@Research Paper
<#LINE#>Police Decisions and Insight in New Force Technology<#LINE#>EliseY.@Pineda,Brian@Wolf<#LINE#>1-6<#LINE#>1.ISCA-IRJSS-2014-52.pdf<#LINE#> University of Idaho Moscow, Idaho USA<#LINE#>19/3/2014<#LINE#>2/5/2014<#LINE#>  Over the last four decades “Thomas A Swift Electrical Rifles” (TASERS), “stun guns” and other conducted energy devices (CEDs) have become a widely used technology. Over the last ten years in particular, this technology has become highly controversial. While there is a large amount of research concerning the physiological effects of this technology, there is less research concerning the social effects. This research will use in-depth interviews with a stratified random sample of police training officers from large, medium, and small cities in the west and miwest of the United States to explore the impacts that the use of CEDs have on police practices. This studywill examine how police training officers in various agencies view TASERS and the debate concerning this technology. It will also survey how the officers are reacting to the media accounts of use of this technology and what effects it is having on officer perceptions and police development and training. This work aims to gain insightas to how other agencies can reduce controversy in their cities. Ideally this work will demonstrate how other police departments may reduce or mitigate the controversy.. <#LINE#> @ @ Gary M. Vilke, Theodore C Chan, Less lethal technology: medical issues, Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies and Management,30(3), 341–357  (2007) @No $ @ @ Amnesty International, Excessive and lethal force?amnesty international’s concerns about deaths and ill-treatment involving police use of Tasers . Amnesty International, 04-67. Retrieved from http://www.amnesty.org/en/library /info/AMR51/139/2004 (2004) @No $ @ @ Robert Kaminski, Research on conducted energy devices: Findings, methods, and a possible alternative, American Society of Criminology,8(4), 903-914 (2009) @No $ @ @ Thomas K., Collins P., and Lovrich N., Conducted energy device use in municipal policing: Results of a national survey on policy and effectiveness assessment. Police Quarterly, Retrieved from http://pqx.sagepub.com/content /13/3/290.full.pdf html (2010) @No $ @ @ King W., Measuring police innovation: Issues and measurement, Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies and Management,  23(3), 303–317 (2000) @No $ @ @ Foucault M., Discipline and punish: the birth of the prison,New York: Random House Inc. (1977) @No $ @ @ King W., Measuring police innovation: Issues and measurement. Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies and Management,  23(3), 303–317 (2000) @No $ @ @ Clark April K. and Clark Michael, Mind the Gap: Public Attitudes on Crime Miss the Mark,  Int. Res. J. Social Sci., 2(3), 1-11(2013) @No $ @ @ April K. Clark, Michael Clark and Daniel Monzin, Explaining Changing Trust Trends in America, Int. Res. J. Social Sci., 2(1), 7-13 (2013) @No $ @ @ Haveripeth Prakash D., The Role of Physical Clues in Detection of Crimes, Int. Res. J. Social Sci.,2(4), 16-23 (2013) @No $ @ @ Vilke G. and Chan T., Less lethal technology: medical issues. Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies and Management,  30(3), 34 –357 (2007) @No $ @ @ Alpert G.P.,  Policy and training recommendations related to police use of ceds: Overview of findings from a comprehensive national study, Police Quarterly, 13(235),235-259 (2010) @No $ @ @ Avdija  Avdi S., Police Use of Force: An Analysis of Factors that Affect Police Officer’s Decision to Use Force on Suspects, Int. Res. J. Social Sci., 2(9),1-6 (2013) @No $ @ @ White M. Ready, J. Examining fatal and nonfatal incidents involving the TASER identifying predictors of suspect death reported in the media, Tasers in the Media., 8(4),865-891(2008) @No $ @ @ Adams K. and Jennison V., What we do not know about police use of TASERS, Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies and Management, 30(3), 447-465 (2007) @No $ @ @ Sousa W., Ready J. and Ault M., The impact of TASERS on police use-of-force decisions: Finding s from a randomized field-training experiment, Springer Science and Business Media, 36- 55 (2010) @No $ @ @ Jayanthy P. Nair and M.I. Joseph, Correlates of Job Stress in Policing: A Comparative Study of Women and Men Police Int. Res. J. Social Sci., 2(11), 23-27 (2013) @No $ @ @  @No 
<#LINE#>Honour Killings in India: A Study of the Punjab State<#LINE#>SatnamSingh@Deol<#LINE#>7-16<#LINE#>2.ISCA-IRJSS-2014-70.pdf<#LINE#> Department of Political Science, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, INDIA<#LINE#>2/4/2014<#LINE#>20/5/2014<#LINE#>  The present study has been conducted through the documented case study as well as the content analysis methods. The study depicts that intolerance of the families to the pre-marital relationships and matrimonial choices of their daughters especially towards inter-caste marriages results into the honour killings. The extent of these causes, resulting into elopements and unpermitted love-marriages further aggravates the situation. The study further observes that in noticeable number of cases honour killings are executed as crimes of passion aroused by sudden provocation when the couples are caught in compromising situations by the family members of the girls. Besides fathers and brothers of the girls, there are direct involvements of their mothers, paternal and/or maternal uncles, family friends and even contract killers into the murders. It has been observed that the centuries old conformist mind set prevailing in the patriarchal society does not accept the girls to establish pre-marital relations or to find males of their own choices to marry with. The patronage of the community and the leniency of the law have made the honour killings frequent trend which possesses socio-cultural legitimacy as well. Therefore, besides constituting rigorous laws and rigid punishments to counter the problem, it is immediately required to change the mindset of the bigoted patriarchic societies to become tolerant towards matrimonial choices of their daughters especially towards inter-caste and inter-religious marriages.