@Research Paper
<#LINE#>Seasonal and Spatial assessment of Physico-chemical and Microbiological water quality of the Sohiong River, Meghalaya, India<#LINE#>Marshal @Thabah,Hubertwell @Thabah,Batriti @Nongbri <#LINE#>1-9<#LINE#>1.ISCA-IRJEvS-2026-007.pdf<#LINE#>Department of Environmental Science, Shillong College Meghalaya–793115, India@Department of Environmental Science, Shillong College Meghalaya–793115, India@Department of Environmental Science, Shillong College Meghalaya–793115, India<#LINE#>27/3/2026<#LINE#>28/4/2026<#LINE#>The current study analyzes the Sohiong River's physico-chemical and microbiological quality in the East Khasi Hills District of Meghalaya, as well as its seasonal and geographical variations. Water samples were collected from upstream, midstream, and downstream areas during the rainy and dry seasons. Standard laboratory methods were employed to analyze the parameters of pH, temperature, electrical conductivity, hardness, alkalinity, chloride, sulphate, nitrate, phosphate, biological oxygen demand (BOD), and total coliform. Descriptive statistical analysis, correlation analysis, and Water Quality Index (WQI) were used to interpret the results. The data obtained from the study show that most of the physicochemical parameters were found to be within acceptable limits in both seasons, with relatively stable pH (6.49-7.25), temperature, and conductivity. Descriptive statistics showed that the parameters had low spatial variability for pH, temperature, conductivity, and BOD, but high variability for sulphate, chloride, and total coliform. Pearson correlation analysis showed that there were significant relationships between various parameters, indicating the effect of seasonal hydrological conditions on nutrient and ionic cycles. The river water quality was good to exceptional during both the wet and dry seasons, with somewhat higher values during the dry season, according to the estimated WQI. However, total coliform levels were found to be as high as 1600 MPN/100mL in some places, despite the favorable physicochemical conditions, indicating microbiological contamination. In general, the study proves that although the Sohiong River has good physico-chemical water quality, microbial pollution is still a concern, emphasizing the need of regular monitoring and remediation strategies.<#LINE#>Umedum, N. L., Kaka, E. B., Okoye, N. H., Anarado, C. E., & Udeozo, I. P. (2013).@Physicochemical analysis of selected surface water in Warri, Nigeria.@Int. J. Sci. Eng. Res, 4(7), 1558-1562.@Yes$Langstieh, D., Dkhar, P. & Kynta, S. (2025).@A Study of the Physico-Chemical and Biological Characteristics of Drinking -Water Quality from Different Points-of-Use in Shillong Polytechnic.@Journal of Water Research.@No$Choudhury, M. (2014).@Potable water is a serious Environmental issue: A special study on Umiam area, of RI-Bhoi District, Meghalaya, India.@International Research Journal of Environmental Sciences, 3(9), 37-42.@Yes$Pinheiro, J. P. S., Windsor, F. M., Wilson, R. W., & Tyler, C. R. (2021).@Global variation in freshwater physico‐chemistry and its influence on chemical toxicity in aquatic wildlife.@Biological Reviews, 96(4), 1528-1546.@Yes$Khan, M. H. R. B., Ahsan, A., Imteaz, M., Shafiquzzaman, M., & Al-Ansari, N. (2023).@Evaluation of the surface water quality using global water quality index (WQI) models: perspective of river water pollution.@Scientific Reports, 13(1), 20454.@Yes$Bora, M., & Goswami, D. C. (2017).@Water quality assessment in terms of water quality index (WQI): case study of the Kolong River, Assam, India.@Applied Water Science, 7(6), 3125-3135.@Yes$Edge, T. P. (2025).@CPCB Report Polluted River Stretches for Restoration of Water Quality 2025: 296 Polluted River Stretches Identified.@https://www.policyedge.in/p/cpcb-report-polluted-river-stretches.@No$Mallapur, C. (2016).@70% of urban India’s sewage is untreated.