Research Journal of Recent Sciences _________________________________________________ ISSN 2277-2502 Vol. 4(ISC-2014), 87-92 (2015) Res. J. Recent. Sci. International Science Congress Association 87 Biodiversity of Kanher dam of Satara district MS, IndiaSandhya M. Pawar Department of Zoology, Padmabhushan Dr. Vasantraodada Patil Mahavidyalaya, Tasgaon, Dist. Sangli, INDIA Available online at: www.isca.in, www.isca.me Received 15th November 2014, revised 24th January 2015, accepted 2nd February 2015 AbstractRiver Venna is a tributary of Krishna river and has its orgin in nearMahabaleshwar. It runs a distance 45 km before meets with river Krishna near Satara on which Kanher dam was constructed.The water from the dam is utilised for irrigation, generation of electricity, drinking, aquaculture practices and recreation purposes. The present study comparies with limnological parameters, plankton diversity and survey of migratory and resident bird species. The plankton and bird species are best biological parameters of water and enviromental quality and assecement of conservation value of any habitat.The complied data needss to be further strengthened for improving strategies that insure stability and sustainability of study area. Keywords: Biodiversity, Kanher dam, Satara district. Introduction Water has unique property of dissolving and carrying suspension, a huge variety of chemicals has undesirable consequence that water can easily become contaminated. Water is the most important natural resource for the survival of human as well as plants. It is becoming scarce due to rapid population growth, urbanization and industrialization. In order to combat this scarcity condition, careful management of water resources is essential. Rainfall is the most important source of replenishment of ground water and surface water sources. Dams are major part of freshwater resources. Analysis of physico-chemical parameters of water are essential, to assess the quality of water. A fresh water ecosystem is one of the most threatened ecosystems on earth and for the conservation of freshwater ecosystem a meaningful database is essential. The water resources store rain water received from adjoining catchment area during rainy season. The stored water is utilized for drinking, irrigation and fresh water aquaculture and also for industrial use. Material and Methods The two sites of Kanher dam from Satara District were selected for the present study. During the investigation monthly collection of water sample was done at the two sampling sites. The first site (S1) is situated on the water collecting channels near the entrance of the reservoir. Second site (S2) lies near the dam line. The distance between the two sites was approximately two km away from each other. Kanher dam is artificial minor irrigation projects in Maharashtra State built on Venna river near Kanher. It is situated in Northern-West part of in Medha Tahsil of Satara district .It is about 15 km away from the city. The study area was visited regularly from April 2012 to March 2013. Water samples were collected in air tight prepolythene containers of 10 litre capacity from the two sites of each reservoir. The water sampling was carried out between 9.00 am to 12.00 noon every month and brought to the laboratory. The water samples were analyzed for various physico-chemical parameters such as temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, carbon dioxide, total hardness, total dissolved solids, biological oxygen demand ,Chemical oxygen demand ,hydrogen sulphide, nitrogen, phosphates , potassium , planktons and bird were identified by standard methods as described by1-6. mbhar et al.,(2009). Plankton samples were collected with plankton net and preserved by using 0.5 ml of formalin in 50 ml sample collected after