Research Journal of Recent Sciences ______ ______________________________ ______ ___ __ _ ISSN 2277 - 2502 Vol. 1( ISC - 2011 ), 23 - 32 (201 2 ) Res.J. Recent .Sci. International Science Congress Association 23 Bird distribution along environmental gradients In North Bandung, West Java Fardila D. 1 and Sjarmidi A. 2 1 Department, Syarif Hidayatullah State Islamic University Jakarta Banten, INDONESIA 2 Bandung Institute of Technology Jl. Ganesha 10 Bandung, West Java, INDONESIA Available online at: www.isca.in (Received 30 th October 2011, revised 10 th January 2012 , accepted 28 th January 2012 ) Abstract Bird distribution and abundance were studied along environmental gradients from urban areas to forested habitats in North Bandung, West Java. Bird and habitat data were collected from 192 sampling points between May 2006 and April 2007. The relationship of bird assemblage patterns and species distribution with habitat and land cover attributes was explored by canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) . We further tested whether particular attributes of bird assemblages such as the relative abundance of ground gleaners, tree foragers, omnivores, insectivores, generalist and endemic species were linked to environmental att ributes. The assemblage measures were compared with the environmental gradients and with the environmental variables from which those gradients were derived using bivariate plots, correlations and distance weighted LS regression. Canonical correspondence analyses revealed that forest land use, tree canopy cover and altitude were important factors affecting bird distributions in the study site. Mo ving south to lower altitude along the gradient to urban areas with more intensive land use, human - tolerant species were encountered more often, and absolute abundance of omnivores and ground gleaners increased. Bird diversity and total bird abundance peak ed in forested habitats, as did the absolute abundances of tree foragers, insectivores and endemic species. Thus, h abitat, land use and landscape variables acted in concert to shape bird distribution in North Bandung region. Keywords: bird, distribution , environmental gradient, land use, urbanization, north Bandung . Introduction Patterns of bird distribution and abundance within a landscape are influenced by multiple factors that interact in space and tim e 1 . Habitat structure and floristic composition, such as percent canopy cover, tree species diversity and the distribution of specific plant taxa, are known to have a significant role in defining the occur rence of bird species in space 2 , 3 . It is now increasi ngly understood that land use and landscape factors, together with local - scale factors, define the niche space and how individual birds perceive and use habitats along environmental or geographic gradients at a local, re gional, and continental scales 1, 4 . Urbanization processes, which transform natural ecosystems and landscapes into new man - made systems, have caused global change on ea rth 5,6, 7 . The replacement of forests by agriculture and various kinds of urban land use changes plant and animal communiti es. Land use intensification reduces, subdivides and isolates habitat required by forest species. Species requiring contiguous forest areas above some minimum size therefore tend to disappear from highly fragmented landscapes 8 . Expansion of land use also c reates habitat for generalist species, omnivores and granivores capable of exploiting resources associated with forest edges and human - built environments 9 . There is widespread concern about the effects of changes in land use due to urbanization on bird p opulations. U rbanization processes can lead to biodiversity homogenization 9 . Most studies of urban bird communities have reported that species richness generally decreases with urbanization and that total abundance generally increas es with urbanization 9, 10, 11, 12 . Urbanization can create a complex environmental gradient, from undisturb ed natural areas to highly - modifi ed urban landscapes. However, the study of environmental gradient across urban - rural landscapes in the tropics is relatively new, and little is known about the actual patterns of bird distribution and abundance along such gradients 13 . This study was conducted in