@India Spend Blog, January.@Yes$Zahoor, I., & Mushtaq, A. (2023).@Water pollution from agricultural activities: A critical global review.@Int. J. Chem. Biochem. Sci, 23(1), 164-176.@Yes$Chinamalli, R., & Vijaykumar, K. (2023).@Assessment of water quality of the Bhima River for drinking purpose by water quality index.@The holistic approach to environment, 13(4), 132-140.@Yes$Hamid, A., Dar, N. A., Bhat, S. U., & Pandit, A. K. (2013).@Water quality index: A case study of Vishav stream, Kulgam, Kashmir.@International Journal of Environment and Bioenergy, 5(2), 108-122.@Yes$Standard, I. (2012).@Bureau of Indian Standards drinking water specifications.@BIS, 10500, 2012.@Yes$Mandal, A., Choudhury, M. K., & Gargava, P. (2023).@Monitoring of Water Quality to Assess the Impact of Unscientific Sand Mining in the Catchment Areas of Umtyngar River, Meghalaya (North-Eastern India).@In Biological Forum–An International Journal (Vol. 15, No. 5, pp. 187-196).@Yes$Tiwari, B. K., & Lynrah, M. M. (2022).@Sustainable Management of Water Resources of Meghalaya.@@Yes$Dkhar, E. N., Dkhar, P. S., & Anal, J. M. H. (2014).@Trace Elements Analysis in Drinking Water of Meghalaya by Using Graphite Furnace‐Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy and in relation to Environmental and Health Issues.@Journal of chemistry, 2014(1), 975810.@Yes$Maiti, S. K. (2004).@Water and wastewater analysis.@ABD publishers.@Yes$American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association, Water Pollution Control Federation, & Water Environment Federation (1905).@Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater: Including Bottom Sediment and Sludges (Vol. 1).@American public health association.@Yes$Shivashankar, P., & Venkataramana, G. (2015).@Seasonal fluctuations of water quality parameters in selected points of Bhadra River, Karnataka, India.@International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology, 4(2).@Yes$Setia, R., Lamba, S., Chander, S., Kumar, V., Singh, R., Litoria, P. K., ... & Pateriya, B. (2021).@Spatio-temporal variations in water quality, hydrochemistry and its controlling factors in a perennial river in India.@Applied Water Science, 11(11), 169.@Yes$Shil, S., Singh, U. K., & Mehta, P. (2019).@Water quality assessment of a tropical river using water quality index (WQI), multivariate statistical techniques and GIS.@Applied water science, 9(7), 168.@Yes$Yadav, N. S., Sharma, M. P., Kumar, A., & Pani, S. (2014).@Water Quality Assessment of Chambal River in National Chambal Sanctuary of Madhya Pradesh.@Ecological sustainability: concept, principle, evidences and innovations, 44-52.@Yes$Das, A., & Biswas, S. P. (2023).@Studies on Seasonal Variation of Water Quality Parameters of River Mara Bharali in Sonitpur District of Assam.@Agricultural Science Digest, 43(3).@Yes$Seth, R., Mohan, M., Singh, P., Singh, R., Dobhal, R., Singh, K. P., & Gupta, S. (2016).@Water quality evaluation of Himalayan rivers of Kumaun region, Uttarakhand, India.@Applied Water Science, 6(2), 137-147.@Yes$Roy, V., Saha, B. K., Saha, J., & Pal, A. (2022).@Assessment of water quality of Kulik River of Raiganj with reference to physicochemical characteristics and potability.@Current World Environment, 17(2), 480.@Yes$Banik, S. K., Suresh, V. R., & Manna, R. K. (2021).@Seasonal variability of water quality index in the Hooghly Estuary.@Journal of the Inland Fisheries Society of India53, 075 (2021).@Yes$Isaac, R., Siddiqui, S., Higgins, P., Paul, A. S., Lawrence, N. A., Lall, A. S., ... & Prasad, A. (2024).@Assessment of seasonal impacts on Water Quality in Yamuna river using Water Quality Index and Multivariate Statistical approaches.@Waste Management Bulletin, 2(3), 145-153.@Yes$Hammoumi, D., Al-Aizari, H. S., Alaraidh, I. A., Okla, M. K., Assal, M. E., Al-Aizari, A. R., ... & Bejjaji, Z. (2024).