<#LINE#> @ @ Warraich S.A., Honour Killings' and the Law in Pakistan, in Welchman L. and Husain S. (Eds.), Honour: Crimes, Paradigms, and Violence against Women, Zed Books, London, 7, (2005) @No $ @ @ Ali Yazmin, Honor, The State, and its Implications: An Examination of Honor Killing in Jordan and the Efforts of Local Activists (A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Auburn University), 9, (2008) @No $ @ @ UNIFEM, Fact and Figures on Harmful Traditional Practices. UNIFEM Publication, Geneva, 4, (2007) @No $ @ @ Kiener, Robert, Honour Killings: Can Murders of Women and Girls be Stopped, Global Researcher, 5(8), 185, (2011) @No $ @ @ Brandon James and Hafez Salam, Crimes of the Community, Honour Based Violence in the UK, Centre for Social Cohesion Press, London, 1, (2008) @No $ @ @ Barbara Misztal, Trust in Modern Societies, The Search for the Bases of Social Order, Blackwell Publications, New York, 128-129 (1996) @No $ @ @ Barry O'Neill, Honor, Symbols, and War, University of Michigan Press, USA, 97 (2001) @No $ @ @ Human Rights Watch, Honoring the Killers, Vol. 16, No.1 (E), Human Rights Watch Publication, 3,(2004) @No $ @ @ Amnesty International, A Report on Broken Bodies, Shattered Minds, Torture and ill Treatment of   Women, Amnesty International Publication, London, 3,(2011) @No $ @ @ The Law Commission of India, Prevention of Interference with the Freedom of Matrimonial Alliances (in the name of Honour and Tradition), A Suggested Legal Framework, Report No. 242, Government of India, (2012) @No $ @ @ The Prevention of Crimes in the Name of Honour and Tradition Bill, 2010’ had been drafted by then Chairperson of the NCW Girija Vyas following the directions of then Union Government of India (2010) @No $ @ @ Rout, Chintamani, Honour Killing: Descend and Dimensions, IJPSLIR, 2(1), 18, (2012) @No $ @ @ Haile J., Honour Killings, Its Causes and Consequences: Suggested Strategies for the European Parliament, European Parliament Publication, 12, (2007) @No $ @ @ Kumar, Akshey, Public Policy Imperatives for Curbing Honour Killings in India, JPandG, 1(1), 33-37, (2012) @No $ @ @ Bernard, Sophie, Combating Honour Crimes in Europe, SURGIR Foundation Publication, Geneva, 9, (2013) @No $ @ @ Korteweg Anna C. and Yurdakul Gokce, Religion, Culture and the Politicization of Honour-Related Violence, United Nations Research Institute for Social Development, Geneva, 3, (2010) @No $ @ @ Kurkiala Mikael, Interpreting Honour Killings, The Story of Fadime Shindal (1975-2002), Anthropology Today, 19(1), 6, (2003) @No $ @ @ Wasti Tahir H., The Law on Honour Killing: A British Innovation in the Criminal Law of the Indian Subcontinent and its Subsequent Metamorphosis under Pakistan Penal Code, South Asian Studies, 25(2), 361-411, (2010) @No $ @ @ Campbell J.K., Honour and Family Patronage, Clarendon Press, London 21, (1964) @No $ @ @ Welchman L. and Hossain S., Honour, Rights and Wrongs, in L. Welchman and S. Hossain (Eds.), Honour: Crimes, Paradigms and Violence against Women, Zed Books, London, 1-21, (2006) @No $ @ @ Vishwanath Jyothi and Srinivas C. Palakonda, Patriarchal Ideology of Honour and Honour Crimes in India, IJCJS, 6 (1and2), 387, (2011) @No $ @ @ The Times of India, July 04, (2010) @No $ @ @ Samata Sanghtana, Upper Caste Violence: Study of Chunduru Carnage, Economic and Political Weekly, XXVI(36), 2079-84, (1991) @No $ @ @ Vasanth Kannabiran and Kannabiran Kalpana, Caste and Gender, Understanding Dynamics of Power and Violence, Economic and Political Weekly, XXVI (37), 35-37, (1991) @No $ @ @ Baxi, Pratiksha, et al., Legacies of Common Law: Crimes of Honour in India and Pakistan, Third World Quarterly, 27(7), 1241, (2006) @No $ @ @ Personal Interview of Gurbachan S. Kular, who remained Sarpanch (Elected Head of Village Council) of village Malakpura of Sirsa district of Haryana for more than fifteen year, and has been a renowned socio-political personality of the area, The interview had been conducted on December 27, (2013) @No $ @ @ Personal Informal Interview of the author with a person belonging to Pipli village of Faridkot district in Punjab, who, along with his two sons and a brother had been prosecuted for murdering his daughter and her alleged husband after the elopement and secret marriage of the couple. The names of the deceased and the interviewee are not mentioned on the plea of the interviewee, The Interview had been conducted on June 3, (2013) @No $ @ @  @No 
<#LINE#>Prevalence of Practices of Preventive Health Care Measures and its causes among Medical Professionals of Shyam Shah Medical College, Rewa, India<#LINE#>R.@Trivedi,P.@Adhikari,sandeep@singh,SinghS.P.V@Sharma,A@Mishra,M@Saxena,A@Goyal<#LINE#>17-22<#LINE#>3.ISCA-IRJSS-2014-75.pdf<#LINE#> Department of Community Medicine S.S. Medical College Rewa, MP, INDIA<#LINE#>12/4/2014<#LINE#>13/5/2014<#LINE#>  Since ancient era emphasis has been given to the preventive aspect of health and it is well known that the prevention is better than cure. Preventative healthcare practices are some of the best weapons against disease and a way to monitor conditions before they become too serious. Preventative healthcare measures include routine health check ups, regular physical exercise, avoidance of alcohol and smoking, consumption of salt less than 5 gm per day etc always positively affects the health and adoption of such practices clear cut decreases the burden specially of NCDs (non communicable diseases). Since preventive measures are always cost effective and adoption of such practices among medical professional is a great stimulus to the other public. Preventive health care measures can adopt on three levels of prevention.—primary, secondary and tertiary. To assess the prevalence of practices of preventive health care measures among Medical professionals and to know the reasons of not having such practices. this was a health care institute based observational cross sectional study including randomly selected 50 medical professionals ( nly medical faculties and medical PG residents from the different Department of Sham Shah Medical College and affiliated teaching Hospital of Rewa M.P. INDIA. Data was collected with the help of set proforma and then analysed with applying epi info 2000.Chi square test was applied appropriately. Total 13 (26%) medical professionals out of 50 were practicing all seven preventive health care measures which were included in the present study. Among of these 13 maximum were male 12 (24%) and only 1 (2%) was female participants. The distribution of prevalence of utilization of preventive health care measures and not utilization of such measures among medical professions in relation to age group was found to statistical significant.(Chi-square : 15.27 ,p-value : 0.000483). On the basis of this study it can conclude that utilization of such preventive health care measures among the Medical Teachers can influence community people to acquire such measures hence the adaptations of such measures can lead to improve health status of community people as well as themselves too.  <#LINE#> @ @ Narayan Kmv Ali M K, Koplan J.P., Global Non Communicable Diseases-Where Worlds Meet, N. Engl .J. Med 2010,363:1196-1198 September 23, 2010DOI: 10.1056/NEJMp1002024 (2010) @No $ @ @ D. Wayne Taylor, Executive Director The Cameron Institute The Burden of Non-Communicable Diseases in India, (2010) @No $ @ @ http://www.incanus.com/publications/india-health-quarterly/ ihq -issue-01 (2014) @No $ @ @ Global health risks: mortality and burden of disease attributable to selected major risks. Geneva: World Health Organization, December 2009. (Accessed September 2, (2010)  at www.who.int /healthinfo/ global_burden_ disease/GlobalHealthRisks_report_full.pdf)  @No $ @ @ Shetty P.S., Nutrition transition in India, Public Health Nutrition, 5(1A), 175-182 (2002)  DOI: 10.1079/ PHN2001291  @No $ @ @ http://www.who.int/ncdnet/about/creation/en/index.html (2010) @No $ @ @  @No $ @ @ S.F. Knutsen et.al., Lifestyle and the use of health services, Am J Clin Nutr,59(5), 1171S-1175S (1994) @No $ @ @  @No $ @ @ C.L. Melby et.al., Blood pressure and blood lipids among vegetarian, semivegetarian, and nonvegetarian African Americans, Am J Clin Nutr January, 59(1), 103-109 (1994) @No $ @ @  @No $ @ @ Shinsho F., Fukuda H. and Murakami S. et.al., Analysis on the relationship between use of health checkups and medical care by elderly patients, A study on urban cities with high health check-up rates, 48(4), 314-23 (2001) @No $ @ @  @No $ @ @ Stephanie Thompson and Marcello Tonelli et al general health checks in adults for reducing morbidity and mortality from disease cochrane database of systematic reviews, 10:ed000047, (2012) @No $ @ @ Kurien Thomas et al are Routine General Health Checks In Healthy Adults Effective In Preventing Morbidity And Mortality Due To Cardiovascular Diseases And Cancer? Commentary On An Evidence Summary Clinical Epidemiology and Global Health, 1(1), 23-24 (2013) @No $ @ @  @No $ @ @ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)., current cigarette smoking among adults aged &#65533;or=18 years --- United States, 2009MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep., 59(35), 1135-40 (2010) @No $ @ @  @No $ @ @ Prabhat Jha M. Kent Ranson et al Estimates of Global and Regional Smoking Prevalence in 1995, by Age and sex American Journal of Public Health, http:// ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/abs/10.2105/AJPH.92.6.102 14.Lal R., Substance Use Disorder: Manual for Physicians. New Delhi: AIIMS; 8 (2005) @No $ @ @ WHO Regional Office for South-east Asia. Current Information on Use and Harm from Alcohol in the South-East Asian Region. Alcohol series no 6. New Delhi: WHO-SEARO, 12 (2007) @No $ @ @ K.M. Venkat Narayan, S.L. Chadha and R.L. Hanson et.al., Prevalence and patterns of smoking in Delhi: cross sectional study BMJ 1996; 312 doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.312.7046.1576, Published 22 June 1996, Cite this as: BMJ 1996;312:1576 (1996) @No $ @ @ NSSO survey 1993-1994, (2014) @No $ @ @ M. Rani, S. Banu, P. Jha and S.N. Nguyen et.al., Tobacco use in India: prevalence and predictors of smoking and chewing in a national cross sectional household survey, tobacco control.bmj.com, 12(4),(2003) @No $ @ @ Soni Preeti and Raut D.K. et.al., Prevalence and Pattern of Tobacco Consumption in India, International Research Journal of Social Sciences,1(4), 36-43, (2012) @No $ @ @ http://www.cdc.gov/Aging/services/ July 2012 (2014) @No $ @ @ CDC/Healthy People 2020 Older Adult Topic Area. (2014) @No $ @ @  @No 
<#LINE#>Self-Help Groups: A Strategy for Poverty Alleviation in Rural Nagaland, India<#LINE#>V.@Nirmala,KavikaK.@Yepthomi<#LINE#>23-32<#LINE#>4.ISCA-IRJSS-2014-78.pdf<#LINE#>Department of Economics, Pondicherry University, Puducherry – 605014, INDIA<#LINE#>6/4/<#LINE#>24/5/2014<#LINE#>  Empowerment is an ambiguous and controversial term. Ambiguity arises from the fact that different people hold and promote different ideas or significations of the term, while controversy results from the over-ambitious claims made about the empowering ability of NGO programmes, including micro-finance. It is truly difficult to imagine how such tiny loan programmes operated by private individuals could bring about fundamental changes in the economic and social structures responsible for the disempowerment of women in developing countries. This paper is about examining the impact of Self help groups (SHGs) micro-financing on poverty alleviation and well-being of the rural poor women in Nagaland, a North-East State in India, where credit infrastructure development is still inadequate. Using primary data, the study analyzed the factors determining income generation and productive efficiency of the SHG credit among poor women in rural Nagaland during February-March 2011. The results revealed the credit to have significantly improved their economic status and household wellbeing. It also led to their empowerment, independence and social participation. The study recommended training them for better competitiveness and employment activities, besides assisting with marketing facilities. Universities can assume a significant rule in this effort. <#LINE#> @ @ Maanen, Gert van, Microcredit: Sound Business or Development Instrument, SGO Uitgeverij-Hoevelaken , The Netherlands, September (2004) @No $ @ @ Eller and Jack David, Cultural Anthropology: Global Forces, Local Lives, Routledge, Oxford (2009) www.routledge.com/textbooks/9780415485395/glossary.asp, Retrieved on 25 August (2012) @No $ @ @ Government of India, Poverty Estimates for 2009-10, Press Information Bureau, Planning Commission, New Delhi, 19 March (2012) @No $ @ @ Yaron and Jacob, What Makes Rural Finance Institutions Successful, World Bank Research Observer, 9(1), 49-70, 1994) @No $ @ @  Besley and Timothy J., How Do Market Failures Justify Interventions in Rural Credit Markets, World Bank research Observer, January, 9(1), 27-47 (1994) @No $ @ @ Collins and Daryl, Jonathan Morduch, Stuart Rutherford and Orlanda Ruthven, Portfolios of the Poor: How the World’s Poor Live on $2 a Day, Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersy (2009) @No $ @ @ Nader and Yasmine F., Microcredit and the Socio-Economic Wellbeing of Women and Their Families in Cairo, Journal of Socio-Economics, 37(2), 644-656 (2008) @No $ @ @ Banerjee, V. Abhijit, Esther Duflo, Rachel Glennerster and Cynthia Kinnan, The Miracle of Microfinance? Evidence from a Randomized Evaluation, Cambridge, Mass, J-PAL and MIT, (2010) @No $ @ @  Stiglitz J., Peer Monitoring and Credit Markets, World Bank Economic Review 4(3), 351-366 (1990) @No $ @ @ Devereux J. and R. Fishe, An Economic Analysis of Group Lending Programs in Developing Countries, The Developing Economies, 31(1), 102-121 (1993) @No $ @ @ Robinson M.S., Micro Finance: The Paradigm Shift from Credit Delivery to Sustainable Financial Intermediation, International Agricultural Development, (Eds.) C.K. Eicher and J.M. Staatz, Johns Hopkins University Press, Maryland, USA, 390-415, (1998) @No $ @ @ Kabeer and Naila, Conflicts Over Credit: Re-Evaluating the Empowerment Potential of Loans to Women in Rural Bangladesh, World Development, 29(1), 63-84 (2001) @No $ @ @ Shaw and Judith, Microenterprise Occupation and Poverty Reduction in Microfinance Programs: Evidence from Sri Lanka, World Development, 32(7), 1247–1264, (2004) @No $ @ @ Khandker, Shahidur R., Microfinance and Poverty: Evidence Using Panel Data from Bangladesh, World Bank Economic Review, 19(2), 263–286 (2005) @No $ @ @ Murray E.V., Microfinance and Poverty Alleviation, Catalyst, VII(1), 15-18 (2009) @No $ @ @ Feigenberg, Benjamin, Erica M. Field and Rohini Pande, Building Social Capital Through Microfinance, National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Working Paper No. 16018, Cambridge, MA 02138, May (2010) http://www.nber.org/papers/w16018, Retrieved 20 November 