North Bandung region, West Java. North Bandung has undergone significant changes in its landscape due to urbanization process es in the last decades. Forest area in North Bandung reduced the most, from 5,470 ha in 1992 to 1,746 ha in 2002, or about 3,732.12 ha (68%) in ten years. In the opposite, agricultural area was increased from 2,491 ha to 4,358 ha (43%), and so was resident ial area from 359 ha to 1,612 ha (78%) between 1992 and 2002 14 . Landscape changes in North Bandung are predicted to continue in the subsequent years. Research Journal of Recent Sciences ______ _ _ _______________________________ ______________ _ ______ ISSN 2277 - 2502 Vol. 1( ISC - 2011 ), 23 - 32 (201 2 ) Res.J.Recent.Sci International Science Congress Association 24 Located in Bandung Basin and surrounded by range of hills and volcanoes, the landscapes of the study site are heterogeneous, which are predominately agricultural. In the southern part, an urban matrix exists that has been greatly impacted by both agricultu re and urban development. In the northern part, large protected forest area still exists, which is part of Mt. Tangkuban Perahu Natural Reserve. The large variation in habitat structure due to urban development, the heterogeneity of the landscape terrain , and the diversity land uses impacts within this region provide an opportunity to investigate the influence of habitat, land use and landscape factors on bird diversity and distribution. The study aims to explore the responses of bird assemblages across these environmental gradients in North Bandung, West Java. The topic is of much interest given intensity of habitat conversion in this area and the lack of knowledge how birds and other species respond to such changes. Material and Methods Study S ite s : The study was conducted in North Bandung region, West Java, Indonesia. Area of study was limited between geographic coordinates of 107°35’46” - 107°39’04” E and 6°46’09” - .6°54’48” S. To represent various land use types within this region, t he study site w as selected based on a digital land use map of the West Java Province in a vector format at a nominal scale 1:25,000, which showed land use around the year of 2004. Using ArcView GIS 3.3, the study site was systematically divided into observation plots for ming grid cells of 1 km  1 km. Three grids were positioned horizontally from west to east and 16 grids were positioned vertically from south to north. Data collection was conducted in each grid (48 grids in total). Four subplots of observation were system atically selected in each grid. Subplots were regularly arranged so that distance between subplots was 500 m. Each subplot was checked in the field with reference to a handheld Global Positioning System (GPS Garmin 12XL) for correct placement and site acce ssibility. The list of the study sites are gr aphically represented in f igure - 1. Figure - 1 Sampling Location in North Bandung Region, West Java, Indonesia Research Journal of Recent Sciences ______ _ _ _______________________________ ______________ _ ______ ISSN 2277 - 2502 Vol. 1( ISC - 2011 ), 23 - 32 (201 2 ) Res.J.Recent.Sci International Science Congress Association 25 Table - 1 Explanatory Variables Used in Ordination to Explain Bird Distribution in North Bandung Variable Description Min Mean Max Canopy Percentage of tree canopy cover, untransformed (%) 3 45.5 95 Understory Percentage of understory cover, untransformed (%) 4 32.8 45 Strata Number of strata, untransformed 1 3.2 5 Forest Percentage of forest area, untransformed (%) 0 16.9 84.8 Orchard Percentage of orchard area, untransformed (%) 0 13.6 49.7 Cropland Percentage of cropland area, untransformed (%) 8.3 50.0 76.5 Residential Percentage of residential area, untransformed (%) 0 19.5 90.9 Road Road density, untransformed (number of road per grid) 1 12.3 22 House House density, square - root transformed (number of house building per grid) 3 109.6 439 Urban distance Distance to nearest built - up area, square - root transformed (meters) 55 1384.0 4802 Altitude In meter above sea level, untransformed (m a.s.l.) 702 1102.2 1704 Field Methods : Bird surveys were conducted using the fixed radius point count method 15 in four subplots of observation. Each subplot was visited once from May 2006 to April 2007. At each visit, all birds seen or