filtration of 50 liters of water. The objective of the present study is to study water quality, plankton and bird diversity of Kanher dam. The main purpose of reservoir is to supply water for drinking, domestic purpose and irrigation as well as fishing practices (culture and capture fishery) are carried out under fishery development office Satara, (Kanher). Results and DiscussionPhysico-Chemical Parameters: The physico-chemical property of water clearly explains its geological profile, soil water interstices, pollution status as well as human and animal health problems and important to maintain the aquaculture practices. The various parameters analysed during the present work are discussed in the following pages and correlated with relevant references. They are summarized in table.1 to 4. Temperature: The all metabolic and physiological activities and life processes such as feeding, reproduction, movement and distribution of aquatic organisms are greatly influenced Research Journal of Recent Sciences ______________________________________________________________ ISSN 2277-2502Vol. 4(ISC-2014), 87-92 (2015) Res. J. Recent. Sci. International Science Congress Association 88 by water temperature . It varied at different sampling sites depending up on their locations and exposure to the sun. Kanher reservoir shows average water temperature range between 20.50 oC to 31.60 oC from April 2012 to March 2013. The temperature of reservoir shows monthly variation. It varied at different sampling sites depending up on their locations, season and exposure to the sun. The high water temperature values in April and May and low values in July and August is a normal feature of the reservoirs. Many workers have given different range of temperature of water and air for various water bodies in Maharashtra. It has recorded temperature range between 21.03oC to 30.4 oC for reservoirs of North district of West Bengal. The high temperature during summer is due to clear atmosphere, greater solar radiation and low water level. The fluctuation in water temperature had relationship with air temperature which shows positive correlation with air temperature and negative correlation with dissolved oxygen7-9, pointed out that fluctuation in temperature was dependent on the types and concentration of polluted matter, especially during summer. pH: pH of Kanher reservoir was recorded at the two sampling sites S1, S2, (table. 1 to 4) . Kanher reservoir shows average pH range between 6.15 to 7.67 from April 2012 to March 2013. The pH range 6.15 to 7.67 is used for fish culture. The present water bodies shows pH within ICMR standard (6.5-8.5) and ISI standard (6.5-9.2). pH increases due to consumption of oxygen and rapid release of carbon dioxide by aquatic animals. In biological activity hydrolysis of carbonates must have occurred forming hydroxide leading to increase in pH10, and11. Electrical conductivity: During the present investigation electrical conductance of the Kanher reservoir was measured at two sampling sites S1, S2, (table. 1 to 4). Results show average range of electrical conductance between 0.11 mhos to 0.18 mhos from April 2012 to March 2013. However lowest values were recorded during winter season as compared to rainy and summer season. In the present study maximum EC was recorded in summer which may be due to fast evaporation of water and minimum EC was recorded in winter indicating dilution of water due to monsoon rain. The present values of electrical conductance indicate that water is suitable for drinking as well as aquaculture practices. Dissolved Oxygen: The dissolved oxygen is the most important environmental factor influencing the health condition of aquatic ecosystem. It is the prime necessity for aquatic organisms. In the present investigation dissolved oxygen of Kanher reservoir was recorded at three sampling sites S1, S2, (Table. 