@No $ @ @  Crown, Kristopher S., Laura Eloyan, Nagaraj Sivasubramaniam and Robert Sroufe, Role of Microfinance in Poverty Alleviation: A System Dynamics Perspective, 2010 Annual Meeting of the Academy of Management, Montreal, Canada (2010) @No $ @ @ Kumaran K.P., Self-Help Groups - An Alternative of Institutional Credit to the Poor: A Case study in Andhra Pradesh, Journal of Rural Development, 16(3), 515-530 (1997) @No $ @ @ National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development, Gender Equality Empowerment of Rural Women through NABARD Schemes, NABARD, Mumbai, (1999) @No $ @ @ Nirmala V., K. Sham Bhat and P. Bhuvaneshwari, SHGs for Poverty Alleviation in Pondicherry, Journal of Rural Development, 23(2), 203-215, (2004) @No $ @ @ Krishnan C., Role of Microfinance in Women Empowerment: A Study of Selected Experiments in Kerala, Microfinance REVIEW, 1(1), 84-99 (2009) @No $ @ @ Shastri Rajesh Kumar, Micro Finance and Poverty Reduction in India: A Comparative Study, African Journal of Business Management,  3(4), 136-140, (2009) @No $ @ @ Sarumathi S. and K. Mohan, Role of Micro Finance in Women’s Empowerment An Empirical study in Pondicherry region rural SHG’s, Journal of Management and Science, 1(1), 1-10, (2011) @No $ @ @ Minimol M.C. and Makesh K.G., Empowering rural women in Kerala: A study on the role of Self Help Groups (SHGs), International Journal of Sociology and Anthropology,4(9), 270-280 (2012) @No $ @ @ Aadil Bashir, Unjum Bashir, Ufera Nabi, Zahoor Ahmad Ganie, Empowerment of Women through Self Help Groups (SHGs) in Kashmir, International Journal of Advanced Research, 1(10), 795-801 (2013) @No $ @ @ Sanjay V. Yadav, Women Empowerment through Self-Help-Group: A case study of Nagthane Village, Tal: Palus, Dist-Sangli, Online International Interdisciplinary Research Journal,III(III), 199-207 (2013) @No $ @ @ Kappa Kondal,, Women Empowerment through Self Help Groups in Andhra Pradesh, India, International Research Journal of Social Sciences,3(1), 13-16 (2014) @No $ @ @ Manjunata S, The Role of Women Self-Help Groups in Rural Development of Karnataka State, India, International Research Journal of Social Sciences,2(9), 23-25 (2013) @No $ @ @ National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development, Self Help Group-Bank Linkage Programme, NABARD, Mumbai, (1992) @No $ @ @ Nair, S. Tara, Financing of Indian Microfinance: Evidence and Implications, Economic and Political Weekly, XLVII (25), 33-40, (2012) @No $ @ @ National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development, Circular No:65(A)/MCID-04/ 2011-12, (2012)   http://www.nabard.org/pdf/SHG%202%20circular.PDF, Accessed on 29.06.2012 @No $ @ @  National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development, Empowerment of Rural Women: Role of NABARD, Women Development and environment Protection Division, NABARD, Mumbai, (1993) @No $ @ @ National Sample Survey Organization, Employment and Unemployment Situation in India 2004-05, 61st Round, Part I, Report No. 515, Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of India, New Delhi, September (2006) @No $ @ @ Government of Nagaland, Livelihood and Employment Opportunities in Nagaland: Sectoral Issues, GOI-UNDP Project, Department of Planning and Coordination, Kohima (2011) @No $ @ @ Srinivasan N., Microfinance India: State of the Status Report 2011, SAGE Publication Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, (2012) @No $ @ @ Garret, Henry E. and R.S. Woodworth, Statistics in Psychology and Education, Vakils, Feffer and Simons Private Limited, Bombay (1969) @No $ @ @ Kaushik and Amar Chand, Income Generating Effects of Rural Credit: A Case Study of IRDP in Haryana, Journal of Rural Development, 12(1), 89-102 (1993) @No $ @ @ Investing Glossary: General Board of Pension and Health Business of the United Methodist Church (GBPHB), www.gbsphb.org/srifunds/glossary.asp, Retrieved, (2012) @No $ @ @ Hannover, Wolfgang, Impact of Microfinance Linkage Banking in India on the Millennium Development Goals – Summary of Major Results from Existing Studies, Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) and National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development, (2005) @No $ @ @  @No 
<#LINE#>The Association between Skill Development and Task Specificity among University Students<#LINE#>FranklinN.@Glozah<#LINE#>33-36<#LINE#>5.ISCA-IRJSS-2014-85.pdf<#LINE#>Department of Psychology and Human Development, Regent University College of Science and Technology, Accra, GHANA @ Department of Psychology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NORWAY<#LINE#>24/4/2014<#LINE#>28/5/2014<#LINE#>  The aim of this study is to examine the relationship between skill development and task specificity. One hundred and eighty three male and female undergraduate students between 18 and 52 years old were randomly selected to participate. Performance on motor skills of participants was tested using four motor tasks from the Movement Assessment Battery for Children test (Movement ABC) and two tasks from the Test of Motor competence (TMC). Pearson’s correlation was used to analyse the data to examine the relationship between the Movement ABC and TMC. Interestingly, relatively low correlations were found between the six selected motor tasks of the Movement ABC and the TMC and relatively higher correlations were found among the unimanual co-ordinations. The findings suggest that learning of particular motor skills is task specific. Furthermore, motor skills that involve the use of two hands tend to be more task specific than those which employ only one hand at a time. <#LINE#> @ @ Shirley M.M., The First Two Years: A Study of Twenty-five Babies, Postural and Locomotor Development. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press (1931) @No $ @ @ Gesell A., The Ontogenesis of Infant Behavior, in: Manual of Child Psychology, 2nd ed., L. Carmichael Ed. New York: Wiley, 335-373 (1954) @No $ @ @ Skinner B.F., About behaviourism, New York: Knopf 1975) 4.Van Rossum, J.H.A., Motor Development and Practice: the variability of practice hypothesis in perspective. Amsterdam: Free University Press (1987) @No $ @ @ Magill R.A., Motor learning: Concepts and applications (4th ed.). Wisconsin: Brown and Benchmark (1993) @No $ @ @ Sigmundsson H. and  Rostoft M.S., Motor development: exploring the motor competence in 4 year-old children, Scan. J. Educ. Res., 47, 451-459 (2003) @No $ @ @ Pinker S., The Blank Slate, Gen Psychol, 41(1), 1-8 (2006) @No $ @ @ Gottlieb G., Normal occurring environmental and behavior influences on gene activity: from central dogma to probabilistic epigenesis, Psychol. Rev., 105, 792–802 1998) @No $ @ @  Gottlieb G., Probabilistic Epigenesis, Dev. Sci., 10(1), 1-1 (2007) @No $ @ @ EdelmanG. M., Neural Darwinism, New York: Basic Books (1987) @No $ @ @ EdelmanG.M., Neural Darwinism, New