Research Journal of Recent Sciences ________________________________________________ ISSN 2277-2502
Vol. 1 (ISC-2011), 259-264 (2012)
Res.J.Recent Sci.

Dr. D. B. Limaye
The Founder of Institutionalized Chemical Research in Western India
Dhumatkar Abhidha
Sathaye College, Mumbai, INDIA

Available online at: www.isca.in
(Received 16th September 2011, revised 11th January 2012, accepted 25th January 2012)

Abstract
The intelligence of human being, since the beginning of this world has resulted in the growth of science and technology. Science
and technology have developed according to the interest and needs of humankind. They are having tremendous impact on human
lives. Advances in DNA technology are being seen as significant, reliable, efficient and accurate tools for law enforcement agencies
to fight crimes. DNA evidences are capable of proving guilt of accused or innocence of accused persons wrongly convicted.
Forensic DNA Technology has transformed investigative methods of serious crimes due to its remarkable capability to convict
wrongdoers or exonerate accused or convicted offenders. One of the most significant and great qualities of DNA evidence is its
ability to solve cold cases. More importantly, DNA technology can quickly lead suspicion away by allowing samples of past crimes
that were never solved to be reassessed. This can result in the arrest of suspect(s) years after the crime was committed. In essence,
DNA evidence is rapidly becoming irrefutable proof of identification. The question whether DNA is advancing justice becomes
relevant in cases where police, in their efforts, use DNA evidence to find suspects and solve crimes. Certainly, questions of justice
weigh most heavily when the DNA samples of innocent person is taken, stored and analyzed and falls under the lens of suspicion.
Therefore, this paper deals with the utility of DNA Technology in criminal investigation process. Advancement of DNA technology
toward a vision of justice is a focal point of this research paper.
Keywords: Forensic DNA technology, technology of justice, cold case, criminal investigation.