@Seasonal variations and assessment of surface water quality using water quality index (WQI) and principal component analysis (PCA): a case study.@Sustainability, 16(13), 5644.@Yes$Choudhary, S., Rai, S. K., Dhar, S., Chib, A., & Jasrotia, S. (2025).@Seasonal Hydrogeochemistry and Suitability Assessment of Spring Water in the Rajouri and Reasi Districts, Western Himalayas, India, using GIS and Multivariate Analysis.@Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 236(10), 664.@Yes$Panda, P. K., Panda, R. B., & Dash, P. K. (2018).@The study of water quality and pearson’s correlation coefficients among different physico-chemical parameters of River Salandi, Bhadrak, Odisha, India.@American Journal of Water Resources, 6(4), 146-155.@Yes
<#LINE#>Thermal and Energy balance analysis of Semi-transparent PV Greenhouses in Arid Climate Conditions<#LINE#>Sherzod D. @Qushakov <#LINE#>10-17<#LINE#>2.ISCA-IRJEvS-2026-012.pdf<#LINE#>Dept. of Power Supply and Renewable Energy Sources, TIIAME-National Research University and Jizzakh Polytechnic Institute Tashkent, Uzbekistan<#LINE#>21/4/2026<#LINE#>26/5/2026<#LINE#>Greenhouse cultivation in arid and semi-arid climates faces critical challenges due to excessive solar heat gain, high cooling demand, and non-uniform light distribution. Integrating semi-transparent photovoltaic panels into greenhouse roofs enables simultaneous power generation and solar-energy management, providing a viable path toward energy-autonomous food production systems. This paper presents a thermal and energy balance analysis of a monocrystalline STPV-integrated greenhouse designed for the arid climate of Samarkand Region, Uzbekistan (39.789°N, 60.7°E). The approach combines experimental spectral and electrical measurements with numerical heat-balance modeling, validated under real climatic conditions and benchmarked against previously reported greenhouse energy models in arid regions. Spectrophotometric analysis (190–900nm) showed 85–95% transmittance in the PAR range (400–700nm) with complete UV blocking and high near-infrared transmission, ensuring sufficient photosynthetic light while preventing overheating. The canopy temperature inside the STPV greenhouse was observed to be 2–3°C lower than that in conventional glass structures. The total optical transmittance (~54%) provided a Daily Light Integral (DLI) of approximately 21mol m⁻² day⁻¹, suitable for tomato, cucumber, and bell-pepper cultivation. Electrical testing using a WUHAN OOI OTMT-A solar module analyzer revealed an effective bifacial efficiency of 28.2%, corresponding to 210–230 W m⁻² power output. The estimated payback period of 2–2.5 years under Uzbekistan’s high solar availability demonstrates that STPV integration can substantially reduce cooling loads and operational costs while enhancing the overall energy sustainability of greenhouse systems.<#LINE#>Schwarz, D., Thompson, A. J., & Kläring, H. P. (2014).@Guidelines to use tomato in experiments with a controlled environment.@Frontiers in Plant Science, 5, 625.@Yes$Hernández, R., & Kubota, C. (2014).@Growth and morphological response of cucumber seedlings to supplemental red and blue photon flux ratios under varied solar daily light integrals.@Scientia Horticulturae, 173, 92–99.@Yes$Díaz-Pérez, J. C. (2013).@Bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) crop as affected by shade level: Microenvironment, plant growth, leaf gas exchange, and leaf mineral nutrient concentration.@Hort Science, 48(2), 175–182.@Yes$Litvin, A. G., Currey, C. J., & Wilson, L. A. (2020).@Effects of supplemental light source on basil, dill, and parsley growth, morphology, aroma, and flavor.@Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science, 145(1), 18–29.@Yes$Kushakov, S. D., Mirzabaev, A. M., Eshkulov, M. U., Mamatkulov, B. K., Egamberganova, A. D., & Shermukhamedov, A. A. (2025).@Agrivoltaic panel design for greenhouses.