International Science Community Association International Research Journal of Social Sciences 15 2 2026 04 14 Israel–Arab Relations: from Historical tensions to Modern diplomacy 50 56 EN Das Gautam Kumar 1 19, Raj Krishna Pal Lane, Kolkata – 700075, India Gadekar Umesh Balu 1 Yashwantrao Chavan School of Rural Development, Shivaji University, Kolhapur, Maharashtra, India Rai Sudhir Kumar 1 K.S. Saket P.G. College Ayodhya, Dr Ram Manohar Lohia Avadh University, Ayodhya, Uttar Pradesh, India Singh Puja 2 K.S. Saket P.G. College Ayodhya, Dr Ram Manohar Lohia Avadh University, Ayodhya, Uttar Pradesh, India Yadav Nalinee 1 Department of Psychology, Dr. Rammanohar Lohia Avadh University, Ayodhya, UP, India Mishra Nidhi 2 Department of Psychology, K.S. Saket PG College, Ayodhya, UP, India Sengar Sanjana 1 Amity Institute of Social Science, Amity University, UP, Noida, India Puri Achyut 1 Amity Institute of Social Sciences, Amity University Noida, UP, India Sharma Manas 1 Amity Institute of Social Sciences, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India > Review Paper 2026 3 10 2026 04 14 Israel–Arab relations have historically been characterized by conflict, territorial disputes, ideological rivalry, and competing national identities. Since the establishment of Israel in May 1948, relations between Israel and neighbouring Arab states have largely been shaped by wars, diplomatic confrontations, and unresolved political questions concerning Palestinian statehood. Major conflicts such as the Arab–Israeli wars of 1948, 1967, and 1973 significantly influenced regional geopolitics and reinforced long-standing security dilemmas in the Middle East. In recent decades, however, the region has witnessed gradual diplomatic shifts. The Egypt–Israel Peace Treaty of 1979 and the Israel–Jordan Peace Treaty of 1994 represented early milestones in diplomatic engagement. More recently, the Abraham Accords signed in September 2020 marked a new phase of normalization between Israel and several Arab states including the United Arab Emirates and Bahrain. This study examines the historical evolution of Israel–Arab relations and analyses the transition from conflict to pragmatic diplomacy. Using qualitative analysis of secondary sources, the research evaluates how geopolitical interests, economic cooperation, security concerns, and identity politics have influenced regional diplomacy. While normalization agreements have created new opportunities for cooperation, unresolved issues—particularly the Palestinian question and periodic conflicts in Gaza—continue to challenge the sustainability of long-term peace. Copyright@ International Science Community Association