Introduction
Dr. D.B. Limaye (1887-1971) institutionalized chemical
research in Maharashtra in the early 20th century overcoming
pecuniary and social hurdles, and testified to the world
scientific community the potentials of an Indian chemist
through his landmark research in organic chemistry. He
made a path-breaking contribution to the evolution of organic
chemistry, researching with inadequate financial assistance,
in a laboratory ill equipped by modern standards. He
brought Poona on the map of scientific research and was one
of the few scientists of pre-independence India, who left an
indelible imprint on international science in the hey days of
colonialism, without having a glimpse of western shores.
The making of an organic chemist – Dr. D. B. Limaye born
on 31st July, 1887, in a Chitpavan Brahmin family at
Manache in Devgad Taluka, Ratnagiri District Maharashtra,
Dattatray Balkrishna Limaye completed his primary
education at Havnur, Nasik and Prabhu Seminary, Mumbai,
where he passed Matriculation in 1905, ranking among the
first 30. After initial few months in Elphinstone College
Bombay, he shifted to Fergusson College, Poona in 1907.
Influenced by Mr. T. K. Gajjar of Baroda, D. B. Limaye, still
a college student, started the Balakrishna Rasashala in 1908,
at Poona to produce chemicals. He passed B.A. with Physics
in 1909, B.Sc. in 1910 and M.A. in Chemistry in 1911,
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obtaining the Balasaheb Mirajkar prize for securing the
highest marks in the Bombay University1. As a follower of
Lokmanya Tilak (who was his distant relative), D.B.Limaye
refused government jobs, including the offers of lecturer in
chemistry by principal Sharp of Elphistone College, Dr. T.
H. Wheeler, the head, chemistry department of the Royal
Institute of Science, Mumbai, (a leading centre of chemical
research in 1920s), Bombay and job of soil analyst in the
College of Agriculture Poona, under the principalship of Dr.
Harold Mann.
In 1912, D. B. Limaye was employed as a research chemist
with the salary of Rs. 60/- per month, on the
recommendation of K.R. Kanitkar, Principal of Fergusson
College, in the Ranade Industrial and Economic Institute, set
up in 1911 by honourable G.K. Gokhale in the memory of
Justice M.G. Ranade to spread industrial and technical
knowledge2.
As an Industrial chemist and later as the Assistant Director
and Director of the Ranade Industrial and Economic Institute
from 1912 to 1940, Limaye conducted research in pure and
applied chemistry.
Under a project of the Ranade Institute for chemical
investigation of natural products in the country, Limaye,
guided by Dr. Harold Mann, researched the useful properties
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of the Tarvad bark for tanning hides. His findings, published
in 1916 in the House Journal of the Ranade Institute, were
used by the British Government during the First World War3.
Limaye analyzed iron, manganese and bauxite and helped the
artisans of Poona, Yevale and Benaras in the Jari work. He
guided artisans in gliding of mercury on glass, to
manufacture mirrors as well as in the processing of soap and
glass, in printing on cloth, cement testing, extraction of gum.
On the direction of Harold Mann, Limaye conducted
research on properties of vegetable oils like Nimboli, Undi
and Karanjel and a camphor like substance, he isolated from
Pangala, the findings of which Limaye published in 19214.
However conditions changed after Mann’s departure from
Ranade Institute.
Although promoted as Assistant Secretary of the Ranade
Institute in 1920 with double salary, his position in the
Ranade Institute still remained insecure, partly because the
organization dominated by economists wanted to research in
applied science against D. B. Limaye’s insistence on pure
science and fundamental research (which Limaye viewed as
a solid bedrock to construct the edifice of applied research)
and partly because Limaye was the only Tilakite among the
majority of moderates in the Institute. Thus Limaye became a
square peg in a round hole5.
Limaye enjoyed neither medical, house, dearness allowances,
nor provident fund. In 1925 Limaye constructed a new house
christened Kapilashra accommodating laboratory in Navi
Peth Poona and he annually earmarked a fixed sum, finally
ranging to Rs. 1000 for chemical research, out of which he
established Rasayannidhi in 19306.
A Watershed in Organic Chemistry: With the help of
charcoal furnace, Limaye’s alternative to the widely used but
costly Fisher Furnace, Limaye succeeded in determining the
formula of Karanjin [C18H2O4] (a colourless crystal like
compound which he had isolated from the oil seeds of
Karanj) which the nobel prize winner Professor Paul Kahrer
of Zurich University had failed to achieve despite most
modern equipments at his disposal. Limaye proved that the
molecule of Karanjin consisted of three rings fused together,
of which at the centre, the carbocyclic benzene nucleus had
on either sides one ring each, containing oxygen atoms
besides carbon. In order to synthesize Karanjin Limaye first
endeavoured to synthesize Bergaptin and Xantho toxin, the
only compounds with some structural similarity with
Karanjin, known at that time. For this he required a reagent
between twenty groups of resorcinol derivatives, a carbonyl
group. He christened the process, which he invented to
synthesize such resorcinol as the Nidhone process, Nidhi
denoting Rasayananidhi which had financed his research and
One’ to indicate a compound from Ketone Group. Sir C.V.
Raman rightly observed that owing to Limaye’s modesty,
Limaye, contrary to the tradition in the scientific world,