1 to 4). Results show average range of dissolved oxygen was between 3.43 mg/L to 8.09 mg/L for April 2012 to March 2013. The 6 mg/L to 9 mg/L range of DO is supported for potability and aquaculture. The presence of oxygen demanding pollutants (like organic wastes) cause rapid depletion of dissolved oxygen from water. Dissolved oxygen shows inverse relationship with BOD and temperature12. Free Carbon dioxide: Free CO of Kanher reservoir was recorded at two sampling sites S1, S2, and results are summarized in (table. 1 to 4 ). Results shows average range of free CO between 4.80 mg/L to 10.79 mg/L from April 2012 to March 2013. The lower values of free CO observed during rainy and winter season is due to complete utilization of free CO by the phytoplanktons. The inverse relationship of dissolved oxygen and free CO was observed. Similar results were reported by13. Hardness of Water: Hardness is a property of water which prevents a foam formation with soap and increases the boiling point of water. The maximum permissible limit for total hardness in water according to WHO standard is 500 mg/L. Total hardness of Kanher reservoir was recorded at the two sampling sites S1, S2, (table. 1 to 4). Results show average range of total hardness between 49.9 mg/L to 91.67 mg/L from April 2012 to March 2013. Hardness shows direct relationship with temperature, electrical conductivity and transparency. Calcium and Magnesium: The calcium is one of the major ions of fresh water and is an absolute requirement for algae and plants. It regulates various physiological functions. Calcium of Kanher reservoir was recorded at the three sampling sites S1, S2, (table. 1 to 4). Results shows average the range of calcium between 6.25 mg/L to 18.63 mg/L and magnesium between 4.40 mg/L to 12.74 mg/L from April 2012 to March 2013. The desirable limit of calcium and magnesium for drinking water are 75 mg/L and 30 mg/L respectively14-17. Total Solids: Total solids are the measure of the all kinds of solids (suspended, dissolved, volatile etc.) in water. Total solids of Kanher reservoir was recorded at the three sampling sites S1, S2, (table.1 to 4). Results show average range of total solids between 867 mg /L to 2954 mg /L , total dissolved solids between 299 mg /L to 1,329 mg /L, total suspended solids between 342 mg /L to 1,377 mg /L from April 2012 to March 201318,11. Research Journal of Recent Sciences ______________________________________________________________ ISSN 2277-2502Vol. 4(ISC-2014), 87-92 (2015) Res. J. Recent. Sci. International Science Congress Association 89 Chlorides: Chloride occurs naturally in all types of water. In natural fresh water however its concentration remains quite low. It’s very high concentration gives a salty taste to the water. It’s lower concentration during rainy season is mainly due to dilution by rapid inflow of water.11 The present investigation chlorides of Kanher reservoir were recorded at the two sampling sites S1, S2 (Table. 1 to 4). Results show average range of chlorides between19.29 mg/L to 35.84 mg/L from April 2012 to March 2013. The potable water may contain small quantity of chloride without any harmful effects. The acceptable range for chloride is 200-600 mg/L.19 The chloride level is directly related with the pollution level20, 21. The maximum values of chloride were recorded during summer season because of scanty rain, high rate of evaporation. It has significant positive correlation with water temperature and electrical conductance. It was also observed that high level of chloride is an indication of higher degree of pollution and low level chloride content indicates absence of any substantial pollution Hydrogen Sulphide: Hydrogen sulphide of Kanher reservoir