heard within a radius of 50 m during a 10 - min period were recorded to species. Counts were made by a single observer in the mornin g between sunrise and 10.00 am local standard time on days with minimal precipitation. For the entire study sites, a total of 2304 point counts were obtained. Bird identificati on was based on MacKinnon field guide 16 . Assemblage Measures : We analysed four aspects of assemblage structure: bird diversity, total bird abundance, relative abundance and bird functional group composition. Bird diversity is measured as species richness or number of bird species at each grid. To measure total bird a bundance, individual totals at each grid were summed accross the whole species found and then divided by the number of point counts conducted at the grid (individuals per count). Relative abundance were estimated to analyse the predominant species in each land - use type. To estimate the relative abundance, individual totals of each species were summed and then divided by individual totals of all species found in each land - use type. Predominant species were species that has relative abundance va lue above 10 percent 17 . To measure bird functional group composition, e ach of the species recorded was classified to functional group according to four criteria: foraging technique, dietary prefe rence, habitat and distribution 16 , as shown in Appendix . The absolute abu ndance (individuals per count) of ground gleaner, tree forager, omnivore, insectivore, generalist and endemic species were examined for each grid’s assemblage. Environmental M easures . Percent cover of tree canopy, number of strata within forests and perce nt cover of understory layer were visually estimated for each plot. To reduce bias in estimates of percentages, data were categorized bas ed on Braun - Blanquet method 18 into the following classes: 0 - 5%, 5 - 25%, 25 - 50%, 50 - 75% and 75 - 100%. In addition, for ea ch bird sampling point, altitude w as also measured by standard surveying techniques using a GPS. Land use - land cover (LULC) of each grid was classified into forest, orchard, cropland and residential by extracting Landsat TM satellite imagery based on data from 2004. The LULC classification was used to determine the proportions of each land use in a grid. Road density, building density and distance to nearest built - up area were also determined for each grid fro m satellite imagery data. table - 1 gives an over view of environmental variables used, as well as their range. Data A nalysis : Eleven environmental variables were selected for analysis. These variables characterized the habitat (canopy coverage, understory volume, strata complexity) and the surrounding landscape (forest, orchard, cropland, residential, road density, house density, nearest distance to built - up land and altitude). Environmental variables were transformed as necessary to standardize their distributions prior to analysis. Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) was performed on the bird and environmental data us ing CAN OCO for Windows ver. 4.5 19, 20 to examine relationships between bird community and environmental gradients in the study sites. CCA is a form of direct gradient analysis that calculates a set of ordination axes based on a primary matrix of bird abundances at each sampling point. Scores plotted in CCA diagrams are linear combinations of environmental variables 20 . Biplot arrows shown in figures represent the direction of the increasing environmental gradient 20, 21 . The value of a variable increases in the dir ection of the arrow’s head and decreases in the direction of its tail. The length of the arrow is proportional to the correlation between the variable and the ordination, which indicates the relative importance of that variable. The angle between arrows in dicates the strength of correlations between variables. Research Journal of Recent Sciences ______ _ _ _______________________________ ______________ _ ______ ISSN 2277 - 2502 Vol. 1( ISC - 2011 ), 23 - 32 (201 2 ) Res.J.Recent.Sci International Science Congress Association 26 Table - 2 Correlation ( r ) of Site Score on the First Two Environmental CCA Axes (ENV1, ENV2) and Bird CCA Axes (SPEC1, SPEC2) with the 11 Variables from which It was Derived Variabl e Environmental gradients Bird