@In Proceedings of the 2025 IEEE 26th International Conference of Young Professionals in Electron Devices and Materials (EDM) (pp. 810–813). IEEE.@Yes$Qushakov, S. D., Mirzayev, A., Babayazov, S., Khayrullayev, A., Abdullaev, E. A., & Adilov, B. (2025).@Theoretical and experimental study of semi-transparent PV panels based on conventional solar cells for crop-adapted agrivoltaics.@In Proceedings of the 2025 IEEE XVII International Scientific and Technical Conference on Actual Problems of Electronic Instrument Engineering (APEIE) (pp. 1–6). IEEE.@Yes$Qushakov, S. D., Mirzabaev, A. M., Mustafakulov, A., Akhadova, K., Pirnazarov, I. I., & Khayrullayev, A. (2025).@Semi-transparent photovoltaic panels for greenhouses: Experimental study on microclimate, crop growth, and dust mitigation.@In Proceedings of the 2025 IEEE XVII International Scientific and Technical Conference on Actual Problems of Electronic Instrument Engineering (APEIE) (pp. 1–5). IEEE.@Yes$World Bank Group (2022).@Solar resource assessment for Uzbekistan: Samarkand region dataset.@Washington, DC.@No$Salido, E. M., Servalli, L. N., Gomez, J. C., & Verrastro, C. (2017).@Phototransduction early steps model based on Beer-Lambert optical law.@Vision Research, 131, 75–81.@Yes$Chavan, S. G., Maier, C., Alagoz, Y., Filipe, J. C., Warren, C. R., Lin, H., et al. (2020).@Light-limited photosynthesis under energy-saving film decreases eggplant yield.@Food and Energy Security, 9(4), e245.@Yes$Qushakov, S. D., Mirzabaev, A. M., Eshkulov, M. O., Anarbaev, M., Urinov, S. S., & Rakhmanov, F. (2025).@Performance comparison of East-West bifacial and south-facing PV panels using mathematical modeling under Uzbekistan’s climatic conditions.@In Proceedings of the 2025 IEEE XVII International Scientific and Technical Conference on Actual Problems of Electronic Instrument Engineering (APEIE) (pp. 1–6). IEEE.@Yes$Ezzaeri, K., Fatnassi, H., Bouharroud, R., Gourdo, L., Bazgaou, A., Wifaya, A., et al. (2018).@The effect of photovoltaic panels on the microclimate and on the tomato production under photovoltaic canarian greenhouses.@Solar Energy, 173, 1126–1134.@Yes$Li, C., Wang, H., Miao, H., & Ye, B. (2017).@The economic and social performance of integrated photovoltaic and agricultural greenhouse systems: Case study in China.@Applied Energy, 190, 204–212.@Yes$Schallenberg-Rodriguez, J., Rodrigo-Bello, J. J., & Del Río-Gamero, B. (2023).@Agrivoltaic: How much electricity could photovoltaic greenhouses supply?.@Energy Reports, 9, 5420–5431.@Yes$Cossu, M., Murgia, L., Ledda, L., Deligios, P. A., Sirigu, A., Chessa, F., & Pazzona, A. (2014).@Solar radiation distribution inside a greenhouse with south-oriented photovoltaic roofs and effects on crop productivity.@Applied Energy, 133, 89–100.@Yes$Hassanien, R. H. E., Li, M., & Yin, F. (2018).@The integration of semi-transparent photovoltaics on greenhouse roof for energy and plant production.@Renewable Energy, 121, 377–388.@Yes$López-Díaz, G., Carreño-Ortega, A., Fatnassi, H., Poncet, C., & Díaz-Pérez, M. (2020).@The effect of different levels of shading in a photovoltaic greenhouse with a north–south orientation.@Applied Sciences, 10(3), 882.@Yes$Hassanien, R. H. E., Ibrahim, M. M., Ghaly, A. E., & Abdelrahman, E. N. (2022).@Effect of photovoltaics shading on the growth of chili pepper in controlled greenhouses.@Heliyon, 8(2), e08973.@Yes$Torrente, C. J., Reca, J., López-Luque, R., Martínez, J., & Casares, F. J. (2024).@Simulation model to analyze the spatial distribution of solar radiation in agrivoltaic Mediterranean greenhouses and its effect on crop water needs.@Applied Energy, 353, 122050.@Yes$Moreno, Á., Chemisana, D., Lamnatou, C., & Maestro, S. (2023).@Energy and photosynthetic performance investigation of a semitransparent photovoltaic rooftop greenhouse for building integration.@Renewable Energy, 215, 118976.@Yes