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refrained from christening his research findings as Limaye
Effect.
Prof. Limaye’s original research work on the chemistry of
flavones, flovonals, furoflavones and furo-coumarius and
furocurochromeries was of fundamental importance in
understanding the chemistry of naturally occurring
compounds and their synthesis. Prof. Limaye also carried
out a series of new syntheses of betadiketone and glutaconic
acids. He discovered Benzoyl Resorcinal as a reagent to fill
up the vacuum between two atoms of an OH organic
compound. His Nidhone process to devise reagents for OH
compounds was used by many researchers in the west to
derive reagents for other OH Compounds, thus opening a
new chapter in the history of organic chemistry.
D.B. Limaye’s research papers on furocoumarin and
Nidhone process published in Berishte, the journal of the
Austrian Chemicals Society of Vienna in 1932 and 1934
respectively, established him as a chemist of international
repute. It was appreciated by Prof. Earnest of Vienna
University, Nasemesgenav and Sarevich the researchers on
crop diseases in the agriculture department of the former
Soviet Union, whereas Dr. Grobmet of Vienna University,
Dr. Becker from London Sugasava of the medical faculty and
Masayati Yanagita of the pharmaceutical faculty of the
Tokyo University devised new chemical compounds with the
help of Nidhone Process. A host of furocoumarins were
synthesized and studied by Limaye’s students after Limaye
was recognized as a M.Sc. and Ph.D. guide of Bombay
University in 19307.
In order to achieve his original objective of synthesizing
Karanjin, he first synthesized a compound very close to
Karanjin. When he was on the point of obtaining the
synthesis of Karanjin, despite his meager resources at the
Ranade Institute, he blundered in prematurely exhibiting a
specimen of Karanjin in the Lucknow Session of the Indian
Science Congress. At this very juncture, Dr. Sheshadri of the
well equipped Andhra University Laboratory, synthesized
Karanjin in 1941, snatching away D.B. Limaye’s credit for
his labour of two decades. From this event, D.B. Limaye
drew the conclusion that in order to get their due credit, in
the present world of ruthless competition, small research
institutes ought to build up funds to acquire more facilities8.
The Rasayananidhi Its Origin and Aims: D. B. Limaye
founded the trust Rasayananidhi in 1930, to promote
chemical research in view of marginal research in Western
India, in the absence of research centers and negligible
research grants. N.C. kelkar (the then edeitor of Kesari) and
Dhondo Keshav Karve (the social reformer and the founder
of SNDT Women’s University of Bombay) were a few
subscribers of Rasayananidhi in the beginning, while
Babasaheb Ghorpade (the ruler of Ichalkaranji) instituted a
scholarship for Ph. D. students9.

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D.B. Limaye became the first trustee of Rasayananidhi,
Dattatraya Laxman Sahasrabuddhe (the Professor of
Chemistry in the college of Agriculture, Poona and the
Chemist to the Bombay Government) the second trustee
from the beginning and Govind Ramchandra Kelkar,
Limaye’s Ph.D. student the Third trustee in 194110.
On October 22, 1930, the inauguration ceremony of
Rasayananidhi was held at Kapilashram in the presence of
around one fifty individuals including N.C. Kelkar, who
donated Rs. 500/- on behalf of Kesari Maratha Trust.
Initially, two students researched in Kapilashram laboratory
(with a stipend of Rs. 3,000/- per year) from the funds of
Rasayananidhi.
In 1933, the Silver Jubilee of D.B. Limaye’s association with
Balakrishna Rasashala and Ranade Institute was celebrated
under the chairmanship of Balasaheb, the ruler of Miraj.
Rasayananidhi donated to the Ranade Institute, Rs. one
hundred fifty in the function of publication of its tri-annual
report on August 19, 1934, chaired by Sir C.V. Raman,
whom Limaye worshipped not only for his scientific research
but also for his patriotism, which had motivated him to leave
his government job in favour of the Presidency college,
Calcutta.
Sir Raman, to whose Institute of Science, D. B. Limaye had
donated his warbonds of Rs. One thousand and a cash of Rs.
five hundred, lauded in his presidential address Limaye’s
pathbreaking achievements in chemical research, his skill of
making the best of the least available resources and gave him
the epithet of “a True Brahmin” for his intellectual quest. On
this occasion, Rasayananidhi the symbol of which was
Banyan tree, donated Rs. one thousand for the projected
Maharashtra University, in conformity with Limaye’s public
pledge on the death anniversary of Vishnushastri Chiplunkar
on 22nd April, 193211.
On 16th January 1936, D. B. Limaye with the help of his son
and a researcher, Dr. S. D. Limaye, commemorated the 35 th
death anniversary of Justice M.G. Ranade at his residence
describing Justice Ranade’s contribution as the first
Chairman of Aryan Education Society and dedicating to
Justice Ranade, Ranjal and Ramel, the chemical synthesized
by Rasayananidhi. A report on Rasayananidhi’s Research
was read out12.
Rasayanam: Limaye began publishing research papers in
the journal of Bombay University and the proceedings of
Indian Academy of Science of Sir Raman after they
developed friendship13. Although a founder of the Indian
Chemical Society, publication of research papers of
Limaye’s own students was often delayed in the Society’s
journal. In 1925, when a few significant footnotes were
dropped from Limaye’s research paper without his
permission, he found only one sympathizer among the