gradients Feature Attribute ENV1 ENV2 SPEC1 SPEC2 Habitat Canopy 0.75 – 0.56 0.73 – 0.51 Understory 0.03 – 0.88 0.02 – 0.80 Strata 0.54 – 0.09 0.53 – 0.08 Land use Forest 0.92 – 0.02 0.89 – 0.02 Orchard 0.03 – 0.66 0.03 – 0.60 Cropland – 0.49 – 0.66 – 0.48 – 0.60 Residential – 0.41 0.85 – 0.39 0.77 Road – 0.76 0.56 – 0.74 0.51 House – 0.44 0.84 – 0.43 0.76 Urban distance – 0.34 0.15 – 0.33 0.14 Landscape Altitude 0.85 – 0.38 0.83 – 0.34 % Variance in data accounted for by axis 50 21 26 11 The arrows thus can be interpreted as secondary axes and help to explain the distribution of bird species in relation to environmental gradients 21 . CCA site scores on the first two environmental and bird axes were correlated with the environmental variables from which th e gradients were derived, as shown in Table - 2 . These correlations cannot be assigned statistical sign ificance , but are useful for interpretation because the square of the correlation coefficien t is equal to the proportion of each variable’s variance shared with the C CA axis 22 . The abundance of each bird functional group was compared with the CCA environmental gradients and with the environmental variables from which the gradients were derived us ing bivariate plots, Spearman rank correlations and distance weighted least square (LS) regression. Results and Discussion CCA of environmental variables highlighted the differences between the southern and the northern parts of the study site. The first two environmental CCA axes captured 71.4% of the variance in set of environmental variables ( t able - 2) . The first CCA axis of the environmental data (ENV1) distinguished between relatively undisturbed natural areas at high elevations, with lower road densiti es, larger forests cover and high percentage of canopy cover and number of strata to the north, and more disturbed modified areas at lower elevations, with greater road densities, residential areas and open spaces to the south. Forest area in the landscap e and altitude showed the strongest correlations ( r = 0.92 a nd 0.85, respectively), as shown in Table - 2 . Habitat variables (canopy, strata) were also positively correlated with ENV1 ( r =0.75 and 0.54, respectively). This contrasted with negative correlation s for anthropogenic measures in the landscape (road density, house density, residential, cropland, urban distance; r ≤ – 0.3372). The second CCA axis of the environmental data (ENV2) reflected the similarity of bird communities at the cropland and orchard, and accentuated the differences with the residential area, judging from its positive correlations with residential ( r = 0.85), house density ( r =0.84) and road density ( r =0.56), and its negati ve correlation with other land - uses (orchard, cropland; r = – 0.66). The second CCA axis thus reflected characteristics of urban ecosystem. Correlations of ENV2 with vegetation structures (understory, canopy; r = – 0.88 and – 0.56, respectively) were also consi stent with the characteristics of urbanized area. During the study 59 bird species from 28 families and 5261 individuals were recorded. A total of 51 species were recorded in the forest, 45 species in the orchard, 33 species in the residential area and 31 species in the cropland. In each land use type, pr edominant species (relative abundance  10%) were glossy swiflet (Collocalia esculenta), Eurasian tree - sparrow (Passer montanus) and oriental white - eye (Zosterops palpebrosus). Dominance of a certain species was not the same for each land use type. Based on our observation, there were some bird species with large number of individuals, such as Sunda minivet (Pericrocotus miniatus), orange - spotted bulbul (Pycnonotus bimaculatus), bar - winged prinia (Prinia familiaris) and Javan munia (Lonchura leucogastroides) , but had limited distribution to certain type of land use. Figure - 2 shows the ordination of bird species at the study area. CCA biplot of sites and bird species with environmental variables produced two significant axes ( p = 0.001 for each axis) that exp lained 58.7% (CCA axis 1) and 24.9% (CCA axis 2) of the total variance in the data set. CCA axis 1 tended to reflect the urbanization gradient, which separate Research Journal of Recent Sciences ______ _ _ _______________________________ ______________ _ ______ ISSN 