<#LINE#>Assessment of levels, Bioavailability and Fractionation of Lead and Cadmium in soils of abandoned Municipal waste open dumpsite proposed for Food crop cultivation<#LINE#>Agbo @I.O.,Ekere @N.R.,Ugbor @M.C.J.,Agbazue @V.E. <#LINE#>18-24<#LINE#>3.ISCA-IRJEvS-2026-013.pdf<#LINE#>Department of Pure & Industrial Chemistry, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria@Department of Pure & Industrial Chemistry, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria@Department of Pure & Industrial Chemistry, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria@Department of Pure & Applied Chemistry, Veritas University, Abuja, Nigeria<#LINE#>30/4/2026<#LINE#>20/5/2026<#LINE#>This study was carried out to assess the levels and speciation of heavy metals (Pb and Cd) in soils of an abandoned open central municipal solid waste dumpsite at Ugwuaji in Enugu, Nigeria. Samples of soils were collected from the site of the old dumpsite. To obtain the levels of the metals, the samples were cleaned, dried and pulverized. Wet digestions were carried out on all the samples using nitric- perchloric acids, followed by the evaluations of heavy metal contents using Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (FAAS). The heavy metal concentrations in the soils (mg/kg) ranged from 20.825 to 62.501 and 7.250 to 11.806 for Pb and Cd respectively, which were all higher than their levels in the control samples, but were within the recommended limit by WHO and CCME except for Cd. Metal fractionations were carried out using the Tessier’s protocol. The results showed that 62% and 29% of the total Cd and Pb content of the soil were bioavailable respectively. The results raise a lot of concern as the residents are using the abandoned site for cultivation of edible vegetables and other perennial crops.<#LINE#>Tovide, O. O., Oyekunle, J. A., Ore, O. T., Oyebode, B. A., Moseri, E. O., Adekunle, A. S., ... & Eludoyin, A. O. (2025).@Speciation studies of potentially toxic elements within the vicinity of major dumpsites in Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria.@Journal of Trace Elements and Minerals, 11, 100210.@Yes$Tesi G O, Ojegu J O; Akporido S O (2020).@Chemical speciation and mobility of heavy metals in soils of refuse dumpsites in some urban towns in the Niger Delta of Nigeria.@Ovidius University Annals of Chemistry, 31(2), 66 – 72.@Yes$Benhaddya, M.L. and Hadjel, M. (2014).@Spatial distribution and contamination assessment of heavy metals in surface soils of Hassi Messaoud, Algeria.@Environmental Earth Sciences, 71, 1473-1486.@Yes$Iwegbue, C.M.A.; Tesi, G.O.; Overah, V; Nwajei G.E., Marticigh, B. S. (2018).@Chemical fractionation and mobility of metals in floodplain soils of the lower reaches of River Niger, Nigeria.@Transaction of Royal Society of South Africa, 73: 90-109.@Yes$Adegboye, M A, Adekanmi, A A, Lawal , I K, Owolabi, O A, Omole, F O (2021).@Evaluation of Heavy Metals in Soils from Different Dumpsites.@International Journal of Engineering and Information Systems, 5(12), 137-143@Yes$Tripathi, A. and Misra, D.R. (2012).@A study of physicochemical properties and heavy metals in contaminated soils of municipal waste dumpsites at Allahabad, India.@International Journal of Environmental Sciences, 2(4), 2024-2033.@Yes$Ogundiran MB and Osibanjo O (2008).@Heavy metal concentrations in soils and accumulation in plants growing in a deserted slag dumpsite in Nigeria.@African Journal of Biotechnology, 7(17), 3053–3060.@Yes$Abata E O; Adunbi J O; Babafemi R & Ajayi O O (2024).@Heavy metal content in dumpsite soils and vegetables: A case study of Ondo Town, Nigeria.@GSC Advanced Research and Reviews, 19(01), 097–104.@Yes$Rao, C.R.M., Sahuquillo A. and Lopez Sanchez, J.F. (2007).@A review of the different methods applied in environmental geochemistry for single and sequential extraction of trace elements in soils and related materials.