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members of the Indian Chemical Society during his eight
months correspondence with the Committee appointed to
examine his charges. Consequently, in 1936, Limaye
launched the English chemical Journal Rasayanam, edited by
D. D. Karve (the son of the social reformer, D. K. Karve)and
V.K. Bhagwat, in order to give a platform to his own
research and that of his students. From 1936 to 1956
Rasayanam published altogether 83 research papers in 12
issues bound in two volumes14.
Dr. T. H. Wheeler, the Principal, Royal Institute of Science
Bombay, in his inaugural speech on 21st March 1936, he
called Rasayanam a solitary chemical journal from the
Bombay Presidency, and D. B. Limaye, a first class organic
chemist who, made pathbreaking contribution to research, by
his selfless devotion to fundamental chemical research
(useful to industries), in his laboratory, constructed with
meager resources15.
The circulation of Rasayanam gradually increased in U.K.,
U.S.A. and Germany. According to the Agharkar Birth
centenary Souvenir, D. B.Limaye was a member of the
committee (chaired by Jaykar and set up on 17th October,
1944 by Principal J. R. Gharpure) for the establishment of
Maharashtra Association for Cultivation of Science now
known as Agharkar Institute and headed it’s Chemistry
department, from 1947-48 set up at Poona by the well known
Botanist Dr. Shankar Purushottam Agharkar, after his
retirement in 194616. However, according to his
granddaughter Kunda Deval this was not D.B. Limaye but
his nephew Prabhakar Atmaram Limaye17.
Rasayan Mandir: After guiding M.Sc. and Ph.D. students
from 1943 to 1949 on behalf of Ranade Institute, Limaye
established Rasayan Mandir as a separate laboratory for
Rasayananidhi. Rasayan Mandir, was a fullfledged chemical
research laboratory consisting of central library and four
wings each for theoretical, inorganic, organic and applied
chemistry. Special attention was focussed on organic
chemistry and the ground available at Kapilashram was
utilized for the laboratory. Out of the subscription of
Rs.15667, for Rasayananidhi Rs. 700 were contributed by D.
B. Limaye alone.
In the function held on 23rd April, 1949 for the establishment
of Rasayanmandir, after D.L. Sahasrabuddhe, the trustee of
Rasayananidhi read out the history of Rasayananidhi. N.V.
Gadgil, the then Union Minister for iron and steel in his
presidential address expressed the desire to encourage private
initiative in scientific research and donated Rs. 1000/- in his
personal capacity. In his speech, D. B. Limaye explained
how Rasayananidhi had surpassed England and Russia in the
Research on Aluminum and urged people to value
fundamental research, instead of viewing research from
utilitarian point of view. On his visit to Rasayan Mandir on
8th October 1949, B.D. Kher, the then Chief Minister of