2277 - 2502 Vol. 1( ISC - 2011 ), 23 - 32 (201 2 ) Res.J.Recent.Sci International Science Congress Association 27 counts made in forests from those made in urban - rural area. Altitude was an important variable , a s were strata and canopy cover, all of which attained higher values in the forest land use at higher altitudes in the northern part of the study site ( r  0.54). It is also shown from the increasing value of site and species scores on bird CCA1 moving nort h along the dominant environmental gradient (ENV1) to more developed areas situated in lower elevation landscapes with less natural vegetation and more anthropogenic dis turbance . Figure - 2 CCA of Bird Counts Made at the Study Area in North Bandung: (a) Biplot of Grids (N = 48) and Environmental Variables (Given as Vectors), and (b) Biplot of Bird Species (N = 59) and Environmental Variables, in Relation to the First Two CCA Axes (See Appendi x for Abbreviation of Bird Species Names and t able - 1 for Description of environmental Variables) On the other hand, road density was strongly negatively correlated with CCA axis 1, reflecting the greater anthropogenic disturbance at lower altitudes in the southern part of the study site, as shown in f igure - 2. Other environmental variables were correlated with both CCA axis 1 and the non significant CCA axis 2. CCA biplot also showed that species with lower scores on bird CCA1 tended to be more tolerant of humans and to have more southern ranges with lower altitude. These birds were plotted mainly at the left end of CCA axis 1, which prefer more open habitats. Species that was more common at the right end of CCA axis 1 had higher scores on bird CCA1 and ten ded to prefer forest conditions with denser canopy cover. Among the species with the lowest scores was a migrant species, the barn swallow (Hirundo rustica). This species is considered as a very urbanophilic species 23 , and have a greater density in urban environments 24 . Other species with low scores on this axis, such as red - breasted parakeet (Psittacula alexandri), black - winged starling (Sturnus melanopterus) and grey - cheeked green - pigeon (Treron griseicauda) occupy urban parks. There were also species t hat often visit residential areas and backyard, such as sooty - headed bulbul (Pycnonotus aurigaster) and olive - backed sunbird (Nectarinia jugularis). Ubiquitous species that can be found everywhere in the study site, such as Eurasian tree sparrow (Paser mon tanus), also had low score on this axis. Species with intermediate scores were more varied in their habitat requirements. Among those species were species that use forests and forested residential areas such as fulvous - breasted woodpecker (Dendrocopos ma cei), spotted - dove (Streptopelia chinensis) and great tit (Parus major), farmland birds such as scaly - breasted munia (Lonchura punctulata), barred buttonquail (Turnix susciator) and long - tailed shrike (Lanius schach), and forest edge specialist such as ora nge - spotted bulbul (Pycnonotus bimaculatus), crescent - chested babbler (Stachyris melanothorax) and rusty - breasted cuckoo (Cacomantis sepulcralis). The highest scoring species were predominantly forest interior specialists, mostly from timaliids such as che stnut - fronted shrike - babbler (Pteruthius aenobarbus), pigmy wren - babbler (Pnoepyga pusilla) and eye - browed wren - babbler (Napothera epilepidota). Bird CCA2 scores were correlated most strongly with understory (r = – 0.80, p.0001; t able 1) and ENV2 (r = 1 .00, p = 0.0000). However, their association with ENV1 was not significant (r = – 0.41, p = 0.21). Bird CCA2 thus reflected response of bird assemblages to the presence of understory, which was a function of habitat structure (ENV2). Understory was dominant in agricultural land uses, and thus bird species with the highest scores on this axis were commonly a rural - farmland species which have a strong association with understory vegetation 16 . Among the species with the highest scores was barred buttonquail (Tu rnix Research Journal of Recent Sciences ______ _ _ _______________________________ ______________ _ ______ ISSN 2277 - 2502 Vol. 1( ISC - 2011 ), 23 - 32 (201 2 ) Res.J.Recent.Sci International Science Congress Association 28 suscitator), which feed and forage on the ground in the agricultural