was recorded at the sampling sites S1, S2 (Table No.1 to 4). Results show average range of hydrogen sulphide between 1.35 mg/L to 4.45 mg/L from April 2012 to March 2013. Hydrogen sulphide is inversely proportional to dissolved oxygen. It may be due to the decreased DO level, which might have led to reduction of sulphates to hydrogen sulphide to increase its concentration by sulphur bacteria. Acidity: APHA regards acidity of water as it’s quantitative capacity to react with strong bases to a designated pH. Acidity of Kanher reservoir was recorded at three sampling sites S1, S2 (Table. 1 to 4). Results show average range of acidity from 2.53 mg/L to 34.81 mg/L from April 2012 to March 2013. Total Alkalinity: Total alkalinity of Kanher reservoir was recorded at the sampling sites S1, S2 (Table.1 to 4). Results show average range of total alkalinity between 23.41 mg/L to 85.17 mg/L from April 2012 to March 2013.22 has reported alkalinity ranging from 78 to 230 mg/L in river Godavari. Biological oxygen demand: The BOD test is widely used to determine the degree of pollution. Biological oxygen demand of Kanher reservoir was measured at the sampling sites S1, S2 (Table. 1 to 4). Results show average range of biological oxygen demand between 5.18 mg /L to 22.21 mg /L from April 2012 to March 2013. The BOD values shows negative relationship with dissolved oxygen similar relationship has also been reported by23. Chemical oxygen demand: Chemical oxygen demand of Kanher reservoir was measured at sampling sites S1, S2 (Table. 1 to 4). Results show average range of chemical oxygen demand between 4.31 mg /L to 17.63 mg /L from April 2012 to March 2013. Similar findings are recorded by 9. Nitrate: 24 reported that the high amount of nitrates as pollution indicator. It’s average high values could be attributed anthropiogenic activities. Nitrate values of Kanher reservoir was measured at two sampling sites S1, S2 (Table. 1 to 4). Results show average range of nitrate between 9.89 mg /L to 19.30 mg /L April 2012 to March 2013. In the present study lower values of nitrate recorded in rainy season and higher in summer season. The tolerance limit of nitrates in drinking water source is 45 mg /L. 24, 25. The determination of nitrate in drinking water is of prime importance because the excessive nitrate indicates high degree of organic pollution and leads to cyanosis in infants and methamoglobonemia, (blue baby syndrome), gastric cancer. Research conducted by British nutrition foundation and cancer research campaign in UK have shown the direct relationship between high incidences of stomach cancer and the prolonged intake of nitrate rich drinking water. Phosphate: In fresh water phosphorus is present in very small quantities. Phosphate level of Kanher reservoir was measured at the two sampling sites S1, S2 (Table. 1 to 4). Results show average range of phosphate level between 0.011 mg /L to 0.038 mg /L from April 2012 to March 2013. The values recorded in the present investigation in were closely corroborated with findings of earlier workers26. Sodium and Potassium: These sodium and potassium were estimated by flame photometer. Sodium values were measured at two sampling sites of Kanher dam S1, S2 (Table.1 to 4). Results show average range of sodium between 6.10 mg/L to 14.81 mg/L from April 2012 to March 2013.27 has given range of 16.17 mg/L to 23.00 mg/L range of sodium values at Upper lake water in Bhopal. Potassium level of Kanher dam was measured at two sampling sites S1, S2 (Table. 