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Bombay Presidency, appreciated the spirit of the workers and
the adverse circumstances, in which research was being
carried out.
A meeting convened on 27th November 1949, set up a
committee named Rasayan Mandir Sahayyak Mandal with
the objective of collecting the additional three lakhs of
Rupees, of which an amount of Rs. One lakh was urgently
needed for laboratory premise, apparatus, library and
miscellaneous purposes. As soon as the laboratory was
erected, the number of research students increased rapidly
from five to ten. However, contrary to Limaye’s
expectations, Poona University refused to recognize
“Rasayan Mandir” as a research centre on the grounds that it
lacked adequate amenities for research such as books,
apparatus and a special premise for laboratory to
accommodate adequate number of students. However,
Limaye was so popular that students flocked to him in spite
of his higher fees, compared to university fees. Dr. D. B.
Limaye’s son, Dr. S. D. Limaye who had guided five M.Sc.
students of Bombay University in eight years, got
recognition as a research guide of Poona University only
when he completed his post doctoral research in the U.S.A.
in 1952.
Nevertheless, with waning public response and drying public
funds, in the absence of Government grants, “Rasayan
Mandir” was dissolved in 1962. The funds of Rs. 67,000/and the books of Rasayan Mandir Library were donated to
the Poona University on 20th December, 1963. Out of the
Rs. 67,000/- funds of Rasayan Mandir, scholarship for post
doctoral research on chemistry was instituted in Poona
University in Dr. D. B. Limaye’s memory. After the Central
Defense Ministry added Rs. 1,00,000 to the scholarship
amountin 1987, the fellowship was converted into doctoral
fellowship in 200618 .
D. B. Limaye was awarded D.Sc. by the Poona University on
his eightieth birthday in 1967 in view of his eleven research
papers published and 40 M.Sc. and 2 Ph.D. students guided.
D. B. Limaye died subsequent upon kidney trouble and fever
on 26th February, 1971. On 31st July and 1st August 1987, the
Chemistry department of Poona University and the Science
and Technology Department of the Government of India
jointly celebrated D. B. Limaye’s Birth centenary19.
Dr. Limaye, A Teacher, A Guide and A Thinker: Owing
to D.B. Limaye’s insistence on evidence, and precision and
his habit of avoiding overstatement in his writings and in his
students theses, D.B. limaye never had to take back any of
his claims and statements made in the scientific world.
Limaye, a member of German Chemical Society had mastery
over English and German, comparatable to his mother
tongue.

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The laboratory of Kapilashram was open to outsiders, college
students and science teachers whom Limaye guided
meticulously, in writing articles and research papers.
depressed to see B.Sc. degenerating into matriculation in
Science, Limaye championed the cause of a limited number
of subjects in school curriculum and viewed scientific
articles in the text books, as a channel to popularize Science
among masses. D.B. Limaye had asked his student D.B.
Gangal to explore the opportunity for Indian research
scientist in Japanese laboratories during his visit to Japan and
encouraged Gangal’s endeavours to set up in Poona an All
India organization of science teachers on the Japanese model.
D. B. Limaye’s insistence on fundamental research, which
demanded, in general, maximum wastage of resources, by
exhausting minimum resources was at the root of early
extinction of Rasayan Mandir. Unlike Dr. S. P. Agharkar,
who, by procuring research projects, through his contacts
with the All India Scientific Community, established during
his service as Ghosh Professor of Botany at Calcutta, the
then hub of resurgent Indian Science rescued his M.A.C.S.
from “Infant casualty”, ultimately fetching the affiliation of
Poona University, D.B. Limaye, due to his failure to
penetrate into the inner circles of the All India Scientific
community rendered Rasayannidhi financially incompetent
to secure affiliation of Poona University. The decision of D.
B. Limaye, a Tilakite, to reject the jobs in leading scientific
research organisations such as Royal Institute of Science,
Bombay and Agriculture College, Poona for being
Government funded was partly responsible for hampering his
research career. However, he also refrained from joining
active politics, as open conflict with the British Government
would have ended to his scientific research. In short, Dr.
Limaye was clear about his goals and did not want to
diversify his energy. According to Dr. Kunda Deval, D. B.
Limaye’s granddaughter, a scientist to his finger tip, he could
not fit in the bureaucratic culture of the chemical laboratories
in post independence India, due to Limaye’s old age and urge
for individual freedom. D.B. Limaye christened his house,
after Kapila, the rationalist exponent of Sankhya philosophy
and due to his insistence on rationalism, traditional festivals
like Haldi-kumkum and Mangalagauri gradually lost
importance in Limaye’s household18.
Limaye disapproved obsolete methods of production like
hand-spinning of cotton and was convinced that the modern
progress ought to reach every Indian village. Neither a
communist nor a socialist, D. B. Limaye was critical of the
workers’ exploitation in Bombay Mills. An advocate of
dignity of labour, D.B. Limaye manufactured glass tubes and
various other equipments in his laboratory with the help of
his students, participated with his family, in tilling the soil of
the plot while constructing his house, swept his house,
washed toilets and his own clothes and mended shoes19.
Lack of adequate research equipments and financial support,
far from being a stumbling block, turned into Limaye’s