land use. In Figure - 3, we can see that all assemblage measures were significantly correlated with ENV1 (p0.0001), except bird diversity, bird total abundance and tree forager abu ndance. Bird diversity tended to increase moving north along the dominant environmental gradient (ENV1), but the correlation was not significant (p = 0.0039). At an intermediate position along the environmental gradient (ENV1), there was a slight decrease in numbers. Total bird abundance also showed similar pattern with diversity. Decrease in bird diversity and total abundance in the intermediate values of site scores on the CCA axis of environmental data indicated that suburban areas in the study site, w hich matrix were dominantly consisted of agricultural area, had a low bird richness and abundance, due to relatively low number of trees. Ground gleaner abundance declined moving north along the entire environmental gradient, as did omnivore abundance. Tree forager abundance showed no linear response, but their numbers increased in a more forested areas. Insectivore abundance generally incre ased moving north, but was also constrained on sites with moderate level of human settlement and agriculture dominated areas. Endemic species abundance was increased proportionally moving north, where as habitat generalist abundance proportionally decrea sed. The number of generalist species appeared constrained at extreme south of the gradient, judging from the triangular pattern for the points. The total bird abundance for northern forest areas was therefore attributable to insectivore species, which d iets were correlated positively with vegetation attributes 25 .In the southern urbanized areas, bird community was composed mainly of omnivorous resident species that did not use trees as foraging substrates. Those species with the lowest scores on bird CCA1, which mainly human - tolerant species, meet these criteria. Bird richness measured was relatively higher for forest areas than for other land use types. This pattern was attributed to the greater numbers of niches provided by forests owing to their hi gher canopy cover and complexity of the strata 22 . C omplex v egetation structure and floristic composition heterogeneity increase niche diversity, which is thought to also increase avian diversity 26 . Furthermore, bird species richness was significantly highe r in natural than urban habitats 24 . D iversity usually peak s at an intermediate position along a regional urban gradient 22 . It can be attributed to increases in environmental heterogeneity induced by moderate human disturbances 9 . However, we found that si tes with moderate level of disturbance, which were dominated by agricultural land uses, had a similar number of birds with that of residential areas. Low bird diversity and abundance in cropland and orchard was due to low number of tree canopy cover and si mple vegetation structure. Birds are highly depends on vegetation, e specially trees 27 . This result highlighted the importance of trees as habitat for birds in a land use 28 . E xpansion of intensive land use homogenizes the environment and thereby facilitates the replacement of a relatively diverse group of human - intolerant species with a smaller number of opportunistic, human - tolerant species 29 . Our findings were consistent with this explanation. Land use was associated with proportional increases in ground gleaners and omnivores (opportunist and generalist) and proportional declines in tree foragers and insectivores along the ent ire gradient, as shown in f igure - 3c, e, d, f, respectively . Fragmentation of forests and human encroachment of forest habitats d ecreased the number of forest specialists and area - sensiti ve species 8 , which were low in the southern part of this region. Intensive land use also entails removal of the forest canopy, thus abundance of tree foragers which strongly correlated with vegetati on were relatively low to the south. Total bird abundance tended to increase with natural areas, as would be expected if areas of higher productivity supported greater numbers of birds. However, total bird abundance was not correlated significa ntly with th e gradient, as shown in Figure - 3b, indicating that other factors constrained the abundance of birds in the study site. One factor was the