Perspect Q, 21(3),62-64 (2004) @No $ @ @ Lerner R.M.. eds. Theoretical models of human development. Handbook of Child Psychology, New York: Wiley (1998) @No $ @ @ Haga M., Pederson A. and Sigmundsson H., Interrelationship among selected measures of motor skills, Child Care Health Dev, 34(2), 245-248 (2008) @No $ @ @ Breslin G., Hodges N.J, Steenson A. and Williams A.M., Constant or variable practice: Recreating the especial skill effect, Acta Psychol, 140(2), 154-157 (2012) @No $ @ @ Fogel A., Development and relationships: A dynamic model of communication, Adv Stud Behav, 24, 259-290 (1995) 16.Van Geert P. and Steenbeek H., Explaining after by Before. Basic aspects of dynamic systems approach to the study of development, Dev Rev., 25, 408-442 (2005) @No $ @ @ Drowatsky J.N. and Zuccato F.C., Interrelationships between selected measures of static and dynamic balance, Res Q, 38, 509-510 (1967) @No $ @ @ Antonios K.T., Specificity and variability of practice, and contextual interference in acquisition and transfer of an underhand volleyball serve, Percept Mot Skills,110, 298-312 (2010) @No $ @ @ Leemrijse C., Meijer O.G., Vermeer A., Lambregts B. and Adèr J.A., Detecting individual change in children with mild to moderate motor impairment: the standard error of measurement of the Movement ABC, Clin Rehabil, 13, 420-429 (1999) @No $ @ @ Van den Tillaar R. and  Marques M.C., Effect of specific versus variable practice upon overhead throwing speed in children, Percept Mot Skills, 116, 872-884 (2013) @No $ @ @ Oldfield R.C., The assessment and analysis of handedness: The Edinburgh inventory, Neuropsychologia, , 97-113 (1971) @No $ @ @ Henderson S.E. and Sugden D., The Movement Assessment Battery for Children, Kent, UK: The Psychological Corporation (1992) @No $ @ @ Sigmundsson H. and Pedersen A.V., Test of motor competence. NTNU, HIST. Trondheim, Norway (2005) @No $ @ @ Sporns O. and Edelman G.M., Solving Bernstein’s Problem: A Proposal for the Development of Coordinated Movement by Selection, Child Dev, 64, 960-98 (1993) @No $ @ @  @No 
@Research Article
<#LINE#>Making Peoples History in Telangana Movement: Remembering Voyya Raja Ram<#LINE#>Vulli@Dhanaraju<#LINE#>37-43<#LINE#>6.ISCA-IRJSS-2014-60.pdf<#LINE#> Department of History, Assam University (Central University), Diphu Campus, Assam, INDIA<#LINE#>26/3/2014<#LINE#>3/5/2014<#LINE#>  The present paper produces a counter-cultural discourse that aims at making peoples history in the Telangana People’s Movement during 1946-51. In the context of recent ‘Telangana’ state formation the political parties and other Joint Action Committees who participated in the separate state movement popularised the term ‘reconstruction’ of Telangana state. In this scenario the paper emphasizes the reconstruction of cultural history of Telangana and their cultural figures who really contributed to the subaltern literature for the movement. Voyya Rajaram is one of the finest subaltern poets in Telangana Peoples Movement. His songs had played as weapon of the weak and resistance in the mobilisation of the people to fight against ‘Deshmuks’ and Nizam’s repressive rule in Hyderabad State. The martyrs of Telangana and their struggles can been seen in the songs of Raja Ram. Many studies exist which have looked at the life and work of the peoples poet. However, no critical historical analysis of Raja Ram has so far been undertaken. Apart from the fact this study can thus add to our knowledge of the cultural struggle in Telangana, by focusing on his songs on the movement. By locating his contribution in the social and cultural contexts of the region of Telangana the present paper argues how the weak people resisted with their songs and sacrificed their life for the cause of the movement.  <#LINE#> @ @ Vulli Dhanaraju, The Telangana Movement (1946-1951): Folklore Perspective, International Journal of Social Science Tomorrow, I(8), 1-7 (2012) @No $ @ @ Devender D., Verreageyalu Telangana Sayuda Poratam, (Unpublished PhD Thesis in Telugu) (University of Hyderabad, 5 (1983) @No $ @ @ Linga Reddy, G, Telangana Sramika Geyalu: Parisodhana Vyasam(Telugu), (Karimnagar) 2-3, (1982) @No $ @ @ Gopi N and Praja Kavi Vemana, (PhD Thesis in Telugu), (Osmania University, Hyderabad), (1979) @No $ @ @ Richard M. Dorson, Folklore and Folk Life an Introduction, (Chicago),  251 (1972) @No $ @ @ John Fiske, Understanding Popular Culture, (London), 170 (1989) @No $ @ @ Sivanarayan Kabiraj,  Popular Tradition and Folk Tradition, Folklore, , (Calcutta), 46,(1986) @No $ @ @ Jayadheer Tirumala Rao, Janapadual Bhava Prakatana Roopam Pata, Andhra Bhoomi, Sunday Special, (Hyderabad),   5, (1979) @No $ @ @ Mala and Madiga caste are the untouchable castes in Telangana and Andhra Pradesh (2014) @No $ @ @ Literally ‘sangam’ means organization however this word was popularized by Communist Party which was played a crucial role in the Telanagna People’s Movement. The cultural wing of Communist party was Praja Natya Mandali. The Nizam State callously banned the sangamactivities (2014) @No $ @ @ The Andhar Maha Sabha played seminal role in the Telangana Movement People’s Movement (1946-51). It grew out of meeting held in 1921 at Hyderabad to discuss the Nizam’s oppression and ill-treatment towards activists of the Andhra Maha Sabha. For this meeting people from all the places of Nizam’s state attended.  After the Telangana Movement started, the Andhra Maha Sabha joined hands with the Communist Party of India (CPI) and both came to be identified as the “Sangham”. Thus, this began as an educational and cultural organization turned into a powerful political organization (2014) @No $ @ @ Jayadheer Tirumala Rao (ed), Telangana    Porata   Patalu (Telugu), (Hyderabad), 34, (1990) @No $ @ @ Vuyyala Patalu (Songs)arethe familiar to the women of Telangana state for centuries. The village girls hung cradles on trees and sang the Vuyyala Patalu revealing the devotional stories of Goddess Lakshmi and Gowri. These songs were adapted by the Rythu Cooly Sangham(powerful organization during Telangana People’s Movement (1946-51) volunteers who brilliantly used them for the spreading the message of the struggle, (2014) @No $ @ @ The Kolattam is a combination of rhythmic movements, songs and music. Itis an ancient village art which is performed by people, with two sticks held in each hand, beaten to make a rhythmic sound.  