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strong point, challenging his imagination to invent options to
the essential but costly laboratory equipments. As an option
to the Fisher furnace and Bunsen Burner, Limaye devised a
combustion furnace working on charcoal and requiring two
burners. As an alternative to the regular apparatus to separate
the solid object from the mixture of the solids and liquids,
Limaye attached a glass tube with rubber lid to a tin barrel.
Limaye himself joined broken glass tubes and capillaries by
heating, made spatulas and other laboratory equipments out
of the wasteful iron pieces of broken umbrellas and prepared
in his own laboratory, essential chemicals which he was
otherwise required to import from abroad. He avoided
wastage of stationery and prepared ink at home, used
kerosene chimney and broken pieces of China clay utensils
as alternatives to frying oven and pumic stove respectively.
Dr. Paul Kahrer of Zurich University appreciated Dr.
Rishikesh Pendse’s training under D.B. Limaye in achieving
the maximum by exhausting the minimum laboratory
resources.
Sir, C.V. Raman was astonished to learn that, Rasayannidhi
with the annual income of Rs. 3000/- equivalent to Sir
Raman’s monthly salary, conducted pathbreaking research.
D.B. Limaye wanted Indians to spend only on necessities and
not on luxuries. He appealed to make best use of abundant
Indian natural resources instead of blindly copying those
Western habits and research ventures which did not
necessarily suit Indian climate and were unaffordable to
Indian pockets. Foresighted, D. B. Limaye predicted energy
crisis as early as 1960s, unless every Indian household saved
electricity and fuel20.
A patriotic scientist, D.B. Limaye christened in Marathi new
processes and compounds he invented and the organizations
and periodicals he launched. He made the trust deeds of
Rasayananidhi and Rasayan Mandir in Marathi. Despite D.B.
Limaye’s reverence for ancient Indian culture, he appealed to
highlight the lost thread between ancient Indian science and
modern science and to investigate the causes for the
stagnation of the former21.

Prof. Limaye pioneered and institutionalized chemical
research in Maharashtra, initiated a new branch of organic
research and gave a chemical orientation to the Ranade
Institute. For this reason he can be well called as P.C. Ray of
Maharashtra However, unlike the support of the locals that
P.C. Ray was fortunate enough to receive, Limaye had to
confront political groupism, privation of resources and lack
of recognition in Poona men, then not a centre of scientific
culture. It is a great tribute to Prof. D. B. Limaye that he
made a path-breaking contribution to the evolution of organic
chemistry, researching with inadequate financial assistance,
in a laboratory ill equipped by modern standards. He
brought Poona on the map of scientific research and was one
of the few scientists of pre-independence India, who left an
indelible imprint on international science in the hey days of
colonialism, without having a glimpse of Western shores24.

References
1.

Khasagivale V.,
Limaye kulavrutant, Limaye
Kulvishvasta nidhi, Third edition Poona, 632–634,
(2001)

2.