high quality of habitat in the residential area. Several counts were made in urban parks with high number of tree ca nopy, and thus contributed to the relatively similar number of birds found in residential areas and other agricultural land uses. The observed changes in species composition on bird CCA1 were also consistent with broad - scale anthropogenic effects attrib uta ble to land use changes . As observed in our study, generalist species increased in number with human encroachment of forest habitats, presumably because they utilize resources the forest specialist has not yet evolved to exploit 22 . Forest specialists are species closely associated with mature forests, whereas generalists, even though preferring mature forests, can make use o f a wide variety of successional stages of forests and even non - foreste d habitats 30 . This suggested the vulnerability of forest sp ecialists to changes in its habitat . Thus changes in forest land use can alter forest bird community composition to more human - tolerant, generalist species. Research Journal of Recent Sciences ______ _ _ _______________________________ ______________ _ ______ ISSN 2277 - 2502 Vol. 1( ISC - 2011 ), 23 - 32 (201 2 ) Res.J.Recent.Sci International Science Congress Association 29 south north high road and house density low road and house density urban area forest area low altitude high altitude Figure - 3 Plots Comparing Site Scores on the First CCA Axis of the Environmental Data (ENV1) with: (a) Bird Diversity, (b) Total Bird Abundance, (c) Ground Gleaner Abundance, (d) Tree Forager Abundance, (e) Omnivore A bundance, (f) Insectivore Abundance, (g) Habitat Generalist Abundance and (h) Endemic Species Abundance Research Journal of Recent Sciences ______ _ _ _______________________________ ______________ _ ______ ISSN 2277 - 2502 Vol. 1( ISC - 2011 ), 23 - 32 (201 2 ) Res.J.Recent.Sci International Science Congress Association 30 We found that the broad - scale bird - environment patterns had associations attributable to habitat structures of each land - use type . Habitat factors induced local - scale differences between land uses with respect to vegetation structures. Habitat structures also induced changes in the species composition of bird assemblages (CCA axis 2 in f igure - 2 ) through its influence on the presence of understory vegetation in agricultural land uses. Increased area of cropland and orchard was associated with reduced bird diversity, presumably because these land uses offer fewer trees and so support less diverse bird than forested area with greater ve getation structure. Conclusion Land use and other aspects of the environment were interrelated to such an extent with bird distribution in North Bandung, West Java. A common theme we found in our study site was the importance tree canopy cover to the org anization of bird communities in the northern forested areas of North Bandung . B ird distribution was correlated with road density and other structures associated with urban development. Land use changes caused by anthropogenic activities in North Bandung w ill alter bird communities across the landscape. Species restricted to the interiors of Mt. Tangkuban Perahu forest in the north were expected to reduce in number by agriculture and urbanization, while the opportunist and generalist species that have been favorably affected by forest fragmentation at the expense of other species will increase in number. Acknowledgement The author would like to thank to Bandung Institute of Technology for providing the scholarship to conduct graduate study and research on this subject. References 1. Orians G . H . and Wittenberger J . F ., Spatial and temporal scales in habitat sel ection, American Naturalist , 137 , 29 - 49 (1991) 2. Wiens J . A . and Rotenberry J . T ., Habitat associations and community structure of bi rds in shrubsteppe en vironments, Ecol. Monogr. , 51 , 21 - 41 (1981) 3. Rice J . , Anderson B . W . and Ohman R . 