1 to 4 ). Results show average range of potassium between 0.81 mg/L to 2.67 mg/L from April 2012 to March 2013. Research Journal of Recent Sciences ______________________________________________________________ ISSN 2277-2502Vol. 4(ISC-2014), 87-92 (2015) Res. J. Recent. Sci. International Science Congress Association 90 Table-1 Physico- Chemical Parameters of Kanher dam from April to March 2013 Monthand parameter April 12 May 12 June-12 July-12 Aug-12 Sept-12 Oct-12 Nov- 12 Dec-12 Jan-13 Feb- 13 Mar-13 Temperature 28.8 30.4 21.33 21.03 23.93 23.54 24.67 25.46 26.31 27.37 28.02 29 pH 6.36 6.15 6.24 6.31 6.4 6.44 6.581 6.86 6.27 7.331 7.45 7.67 ±0.39 ±0.1 ±0.06 ±0.03 ±0.24 ±0.12 ±0.10 ±0.09 ±1.34 ±0.07 ±0.10 ±0.06 E.C. 0.14 0.13 0.13 0.12 0.1 0.11 0.116 0.13 0.13 0.161 0.18 0.16 ±0.00 ±0.0 ±0.00 ±0.00 ±0.00 ±0.00 ±0.04 ±0.00 ±0.03 ±0.02 ±0.00 ±0.01 Dissolved Oxygen 4.22 4.72 5.51 6.67 5.5 6.38 7.143 8.01 3.99 5.333 4.68 3.43 ±0.24 ±0.5 ±0.30 ±0.63 ±0.63 ±0.22 ±0.26 ±0.38 ±0.90 ±0.50 ±0.64 ±0.29 Free CO2 6.17 6.06 4.80 5.23 5.9 6.74 7.516 8.09 7.42 9.355 10.20 10.79 ±0.06 ±0.5 ±0.46 ±0.09 ±0.18 ±0.32 ±0.12 ±0.60 ±1.48 ±0.49 ±0.30 ±0.40 Total Hardness 66.17 62.3 54.89 53.44 49.9 58.00 62.94 66.17 61.92 77.06 83.73 91.67 ±3.82 ±4.1 ±2.87 ±4.07 ±6.04 ±5.69 ±2.91 ±5.30 ±12.62 ±5.04 ±6.08 ±0.58 Calcium 8.82 7.38 6.75 7.01 10.0 11.74 10.90 8.60 8.29 11.84 16.42 18.63 ±0.92 ±0.5 ±0.37 ±0.32 ±1.12 ±0.90 ±4.03 ±2.33 ±1.80 ±1.16 ±2.05 ±1.82 Magnesium 12.40 6.76 7.27 9.29 8.1 9.61 7.915 10.90 11.77 12.15 10.20 9.42 ±1.89 ±1.4 ±1.29 ±0.82 ±1.05 ±1.2 ±1.8 ±2.92 ±2.35 ±1.77 ±1.75 ±2.81 Total Solids 2061 2684 2422 2313 2954.9 2045 1728. 1723. 1458.2 1421 945.3 867.78 ±93.7 ±31. ±221.2 ±112.5 ±171.4 ±240. ±170. ±103. ±300.8 ±52.2 ±40.8 ±29.53 Total Dissolved Solids 916 1760 1478 1246 1329.0 1156. 1007. 706.3 725.80 645.8 346.0 299.89 ±134. ±88. ±291.0 ±91.51 ±67.16 ±82.8 ±38.5 ±84.2 ±141.9 ±85.5 ±21.2 ±16.95 Chloride 27.36 19.2 24.11 28.01 28.7 29.74 30.56 30.82 30.46 33.81 34.30 35.84 ±0.91 ±0.5 ±1.30 ±1.86 ±2.01 ±1.51 ±0.84 ±1.13 ±6.35 ±1.59 ±1.24 ±0.74 Table-2 Physico- Chemical Parameters of Kanher dam from April to March 2013 Monthand parameter April 12 May 12 June-12 July-12 Aug-12 Sept-12 Oct-12 Nov- 12 Dec-12 Jan-13 Feb- 13 Mar-13 Hydrogen Sulphide 1.53 1.35 2.35 2.68 3.2 3.37 3.8067 2.98 2.95 3.633 4.24 4.45 ±0.22 ±0.3 ±0.21 ±0.20 ±0.20 ±0.27 ±0.116 ±0.30 ±0.58 ±0.23 ±0.17 ±0.24 Acidity 23.94 2.53 3.75 5.00 6.3 7.34 8.2589 11.61 13.11 18.38 27.92 34.81 ±1.54 ±0.2 ±0.49 ±0.28 ±0.20 ±0.42 ±0.178 ±1.02 ±2.64 ±0.97 ±0.46 ±1.96 Alkalinity 30.33 23.41 27.19 29.94 31.3 35.11 36.167 44.28 52.40 64.88 71.00 85.17 ±3.71 ±0.5 ±1.12 ±0.92 ±2.41 ±3.02 ±3.218 ±2.30 ±11.10 ±3.67 ±2.46 ±1.74 BOD 5.18 5.39 6.22 6.85 7.9 9.41 11.033 12.78 12.40 15.41 17.47 22.21 ±0.13 ±0.2 ±0.22 ±0.56 ±0.53 ±0.93 ±0.698 ±0.84 ±2.53 ±1.03 ±1.78 ±1.91 COD 4.31 4.51 5.23 6.47 7.6 9.10 9.3778 9.72 9.62 12.52 15.73 17.63 ±0.20 ±0.3 ±0.26 ±0.05 ±0.32 ±0.67 ±0.488 ±0.33 ±2.09 ±0.50 ±1.78 ±1.95 Sodium 7.71 6.69 9.08 8.29 6.1 7.43 8.0333 8.84 7.89 13.34 14.81 11.72 ±0.44 ±0.7 ±0.52 ±0.24 ±0.23 ±0.23 ±0.600 ±0.59 ±1.69 ±0.89 ±3.13 ±1.17 Potassium 0.81 0.94 0.90 1.36 0.9 0.94 0.9389 1.05 2.05 2.675 1.72 1.56 ±0.01 ±0.1 ±0.18 ±0.00 ±0.00 ±0.00 ±0.052 ±0.12 ±0.42 ±0.11 ±0.22 ±0.19 Nitrate 12.89 9.98 9.89 12.98 11.8 14.38 14.967 12.40 10.97 13.70 13.94 19.30 ±1.84 ±1.9 ±2.01 ±0.19 ±0.14 ±0.02 ±1.761 ±1.43 ±2.13 ±1.39 ±0.57 ±0.55 Phosphate Trace Trace 0.033 0.01 0.01 0.011 0.018 0.02 0.02 0.024 0.02 0.02 Trace Trace ±0.01 ±1.178 ±0.907 ±0.00 ±0.001 ±0.00 ±0.00 ±0.00 ±0.00 ±0.003 All values are expressed in mg/L except pH and E.C. Zooplankton diversity: Freshwater zooplankton is an important component in an aquatic ecosystem ad plays a critical role not only for primary consumers by serve as source of food for higher organisms. They are primary food for finished and shell fishes and can be used as indicators of tropic status of water body. Their flucations in occurrence and abundance can be used to estimate the fishery potential of a water body.3 Research Journal of Recent Sciences ______________________________________________________________ ISSN 2277-2502Vol. 4(ISC-2014), 87-92 (2015) Res. J. Recent. Sci. International Science Congress Association 91 Bird diversity of Kanher dam: Avian fauna occupies a special position in an aquatic ecosystem. They not only have an aesthetic role but also occupy a very important position in food chain. This region has biologically potential and rich in flora and fauna. The marshy places forms natural habitat for feeding, breeding and nesting grounds. The present study shows check list of different species of bird. Table-3 Diversity of zooplankton in Kanher dam Sr.no Plankton recorded Sr.no Plankton recorded 1 Brachionus angularis 23 Lecane luna 2 Brachionus bidentata 24 Nauplius larva 3 Brachionus caudatus 25 Phyllodiaptomus blanci 4 Brachionus calafertus 26 Alona sp., 5 Brachionus clayciforus 27 Alona pulchella 6 Brachionus diversicornis 28 Bosminia sp., 7 Brachionus durgae 29 Bosminia deiteri 8 Brachionus falcatus 30 Bosminia longirostris 9 Brachionus forficula 31 Daphnia longirimis 10 Brachionus pallas 32 Daphnia lumholtzi 11 Brachionus quadridentata 33 Daphnia vosea 12 Brachionus rubens 34 Diaphnasama excisum 13 Filinia terminales 35 Indialona ganapati 14 Filinia longistea 36 Monia sp., 15 Keratella cochleraris 37 Monia brachiata jurine 16 Keratella quadrata 38 Cypris sp., 17 Keratella tropica 39 Cyclocypris globosa 18 Mesocyclops.sp, 40 Amoeba radiosa 19 Mesocyclops leukartii 41 Arcella sp., 20 Microcyclops sp., 42 Diffugia sp. 21 Lecane closterocerca 43 Paramecium sp., 22 Lecane hamata 44 Vorticella sp., Table-4 Birds recorded in vicinity of reservoirs Family- Ardeidae Family- Upupidae Indian pond Heron, Ardeola grayii Common Hoopoe, upupa epops Chestnut Bittern , Ixobrychus cinnamoneusFamily- Bucerotidae Cattle Egret, Bubulcus ibis Indian grey Hornbill, Oclyceros birostri Little Egret, Egretta garzettaFamily- Psittacidae Family- Podicipitidae Plumheaded Parakeet, Psittacula cyanocephala Little Grebe Tachybaptus ruficollis Pallas Roseringed Parakeet, Psittacula krameri (scopoli) Family- Rallidae Indian Lorikeet , Loriculus vernalis Bluebreasted Rail , Rallus striatusFamily- Striginae Whitebreasted Waterhen , Amaurornis phoenicurus Spotted owlet, Athene brama Purple Moorhen, porphyrio porphyrio Family- Alcedinidae Common Coot , Fulica atra Lesser Pied Kingfisher, Ceryle rudis Family-Phasianidae Small Blue Kingfisher, Alcedo atthis Common Quail, Coturnix coturnix Whitebreasted Kingfisher, Halcyon coromanda Rain Quail, Corturnixcoromandelica Blackcapped Kingfisher Halcyon pileata Bluebreasted Quail, Cortunnix chinesis Family-Muscicapinae Rock Bush Quail , Perdicula argoondah Tickell's Blue , flycatcher cyornis tickelliae Indian peafowl , Pavo cristatus Jungle prinia, Prinia sylvactica Family- Anatidae Eurasian Blackbird , Turdus merula Spotbilled Duck, Anas poecilorhynha Family- Motacillidae Mallard, Anas platyrhynchos Yellow Wagtail , Motacilla flava Northern shoveller, Anas clypeata Grey Wagtail , Motacilla cinere Research Journal of Recent Sciences ______________________________________________________________ ISSN 2277-2502Vol. 4(ISC-2014), 87-92 (2015) Res. J. Recent. Sci. International Science Congress Association 92 Conclusion The physico-chemical properties of Kanher dam were within tolerance limits, no excessive values were recorded during the study period. Hence water is suitable for irrigation, power generation and for drinking purpose after purification. The present study also shows rich diversity of zooplankton and avifauna in the vicinity of reservoir. References 1.APHA Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 18th ed. American Public Health Association, Washington DC (1992)2.Trivedy RK and Goel PK, Chemical and Biological methods for Water Pollution Studies, Env. Publications, Karad, 247 (1986)3.Hutchinson G.E., A Treatise on Limnology- II Introduction to lake biology and Limnoplankton. John Wiley N.Y. (1957)4.Edmondson W.T., Fresh water biology, 2nd Edition, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1248 (1963)5.Salim Ali, The Books of Indian Birds, BNhs, Publications, 215 (1996)6.Jhingran V.G., Fish and fisheries of India. 