Limaye S.D. and Joshi C. ed, Rasamaharshi in
published by Limaye P, Pune, 2-4, 12–21, 50-51(1993)

3.

Limaye D.B., M.V. M.P., 29 October (1967)

4.

Kelkar G.R., Prof. Dattatray Balkrishna Limaye
Yanchya Karyachi Trotak Mahitee”M. V. P. Pune.8-9,
August (1969)

5.

Patvardhan N.V., Telephonic interview, Pune, (2003)

6.

Talvalkar T.V., Yash Yancha Shodh Karit Al, K, 563565, (1932)

7.

Professor Dattatreya Balkrishna Limaye – A Profile
(1887–1971) Prof. D. B. Limaye Centenary July 31,
1987, National Seminar on Recent Advances In
Organic Chemistry 31 July and 1 August, 1987
Department of Science and Technology, New Delhi
and Department
of Chemistry, University of
Poona 1, 29, 30, (1987)

8.

Deval K. Anek Bhartiya Sanshodhakhi Halesarkhech
Upekshit G. Nasik 9) Limaye D.B., Rasayan Nidhi
Sthapanvishayak
Vishwastipatra
(Trust
Deed),
Kapilashram, Pune, 1- 4,(1930)

9.

Limaye D.B., Sahastrabuddhe D.L., Kelkar D.G.,
Mahiti ani Vinanti (Appeal for Donation) Rasayan
Nidhi, Pune, (1945)

Conclusion
By institutionalizing science through research organization,s
Dr. D. B. Limaye replicated, Dr. M.L. Sarkar, J.C. Bose and
P.C. Ray, in Maharashtra22. In fact, Limaye’s Rasayananidhi
was the first organized and sustained Maharashtrian attempt
to establish an association solely dedicated to the cause of
scientific research. In Limaye’s relentless unflinching
advocacy of fundamental research, he mirrored M.M. Saha’s
call for autonomous science and like him, became a failure in
his last days owing to lack of government support23.

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Vol. 1 (ISC-2011), 259-264 (2012)
Res.J.Recent Sci.
10. The fifth Annual Report of Rasayan Nidhi, R,
Volume I, (1936)

18. Prof. D.B. Limaye Rasayan Nidhi Fellowship,” L.V., V
and VI, 138-139, (2006)

11. Kai. Nyaya Murti Ranade Yanchya Taila Chitras
Pushpahar, L. s. Poona, (1935)

19. Joshi Chakrapani, An Interview, Pune (2003)
20. Marathe K. G an interview, Pune, (2003)

12. Limaye D.B., A Note on Lactone Formations in
Sunlight, J O T U O B, Vol.I, 52 – 53 (1932)
13. Poona R., 8– 12 (1936)
14. Wheeler T.S., Presidential Address, R, Poona, 2 - 8
(1936)
15.

Deodikar G. B., Department of Chemistry, Prof.
Agharkar Birth Centenary Souvenir 13-14, 39 (1984),

16. Deval Kunda An Interview, Pune (2003)
17. Limaye D.B., Sahasrabuddhe D.L., Pra. Limayanche
Rasayan Mandir - Aantarrashtriya Kirtichi Punyatil
Sanshodhan Sanstha, K. (1953)

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21. Kumar D., Science and The Raj, Oxford University
Press, New Delhi, 113, 150, 196, 192-194, 198-202,
211-223) Abrol, D, (1995)
22. Colonial Minds or Progressive Nationalist Scientists :
The Science and Culture Group. MacLeod R. and
Kumar D., ed. Technology and the Raj Western
Technology and Technical Transfers to India 17001947, Sage Publications, New Delhi, 265-288, (1995)
23. Dhumatkar A. Spread of Science in Maharashtra:
Colonia Policy and Indian responce (1880-1947)
Unpublished Ph. D. thesis, (2012)

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