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Lampila P . , Monkkonen M . and Desrochers A ., Demographic Responses by Birds to Forest Fragmentation, Conservation Biology , 19(5) , 1537 - 1546 (2005) Appendix (A) List of 59 Bi rd Species Detected in the Study Site, Their Species Codes Used in CCA Ordination, and Their Functional Group Designations as to Foraging Technique (For), Dietary Preference (Diet), Habitat and Distribution (Dist) Code Scientific name Common name For Diet Habitat Dist ACJA Acridotheres javanicus Javan myna GG OM GE RE AEEX Aethopyga eximia White - flanked sunbird FG NE FO EN AEMY Aetophyga mysticalis Scarlet sunbird FG NE FO EN ALPY Alcippe pyrrhoptera Javan fulvetta FG IN FO EN AMAM Amandava amandava Red avadavat GG GR FO RE ANMA Anthreptes malacensis Plain - throated sunbird FG NE FO RE APAF Apus affinis Little swift AF IN GE RE ARLE Artamus leucorhynchus White - breasted wood - swallow AF IN GE RE ARLO Arachnothera longirostra Little spiderhunter FG NE FO RE CAME Cacomantis merulinus Plaintive cuckoo FG IN GE RE CASE Cacomantis sepulcralis Rusty - breasted cuckoo FG IN GE RE CEVU Cettia vulcania Sunda bush - warbler FG IN FO RE COES Collocalia esculenta Glossy swiftlet AF IN GE RE COLI Columba livia Rock pigeon GG OM GE RE COSA Copsychus saularis Magpie robin GG IN GE RE DEMA Dendrocopos macei Fulvous - breasted woodpecker BP IN FO RE DILE Dicrurus leucophaeus Ashy drongo HA IN FO RE DIMA Dicrurus macrocercus Black drongo HA IN FO RE Research Journal of Recent Sciences ______ _ _ _______________________________ ______________ _ ______ ISSN 2277 - 2502 Vol. 1( ISC - 2011 ), 23 - 32 (201 2 ) Res.J.Recent.Sci International Science Congress Association 32 Appendix (B) List of 59 Bird Species Detected in the Study Site, Their Species Codes Used in CCA Ordination, and Their Functional Group Designations as to Foraging Technique (For), Dietary Preference (Diet), Habitat and Distribution (Dist) Note: Foraging Groups: AF = Aerial Forager, BP = Bark Prober, FG = Foliage Gleaner, GG = Ground Gleaner, HA = Hawker; Dietary Groups: FR = Frugivore, GR = Granivore, IN = Insectivore, NE = Nectarivore, OM = Omnivore; Habitat Groups: FO = Forest , GE = Generalist; Distribution Groups: EN = Endemic, MI = Migrant, RE = Resident DISA Dicaeum sanguinolentum Blood - breasted flowerpecker FG FR FO EN DITR Dicaeum trochileum Scarlet - headed flowerpecker FG FR GE RE FIHY Ficedula hyperythra Snowy - browed flycatcher HA IN FO RE FIWE Ficedula westermanii Little pied flycatcher HA IN FO RE GESU Gerygone sulphurea Golden - bellied gerygone FG IN FO RE HACY Halcyon cyanoventris Javan kingfisher HA IN GE EN HIRU Hirundo rustica Barn swallow AF IN GE MI HIST Hirundo striolata Striated swallow AF IN GE RE LASC Lanius schach Long - tailed shrike HA IN GE RE LOLE Lonchura leucogastroides Javan munia GG GR GE RE LOPU Loriculus pusillus Yellow - throated hanging - parrot FG FR FO EN LOPU* Lonchura punctulata Scaly - breasted munia GG GR GE RE MEHA Megalaima haemacephala Coppersmith barbet FG FR GE RE MEPA Megalurus palustris Striated grassbird FG IN FO RE NAEP Napothera epilepidota Eye - browed wren - babbler FG IN FO RE NEJU Nectarinia jugularis Olive - backed sunbird FG NE GE RE ORCU Orthotomus cuculatus Mountain tailorbird FG IN FO RE ORSE Orthotomus sepium Olive - backed tailorbird FG IN GE RE ORSU Orthotomus sutorius Common tailorbird FG IN GE RE PAMA Parus major Great tit FG IN GE RE PAMO Passer montanus Eurasian tree sparrow GG OM GE RE PEMI Pericrocotus miniatus Sunda minivet FG IN FO EN PHTR Phylloscopus trivirgatus Mountain leaf - warbler FG IN FO RE PNPU Pnoepyga pusilla Pygmy wren - babbler GG IN FO RE PRFA Prinia familiaris Bar - winged prinia FG IN GE EN PSAL Psittacula alexandri Red - breasted parakeet FG FR GE RE PTAE Pteruthius aenobarbus Chestnut - fronted shrike - babbler FG IN FO RE PYAU Pycnonotus aurigaster Sooty - headed bulbul FG FR GE RE PYBI Pycnonotus bimaculatus Orange - spotted bulbul FG FR FO EN PYGO Pycnonotus goiavier Yellow - vented bulbul FG FR GE RE SEGR Seicercus grammiceps Sunda warbler FG IN FO EN SIAZ Sitta azurea Blue nuthatch BP IN FO RE STBI Streptopelia bitorquota Island collared - dove GG GR GE RE STCH Streptopelia chinensis Spotted - dove GG GR GE RE STME Stachyris melanothorax Crescent - chested babbler FG IN FO EN STME* Sturnus melanopterus Black - winged starling GG OM FO EN TESU Tesia superciliaris Javan tesia GG IN FO EN TOCH Todirhamphus chloris Collared kingfisher HA IN GE RE TRGR Treron griseicauda Grey - cheeked green - pigeon FG FR GE EN TUSU Turnix suscitator Barred buttonquail GG OM FO RE ZOPA Zosterops palpebrosus Oriental white - eye FG OM GE RE