3rd edition Hindustan publishing corporation Delhi, 727 (1991)7.Welch P.S., Limnology, 2nd Ed. MC. Graw – Hill Book Co. New York, 1-538 (1952)8.Brown V.M., Jordan D.H.M.andTiller B.A., The effect of temperature on the acute toxicity of phenol to rainbow trout in hard water. Wat. Res., 1, 587-594 (1967)9.Surve D.R., Ambore, N.E. and Pulle J.S., Correlation coefficient of some physic Chemical characteristics of Baral dam water Dist. Nanded (M.S.) India. Poll.Res., 24(3), 653-656 (2005)10.Das S.K., Bhattachariya B.K. and Goswami U.C., Diel variation of pH in fish Ponds of Nagon district, Assam.J.Inland fish. Soc. India, 33(1), 45-48 (2001)11.Chinmoy Chatterjee and Raziuddin M., Determination of water quality index (WQI) of a degraded river in Asanol Industrial area (West Bengal), Nature Environment and Pollution Technology, 1(2), 181-189 (2002)12.Garg Deepshika, Singh R.V. and Sunita Goel, Studies on status of drinking water quality in Bharathpur area in Rajasthan, Ind.J. Environ. And Ecoplan.,14(1-2), 131-138 (2007)13.Mishra S.R. and Saksena D.N., Pollution ecology with reference to physico-chemical characteristics of Morar river, Gwalior, M.P. In: Nalik, Sharma, Ed. Current trends in Limnology,. 159-184 (1991)14.BIS, Indian standards of drinking water, Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi, India, 1-9,179-182 (1991)15.Patil P.R., Chaudhari D.N. and Kinage M.S., Water quqlity status of Padmalaya lakes, Erondal at Jalgaon District, M.S. Environ. And Ecol, 22(1), 65-68 (2004)16.Ranjana Borah, Das P.K. and Bhattacharrya K.G., Studies on interaction between surface and groundwater at Guwahati, Assam, India, Jr. of Env. and Poll., 8(4), 361-369 (2002)17.Harish, Limnology of ponds and lakes of Mysore. Karnataka, India, Ph.D. Thesis, Mysore University (2002)18.Gonzalez E.J., Ortaz M, Panaherrera C. and Infante A., Physical and chemical features of a hypertrophic reservoir permanently Stratified, Hydrobiologia, 522, 301-310 (2004)19.WHO, Guide Lines for Drinking Water Quality, 3rd Edition water. World Health Organization. Genera (2004)20.Kumara V., Narayana J., Manjappa S. and Puttaiah, E.T., Ground water quality of shimagatown, Karnataka state, proceeding of National seminar on EPCR-04 UBDT Engineering college, Devangere, 130-137 (2004)21.Hujare M.S., Hydrobiological studies on some water reservoirs of Hatkanangale Tahsil (M.S.) Ph.D. Thesis. Shivaji University Kolhapur (2005)22.Deshmukh J.U., Mali R.P. and Ambore N.E., Godavari river water quality status due to M.I.D.C. effluents Nanded, Maharashtra, India. Ecology. Environment and Pollution Technology, 14(2-3), 467- 469 (2008 )23.Kudari V.A., Kadadevaru G.G. and Kanamadi R.D., Present status of Naregal Tank (Haveri District Karnataka): A study with reference to water quality, Plankton and Wetland birds. Environ and Ecol., 22(1),182-187 (2004)24.Kataria H.C., Preliminary study of drinking water of Pipariya township. Poll. Res., 19(4), 645-649 (2000)25.Shanti K. Ramasamy K. and Kakshmanaperumalasamy P., Hydrobiological study of Singanallur lake at Coimbatore, India, Nature, Environment and Pollution technology, 1(2),97-101 (2002)26.Ansari Abid Ali and Khan Faerrd A., Studies on the role of selected nutrient sources in the eutrophication of fresh Water ecosystem. Nat.Environ. poll. Tech., 5(1), 47-52 (2006)27.Tiwari D.R., Physico-chemical studies of the upper lake water, Bhopal. Madhya Pradesh, India. poll. Res., 18, 323-326 (1999)