; and 99 - V - 42, IU - 73 - 2, IU - 73 - 2 - 1, IU - 78 - 2 and IU - 83 - 3 for seed yield per plant may be used as suitable parents. References 1. Mahalanobis P.C., On the generalized distance in statistics, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. India , 12 , 49 – 55 (1936) 2. Ali M.N., Suparna Gupta, Somnath Bhattacharyya and Sarkar, H. K., Evaluation of blackgram ( Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper) germplasm using multivariate analysis, Environment and Ecology, 26(2A) , 943 - 945 (2008) 3. Chauhan M.P., Mishra A.C., Singh A.K., Gen etic divergence studies in urd bean ( Vigna mungo L.), Legume Research, 31(1), 63 - 67 (2008) 4. Ganesh Ram S., Rajkumar R., Gomathi Nayagam and Rathnaswamy R., Variability and association of analysis yield components in green gram, Madras Agricultural Jou rnal , 85 , 188 - 198 (1997) 5. Sagar M.N., Sekhar M.R. and Reddy G.L.K., Genetic divergence in blackgarm ( Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper), Andhra Agricultural Journal, 48 (3and4), 185 - 190 (2001)