The stick provides the main rhythm and this dance is performed during village festivals. Traditionally, the Kolattam festival is associated with the harvesting season (October/November), (2014) @No $ @ @ The Golla Suddalu is very famous art form than Burrakatha in Telangana region. One reason for this could be the fact that the Burrakathas were not truly indigenous, and came from the outside of the region, while Golla Suddulu are a part of the Telangana folk tradition. Secondly, Burrakathas, despite the simplicity of language and idiom, were perhaps too formalized and never as simple and direct as Golla Suddulu(2014) @No $ @ @ Vakateswra Rao D., Telangana   Prajala  Sayudha   Porta Charitra (1948-51), (Hyderabad),  130 (1988) @No $ @ @ Doddi Komaraiah landless poor in a village called Kadivendi in the Jangaon taluk of Warangal district in Andhra Pradesh (at the time Telangana under the erstwhile Hyderabad state) against the landlords (Deshmukhs) of Visnoor Ramchandra Reddy.While the procession was taking place, the agents of the landlords fired upon him haphazardly and Doddi Komaraiah died on the spot. The martyrdom of Doddi Komaraiah was the beginning of the armed struggle of Telangana people against feudalism, Nizam autocracy (2014) @No $ @ @ Vakateswra Rao D., Telangana   Prajala  Sayudha   Porta Charitra (1948-51), (Hyderabad),  336, (1988) @No $ @ @ 19.A certain share of rice collected from peasants by the Government (2014) @No $ @ @ Prajashakti is a Telugu newspaper and it is publish in Andhra Pradesh under Communist Party of India (Marxist), (2014) @No $ @ @ Padamaja Naidu is a daughter of Sarojini Naidu. Sarojini Naidu was honoured with Nightingale of India (Bharata Kokila), (2014) @No $ @ @ It is a type of smoke bomb winch is filled with chilli powder, (2014) @No $ @ @ The Razakars were a private military organized by Qasim Razvi to support the rule of Nizam in Hyderabad State To counter the Razakars, people of Telangana under the leadership of Swami Ramanand Tirtha formed the Andhra Hindu Mahasabha which sought integration of the state with rest of India, Razakars were responsible for the killing, rape, and brutal murder of many people in the Telangana.(2014) @No $ @ @ Suddala Hanmanthu was a dynamic poet in the Telangana People Movement.(2014) @No $ @ @ The Lambadi or Sugalis are tribal community in Andhra Pradesh. They are also called Banjaras.(2014) @No $ @ @ The people who speak Turkish are called turakollu. Even though the Muslims of Telangana region speak Urdu, they are called turakolklu(2014) @No $ @ @ The land lord’s wife is called ‘Dorasani’ (land lady) in Telangana region, (2014) @No $ @ @ ‘Operation Polo’ was the code name of the Hyderabad Police Action on Nizam’s government. It was started in September 1948. Finally the Indian Army annexed the Hyderabad state into the Indian Union.(2014) @No $ @ @ Burra katha is a oral storytelling technique in the Katha tradition and popularly performed in villages of Telangana and Andhra Pradesh. It played an effective role in conveying message to people and awakening them during Telangana Peoples Movement. It was the medium to enlighten the people of the political situation in political meetings in Nizam Sate, (2014) @No $ @ @ James C. Scott, Weapon of the Weak: Every Day Forms of Peasant Resistance, (Yale University Press, Yale) (1987) @No $ @ @  @No 
<#LINE#>Family Victimisation and Plight of Elderly Women: A Representative Study in Odisha State of India<#LINE#>Aparajita@Chowdhury,ManojManjari@Patnaik,Reeta@Choudhury,Gayatri@Raut<#LINE#>44-53<#LINE#>7.ISCA-IRJSS-2014-79.pdf<#LINE#>Department of Home Science, Berhampur University, Odisha, INDIA  @  Department of Law, Berhampur University, Odisha, INDIA Department of Home Science, R.D Autonomous Women’s College, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, INDIA<#LINE#>14/4/2014<#LINE#>7/5/2014<#LINE#>  Victimisation of elderly women in the family is an issue that challenges the socio-cultural notion of ‘safe home’ and the ‘protective-shield’ of Indian family. Present paper examines the prevalence, nature, causes and the perspectives of family violence against elderly women in southern districts of Odisha state of India. A study was carried out on 403 elderly women above 60 years and first hand information based on interviews and focused group discussion was collected to examine the family victimisation and related issues involved in it. Women, who in their early family life enjoyed power, autonomy and control, become the victims of the same power by their own family members in later years of life. This paper suggests means to reduce violence against elderly women through balancing traditional family beliefs with consciousness about gender equality and non-violence. <#LINE#> @ @ Chowdhury A.,Domestic Violence against Elderly Women in South Orissa: A Study of Incidence, Patterns and Perspectives, Project Report submitted to National Commission for Women, New Delhi, India (2007) @No $ @ @ Agnes F.,The Misuse Myth. In Vikasini, The Journal of Women’s Empowerment, October-December, 19(4), 32-35(2004) @No $ @ @ Heise L.,Violence against Women: An integrated, ecological framework, Violence against Women, 4(3), 262-290 (1998) @No $ @ @ Jejeeboy S.,Wife beating in rural India: A husband’s right?, Economic and Political Weekly, 33(15), 855-862 (1988) @No $ @ @ Ramasubban R. and Singh B.,Ashoktapana (Weakness) and Reproductive Health in a slum population in Mumbai, India, In Carla M. Obermeyer ed. Cultural Perspective in Reproductive Health, OUP (1998) @No $ @ @ United Nations.,Abuse of older persons: Recognizing and responding to abuse of older persons in a global context. Report of the Secretary-General (2002) @No $ @ @ Mahajan A.,Investigators of Wife battering. In Sooshma Sood, edited book, New Delhi: Arihant Publishers (1990) @No $ @ @ Rao V., Wife beating in rural South India: A qualitative and economic analysis, Social Science and Medicine, 44 (8), 1169-1180 (1997) @No $ @ @ Baral J.K., Das U. and Dash S., Power equations in family. In J.K. Baral and A. Chowdhury (Eds.), Family in Transition: Power and Development, New Delhi: Northern Book Centre, 57-82 (1999) @No $ @ @ People’s Cultural Centre.,Population ageing in India and the effectiveness of social assistance programme in Orissa–A Human Rights Perspective. Paper presented in nd World Assembly on Ageing at Madrid, Spain from 8th to 12th April (2002) @No $ @ @ Sonawat R., Understanding Families in India: A Reflection of Societal Change, Psicologia: Teoria e Pesquisa, 17( 2)177-186 (2001) @No $ @ @ Help Age International., Violence and Older People,  The Gender Dimension (2002) @No $ @ @ Panda P.K.,The Elderly in Rural Orissa: Alone in Distress. Economic and Political Weekly, June 20, 1545 (1998) @No $ @ @ Chowdhury A.,Employed mothers and their families in India, Early Child Development and Care, 113, 65-75 199515.Das U.,Women’s Work and Family Interface, In David K. Carson, Cecyle Carson and Aparajita Chowdhury Edited book on – Indian Families at Crossroads: Preparing Families for the New Millennium. New Delhi: Gyan Publishing House (2007) @No $ @ @ Das Gupta A.,Outline of Violence against women in 21stCentury India, Int. Res. J. Social Sc., 3(4), 28-32, April (2014) @No $ @ @  @No 