@Water Air and Soil Pollution, 189, 291–333.@Yes$Bacon, J.R. and Davidson, C.M. (2008).@Is there a future for sequential chemical extraction?.@Analyst, 133, 25–46.@Yes$Tessier, A., Campbell, P. and Bisson, M., (1979).@Sequential extraction procedure for the speciation of particulate trace metals.@Analytical Chemistry, 51, 844–851.@Yes$Sposito, G., Lund, L. and Chang, A., (1982).@Trace metal chemistry in arid-zone field soils amended with sewage sludge: I. Fractionation of Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb in solid phases.@Soil Science Society of America Journal, 46, 260–264.@Yes$Rauret, G., Lopez-Sanchez, J., Sahuquillo, A., Rubio, R., Davidson C. and Ure A. (1999).@Improvement of the BCR three step sequential extraction procedure prior to the certification of new sediment and soil reference materials.@Journal of Environment Monitoring, 1, 57–61.@Yes$Uddin A. H., Khalid R. S., Alaama M., Abdualrahman M., Kasmuri A.A. and Abbas S.A. (2016),@Comparative study of three digestion methods for elemental analysis in traditional medicine products using atomic absorption spectrometry.@Journal of Analytical Science and Technology, 7(1), 6.@Yes$Roo M, Herbón C, Martín-Sanz J P,  Barral M T, Núñez R P (2026).@Trace metal extractability and bioaccessibility in urban soils.@Journal of Soils and Sediments, 26(3), 47.@Yes$Narwal, R.P; Singh, B.R. and Salbu, B. (1999).@Association of cadmium, zinc, copper and nickel with components in naturally heavy metal rich soils studied by parallel and sequential extraction.@Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 30, 1209–1230.@Yes$Kabala C. & Singh, B.R. (2001).@Fractionation and mobility of copper, lead, and zinc in soil profiles in the vicinity of a copper smelter.@Journal of Environmental Quality, 30(2), 485– 495.@Yes$Iwegbue, C. M. (2011).@Assessment of heavy metal speciation in soils impacted with crude oil in the Niger Delta, Nigeria.@Chemical Speciation & Bioavailability, 23(1), 7-15.@Yes$Kabata-Pendias (2004).@Effect of organic wastes on the extractability of cadmium, copper, nickel and zinc in soil.@Geoderma, 122, 297-303.@Yes$Ale, T.O.; Ogunribido, T.H.  Ademila, O. and Akingboye, A.S. (2024).@Soil pollution status dueto potentially toxic elements in active open dumpsites: insights from different Nigerian geological environments, Environ.@Earth. Sci., 83 (18), 535 - 547.@Yes$Ajah, K.C., Ademiluyi, J., Nnaji, C.C., (2015).@Spatiality, seasonality and ecological risks of heavy metals in the vicinity of a degenerate municipal central dumpsite in Enugu, Nigeria.@J Environ Health Sci Eng, (2015).@Yes$Europea, C. E. (1986).@Council directive on the protection of the environment, and in particular of the soil, when sewage sludge is used in agriculture.@Official Journal of the European Communities L, 181, 10.@Yes$WHO (1999).@Guideline for drinking water quality 2nd edition recommendation.@World health organization. Geneva. Vol.1. Pp. 30-113.@Yes$Umoh S. D., and Etim E. E., (2013).@Determination of Heavy Metal Contents From Dumpsites within Ikot Ekpene, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria Using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer.@The International Journal of Engineering and Science, 2, 123 – 135.@Yes$United Nations Environmental Protection/Global Program of Action. (2004).@Why the Marine Environment Needs Protection from Heavy Metals.@@Yes$Roongtanakiat, N., Nirunrach, T., Chanyotha S., and Hengchaovanich, D., (2003).@Uptake of heavy metals in landfill leachates by vetiver grass.@Kasetsart J. (Nat. Sci), 37(2), 168-178.@Yes$Amos-Tautua B. (2014).@Assessment of some heavy metals and physicochemical properties in surface soils of municipal open waste dumpsite in Yenagoa.@Nigeria. Afr. J. Environ. Sci. Technology, 8(1), 41-47.@Yes$Mohamed, R. and Elasayed, A.S. (2007).@Dispersion and De- position of heavy metals around to Municipal solidwaste Dumpsite, Alteandra.@J. Agri and Envi, 2, 204-71.@Yes$Divrikli, U., Horzum, N., Soylak, M. and Elci, L., (2006).@Trace heavy metal contents of some spices and herbal plants from western Anatolia Turkey.@Int. J. Food Sci. Technology., 41, 712-716.@Yes$Saplakogelu, U. and Iscan, M., (1997).@DNA single-strand breakage in rat lung, liver and kidney after single and combined treatments of nickel and Cadium.@Mutat. Res., 394(1), 133-140.@Yes$Lai, H.Y., Hseu, Z.Y., Chen, T.C., Chen, B.C., Guo, H.Y., Chen, Z.S., (2010).@Health risk-based assessment and management of heavy metals- contaminated soil sites in Taiwan.@Int. J. Res. Public Health, 7(10), 3595-3614@Yes$Gujre, N;. Mitra, S; Soni, A; Agnihotri, R; Rangan, L; Rene, E.R.; Sharma, M.P. (2021).@Speciation, contamination, ecological and human health risks assessment of heavy metals in soils dumped with municipal solid wastes.@Chemosphere, 262, 128013-128026.@Yes$Alina Kabata-Pendias (2004).@Soil–plant transfer of trace elements—an environmental issue.@Geoderma, 122, 143- 49.@Yes$Solomon KR, Baker DB, Richards RP, Dixon DR, Klaine SJ, & LaPoint TW, (2014).@Ecologicalrisk assessment of atrazine in North American surface waters.@Environ Toxicol Chem; 15(1); 31– 74.@Yes
@Review Paper
<#LINE#>Biodegradation of LDPE by Bacillus and Pseudomonas and its effects on Soil Phytotoxicity: A Comprehensive Review<#LINE#>Kruti @Doshi,Ripal @Fadiya,Dhruvil @Brahmbhatt <#LINE#>25-34<#LINE#>4.ISCA-IRJEvS-2026-014.pdf<#LINE#>Shree Swaminarayan Science College, Swaminarayan University, Kalol, Gandhinagar, 382725, India@Shree Swaminarayan Science College, Swaminarayan University, Kalol, Gandhinagar, 382725, India@Shree Swaminarayan Science College, Swaminarayan University, Kalol, Gandhinagar, 382725, India<#LINE#>1/5/2026<#LINE#>21/6/2026<#LINE#>Low density polyethylene (LDPE) is widely applied in agriculture, for example as mulch films, greenhouse covers, and packaging materials. Owing to its high durability, hydrophobic nature, and resistance to natural degradation, LDPE accumulates in soil ecosystems and causes adverse physicochemical and biological impacts. A growing body of evidence shows that LDPE residues and LDPE-derived microplastics can modify soil structure, adsorb agrochemicals and heavy metals, disturb soil microbial communities, and trigger phytotoxic responses in plants. Microbial biodegradation has therefore attracted attention as an eco-friendly approach to alleviate LDPE-induced soil phytotoxicity. Among soil microorganisms, Bacillus and Pseudomonas spp. are especially important because of their metabolic versatility and ability to colonies plastic surfaces. Bacillus spp. support long-term soil remediation by forming endospores and mediating moderate enzymatic oxidation of LDPE, thereby improving soil resilience, whereas Pseudomonas spp. generally achieves higher LDPE degradation rates through strong biofilm formation and diverse oxidative enzyme systems, resulting in more extensive polymer breakdown and lower phytotoxicity.<#LINE#>Shah, A. A., Hasan, F., Hameed, A., & Ahmed, S. (2008).@Biological degradation of plastics: a comprehensive review.@Biotechnology advances, 26(3), 246-265.@Yes$Kasirajan, S., & Ngouajio, M. (2012).@Polyethylene and biodegradable mulches for agricultural applications: a review.@Agronomy for sustainable development, 32(2), 501-529.@Yes$Doshi, K., & Chhaya, R. (2024).@Unveiling the Power: Microbial Degradation by Plastic- Degrading Microorganisms.@International Journal of Research Publications, 150(1), 891-900,@Yes$Andrady, A. L. (2011).@Microplastics in the marine environment.@Marine pollution bulletin, 62(8), 1596-1605.@Yes$Rillig, M. C., Ingraffia, R., & de Souza Machado, A. A. (2017).@Microplastic incorporation into soil in agroecosystems.@Frontiers in plant science, 8, 1805.@Yes$de Souza Machado, A. A., Kloas, W., Zarfl, C., Hempel, S., & Rillig, M. C. (2018).