<#LINE#>China in Indias Look East- Myanmar: Strategic Interests and Security Concerns<#LINE#>Amrita@Jash<#LINE#>54-57<#LINE#>8.ISCA-IRJSS-2014-81.pdf<#LINE#>Scholar at the Centre for East Asian Studies, School of International Studies, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi-110067, INDIA<#LINE#>17/4/2014<#LINE#>25/5/2014<#LINE#>  Myanmar is a geo-strategic factor in the Asian political dynamics. It is located at the tri-junction of South Asia, Southeast Asia and East Asia, thereby, historically serving as a trade corridor. Most importantly, it also maps as a critical juncture between India and China, where it shares common borders with the two rising Asian giants- with a 1,643 kilometre border with India and 2,185 kilometre border with China. It acts as a landbridge for both the countries- for India’s Northeastern states and Southern provinces of China. This geostrategic location has made Myanmar a strategic convergence point between India and China, through which they can expand their connectivity and cooperative links. In this context, India’s concerns over Myanmar emerges from rising Chinese footprints in India’s ‘Look East’- whereby similar to Pakistan, Myanmar is perceived to be a Chinese proxy for balancing India in the region. While for China, Myanmar acts as a gateway to India’s sphere of influence- the Bay of Bengal and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. These factors contribute to India’s rising security concerns as China’s strategic interests in Myanmar pose serious threats to India’s maritime and economic interests in the Indian Ocean. In this context, this paper maps out the growing Chinese presence in Myanmar and how it is impacting India’s security interests. <#LINE#> @ @ Malik Mohan, Pakistani Connection, The Pioneer, Retrieved from http://rebound88.tripod.com/sp/ngb/sindia-pak.html (2001) @No $ @ @ Hilton Isabel, China in Myanmar: Implications or the future, Norwegian Peace building Resource Centre, Retrieved from http://www.peacebuilding.no/var/ezflow_site/storage/original/application/822f00b4d7da6439a3252789b404f006.pdf (2013) @No $ @ @ Kudo Toshihiro, China’s Policy toward Myanmar: Challenges and Prospects, IDE-JETRO, Retrieved from http://www.ide.go.jp/English/Research/Region/Asia/pdf/201209_kudo.pdf, (2012) @No $ @ @ Ramachandran Sudha, Sino-Myanmar Relationship: Past Imperfect, Future Tense, China-South Asia Strategic Engagements, ISAS Working Paper, 158, (2012) @No $ @ @ China Signs Burmese Gas Deal for 30-year Supply, The Irrawaddy, Retrieved from http://www2.irrawaddy.org /article.php?art_id=14849 (2008) @No $ @ @ Li Chenyang and Lye Liang Fook, China’s Policies Towards Myanmar: A Successful Model for Dealing with the Myanmar Issue?, China: An International Journal, 7(2), 255-287 (2009) @No $ @ @ Kudo Toshihiro, China’s Policy toward Myanmar: Challenges and Prospects, IDE-JETRO, Retrieved from http://www.ide.go.jp/English/Research/Region/Asia/pdf/201209_kudo.pdf, (2012) @No $ @ @ Tea Billy, China and Myanmar: Strategic Interests, Strategies and the Road Ahead, IPCS Research Papers 26, Retrieved from http://www.ipcs.org/pdf_file/issue/RP26-Billy-Sino-Myanmar.pdf. (2010) @No $ @ @ China’s Ambitions in Myanmar, Asia Strategic Media Services Limited, Retrieved from http://www.asiapacificms. com /articles/myanmar_influence/ @No $ @ @ Garver, John G., Protracted Contest: Sino-Indian Rivalry in the Twentieth Century, New Delhi: Oxford, 293, (2001) @No $ @ @  Kuppuswamy C.S., Myanmar-China Cooperation: Its Implications for India, South Asia Analysis Group, 596, Retrieved from http://www.southasiaanalysis.org/paper596 (2003) @No $ @ @ Gojree Mehraj Uddin, India and China: Prospects and Challenges, Int. Res. J. Social Sciences, 2(8), 51 (2013) @No $ @ @ Routray Bibhu Prasad, India-Myanmar Relations: Triumph of Pragmatism, Jindal Journal of International Affairs, 1(1), 299-321 (2011) @No $ @ @ India concerned by China’s military facilities in Myanmar, Want China Times, Retrieved from http://www. wantchinatimes. com/news-subclass-cnt.aspx?id=20140213000064andcid=1101 (2014) @No $ @ @ Shivananda H., Sino-Myanmar Military Cooperation and its Implications for India, Journal of Defence Studies 5(3), 121-124 (2011) @No $ @ @ Ramachandran Sudha, Sino-Myanmar Relationship: Past Imperfect, Future Tense, China-South Asia Strategic Engagements, ISAS Working Paper, 158, 8-9 (2012) @No $ @ @ Deka Meeta, The Stillwell Road and the China Syndrome, in S.K. Agnihotri and B. Datta-Ray (ed.) Perspective of Security and Development in North East India, New Delhi: Knowledge Publishing Company (2005) @No $ @ @  @No 
<#LINE#>Caste in the Politics of Post-Colonial West Bengal: A Study in Retrospect<#LINE#>Guha@Ayan<#LINE#>58-61<#LINE#>9.ISCA-IRJSS-2014-83.pdf<#LINE#> Doctoral Scholar, Jamia Milia Islamia, New Delhi, INDIA<#LINE#>19/4/2014<#LINE#>24/5/2014<#LINE#>  Caste has played a very marginal role in the politics of West Bengal since independence. This article argues that that in post-colonial West Bengal caste has been a victim of circumstances which have privileged discourses such as religion, nation and class over that of caste. Today, the electoral decline of the left seems to have finally created favourable situation for caste based mobilization. However, caste politics is still in an embryonic stage and need to overcome practical, ideological and intellectual opposition before it can actually claim political and electoral success. <#LINE#> @ @ Chakraborty Ajanta, The Matua Factor in West Bengal Politics, The Times of India, (2014) available at http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/lok-sabha-elections-2014/news/The-Matua-factor-in-Bengal-politics/articleshow /32988818.cms, accessed on 18 April 2014 @No $ @ @ Times News Network, Mollah floats 'Social Justice Forum', The Times of India, (2014)  available at http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/mollah-floats-social-justice-forum/articleshow/30920592.cms, accessed on 18 April 2014. @No $ @ @  Bandyopadhyay Sekhar, Caste, Protest and Identity in Colonial India: The Namasudras of Bengal 1872-1947. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 30-172 (1997) @No $ @ @ Bandyopadhyay Sekhar, Partition and Ruptures in Dalit Identity Politics in Bengal, Asian Studies Review, 33, 459-461, (2009) @No $ @ @ Sinharay Praskanva, Caste, Migration and Identity, Seminar, 645, (2013) @No $ @ @ Sen Dwaipayan, An Absent-minded Casteism, Seminar, 645, (2013) @No $ @ @ Bandyopadhyay Sarbani, Caste and Politics in Bengal, Economic and Political Weekly, 47(50), 72, (2012) @No $ @ @ Chatterjee Partha, The Coming Crisis in West Bengal, Economic and Political Weekly, 44(9), 44, (2009) @No $ @ @ Bhattacharyya Dwaipayan, Party Society, its Consolidation and Crisis: Understanding Political Change in Rural West Bengal in AnjanGhosh et al. (eds.), Theorizing the Present: Essays for Partha Chatterjee, New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 233-237, (2011) @No $ @ @ Banerjee Mukulika, Leadership and Political Work in Pamela Price and Arild Engelsen Ruud (ed.), Power and Influence in India: Bosses, Lords and Captains, New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 21-43, (2010) @No $ @ @ Chatterjee Partha, The Present History of West Bengal. Delhi: Oxford University Press, 81, (1997) @No $ @ @ Ghosh Anjan, Cast(e) Out in Bengal, Seminar, 508, New Delhi, (2001) @No $ @ @ Chandra and Nielsen, The Importance of Caste in Bengal, Economic and Political Weekly,47(44), 61, (2012) @No $ @ @ Roy Dayabati, Caste and Power: An Ethnography in West Bengal, India, Modern Asian Studies,46(4), 947-974, (2012) @No $ @ @ Sinharay Praskanva, A New Politics of Caste, Economic and Political Weekly, 47(34), 26-27, (2012) @No $ @ @ Sinharay Praskanva, The West Bengal Story, The Caste Question in Lok Sabha Elections, Economic and Political Weekly, 49(16), 10-12 (2014) @No $ @ @  @No 
<#LINE#>Remembering a Pioneer in the Bicentenary, Sir Alexander Cunningham and the Study of Indian Temple Art<#LINE#>Aparajita@Bhattacharya<#LINE#>62-67<#LINE#>10.ISCA-IRJSS-2014-93.pdf<#LINE#> Hindu College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, INDIA<#LINE#>1/5/2014<#LINE#>14/5/2014<#LINE#>  Alexander Cunningham’s pioneering career as Surveyor General of India and subsequently as the first Director General of the Archaeological Survey of India is a landmark epoch in defining the discipline of archaeology and its official instutionalization in colonial India. His extensive and meticulous field reports published in twenty three volumes is still the primary source of information for the study of Indian art and archaeology throwing an invaluable light on the history of discovery and the method of documentation of various sites and their findings. His inclusive methodology of documentation illustrates the possibilities of ethnographic explorations with keen attention to incorporate local traditions and individual viewpoints. Cunningham became an institution in his life time by nurturing the talents of a generation of archaeologists and epigraphists who started their careers under the guidance of Cunningham. That material remains of the past alone not only grand monuments but also dilapidated structures and ruins can form an authentic source of reconstructing history was established by Cunningham and his contemporary James Fergusson. Both the approaches received a firm foundation in India in terms of their respective followers and their influence over the subsequent scholarship. Cunningham’s almost evolutionary approach of tracing the development of the Indian temple architecture from the relatively simpler flat roof to the more complex developments of superstructure and the temple building has set the tone of the subsequent scholarship. The present article attempts to relook at the contribution of a pioneer in his bicentenary. <#LINE#> @ @ Sir William Jones, The Third Anniversary Discourse of the Hindus , Delivered on 2 February,1786 in The Works of Sir William Jones, vol –I, Rbinson and Evans, London, 1799.pp 19-34 cited in Winfred .P. Lehmann A Reader in the Nineteenth Century Historical Indo-European Linguistics, Indiana University Press, pp 7-20 http://www.utexas.edu/cola/centers/lrc/books/read01.html. (20/02/2014) @No $ @ @ Mitter, Partha, Much Maligned Monasters: A History of European Reactions to Indian Art,Clarendon Press, Oxford, 123-127 (1977) @No $ @ @ Tillotson G.H.R., ‘Farangi and Babu, Two Early Theories of Indian Architecture’ in India International Centre Quarterly, 20(1/2), 209-224 (1993) @No $ @ @ Imam Abu., Sir Alexander Cunningham (1814-1893): The First Phase of Indian Archaeology in Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, 3/4, 194-207 (1963) @No $ @ @ Desai Madhuri, Interpreting an Architectural Past: Ram Raz and the Treatise in South Asia, in Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians, 71(4), 462-487 (2012) @No $ @ @ Cunningham, Alexander, Four Reports Made During the Years 1862-63-64-65. Archaeological Survey of India.  , preface, (1871.Reprint 2000) (2000) @No $ @ @ Cunnigham, Alexander, Four Reports Made During the Years 1862-63-64-65, Archaeological Survey of India , vii, (1871 Reprint 2000) (2000) @No $ @ @ Cunningham, Alexander, Four Reports Made During the Years 1862-63-64-65, Archaeological Survey of India, , preface (1871 Reprint 2000) (2000) @No $ @ @ Singh, Upinder, The Discovery of Ancient India, Early Archaeologists and the Beginning of Archaeology, Permanent Black, New Delhi, 134 (2004) @No $ @ @ Singh, Upinder, Cunningham’s, “was a vision that included much and excluded little, and its wide scope can be connected to the fact that Cunningham was never an armchair scholar. His archaeological inquires involved extensive travel and intensive contact with the people and places of India” in The Discovery of Ancient India, Early Archaeologists and the Beginning of Archaeology, 346 (2004) @No $ @ @ Cunnigham, Alexander, Report of a Tour in the central Provinces in 1873-74 and 1874-75, IX, 43 (1879, reprint 2000) (2000) @No $ @ @ Chandra, Pramod, A Vamana Temple at Mahira and Some Reflections on Gupta Architecture”, Artibus Asiae, 34(4),125-145 (1972)   and also Meister, Michael.W; - “ A Note on the Superstructure of the Mahira Temple” in Artibus Asiae,36(1/2), 81-88 (1974) @No $ @ @ Cunningham, Alexander, Four Reports Made During the Years 1862-63-64-65.Vol I and II, Archaeological Survey of India, New Delhi, 99 (1871/2000 reprint) @No $ @ @ Cunningham, Alexander. Report of a Tour in the Central Provinces in 1873-74 and 1874-75, Archaeological Survey of India, New Delhi, IX, 42-43 (1879/2000 reprint) @No $ @ @ Coomaraswamy, Ananda and Kentish, Yakshas, Essays in Water Cosmology (edited by Paul Schroeder and forwarded by Kapila Vatsyayan), Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts and Oxford University Press, New Delhi, 70-71 (1993) @No $ @ @ Meister Michael. W., Ethnography and Personhood: Notes from the Field, Rawat Publications, New Delhi, 24, (2000) @No $ @ @ Cohn, Bernard S., The Transformation of Objects into Artifacts, Antiquities and Art in Nineteenth Century India” in Barbara. Stoler Miller, ed, The Power of Art, Patronage in Indian Culture, Oxford University Press, New Delhi, 302 (1992) @No $ @ @ Cunningham in a letter written to the Director of the East India Company which was subsequently published in the Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society in 1843 made the above comment. See Singh, Upinder; The Discovery of Ancient India, Early Archaeologists and the Beginning of Archaeology, 38 (2004) @No $ @ @ Apparently this kind of comment “may look like proof of hidden political and evangelical agendas behind Cunningham’s archaeological investigation, the revelations of an unguarded moment by a young man in the course of personal correspondence.” Cunningham’s voluminous writings of the later years never exhibit such a kind of bias which has dominated the writings of his contemporary like Fergusson. See Singh, Upinder; The Discovery of Ancient India, Early Archaeologists and the Beginning of Archaeology, 38 (2004) @No $ @ @ Cunningham A., Proposed Archaeological Investigation in Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal 17, 1848. pp 535-536. Quoted in Chakrabarti, Dilip. K, A History of Indian Archaeology from the Beginning to 1947, 52 (1988) @No $ @ @  @No