@Microplastics as an emerging threat to terrestrial ecosystems.@Global change biology, 24(4), 1405-1416.@Yes$de Souza Machado, A. A., Lau, C. W., Kloas, W., Bergmann, J., Bachelier, J. B., Faltin, E., ... & Rillig, M. C. (2019).@Microplastics can change soil properties and affect plant performance.@Environmental science & technology, 53(10), 6044-6052.@Yes$Rillig, M. C., & Lehmann, A. (2020).@Microplastic in terrestrial ecosystems.@Science, 368(6498), 1430-1431.@Yes$Hahladakis, J. N., Velis, C. A., Weber, R., Iacovidou, E., & Purnell, P. (2018).@An overview of chemical additives present in plastics: Migration, release, fate and environmental impact during their use, disposal and recycling.@Journal of hazardous materials, 344, 179-199.@Yes$Lithner, D., Larsson, Å., & Dave, G. (2011).@Environmental and health hazard ranking and assessment of plastic polymers based on chemical composition.@Science of the total environment, 409(18), 3309-3324.@Yes$Zettler, E. R., Mincer, T. J., & Amaral-Zettler, L. A. (2013).@Life in the “plastisphere”: microbial communities on plastic marine debris.@Environmental science & technology, 47(13), 7137-7146.@Yes$Bosker, T., Bouwman, L. J., Brun, N. R., Behrens, P., & Vijver, M. G. (2019).@Microplastics accumulate on pores in seed capsule and delay germination and root growth of the terrestrial vascular plant Lepidium sativum.@Chemosphere, 226, 774-781.@Yes$Gajendiran, A., Krishnamoorthy, S., & Abraham, J. (2016).@Microbial degradation of low-density polyethylene (LDPE) by Aspergillus clavatus strain JASK1 isolated from landfill soil.@3 Biotech, 6(1), 52.@Yes$Urbanek, A. K., Mirończuk, A. M., García-Martín, A., Saborido, A., de la Mata, I., & Arroyo, M. (2020).@Biochemical properties and biotechnological applications of microbial enzymes involved in the degradation of polyester-type plastics.@Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-Proteins and Proteomics, 1868(2), 140315.@Yes$Yao, Z., Seong, H. J., & Jang, Y. S. (2022).@Degradation of low density polyethylene by Bacillus species.@Applied Biological Chemistry, 65(1), 84.@Yes$Kyaw, B. M., Champakalakshmi, R., Sakharkar, M. K., Lim, C. S., & Sakharkar, K. R. (2012).@Biodegradation of low density polythene (LDPE) by Pseudomonas species.@Indian journal of microbiology, 52(3), 411-419.@Yes$Sivan, A. (2011).@New perspectives in plastic biodegradation.@Current opinion in biotechnology, 22(3), 422-426.@Yes$Bostan, N., Ilyas, N., Saeed, M., Umer, M., Debnath, A., Akhtar, N., ... & Bukhari, N. A. (2025).@An in vitro phytotoxicity assessment of UV-enhanced biodegradation of plastics for spinach cultivation.@Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering, 19(2), 17.@Yes$Nicholson, W. L., Munakata, N., Horneck, G., Melosh, H. J., & Setlow, P. (2000).@Resistance of Bacillus endospores to extreme terrestrial and extraterrestrial environments.@Microbiology and molecular biology reviews, 64(3), 548-572.@Yes$Setlow, P. (2014).@Germination of spores of Bacillus species: what we know and do not know.@Journal of bacteriology, 196(7), 1297-1305.@Yes$Mandic-Mulec, I., Stefanic, P., & van Elsas, J. D. (2015).@Ecology of bacillaceae.@Microbiology spectrum, 3(2), 10-1128.@Yes$Cairns, L. S., Hobley, L., & Stanley‐Wall, N. R. (2014).@Biofilm formation by B acillus subtilis: new insights into regulatory strategies and assembly mechanisms.@Molecular microbiology, 93(4), 587-598.@Yes$Senthilkumar, P., Jayapriya, D., Indumathi, A., Kavitha, K. K., & Ganapathy, G. (2016).@Biodegradation of polythene waste through soil bacteria: a review.@Int J Sci Eng Res, 4(10), 2347-3878.@Yes$Jaeger, K. E., & Eggert, T. (2002).@Lipases for biotechnology.@Current opinion in biotechnology, 13(4), 390-397.@Yes$Hasan, F., Shah, A. A., & Hameed, A. (2006).@Industrial applications of microbial lipases.@Enzyme and Microbial technology, 39(2), 235-251.@Yes$Bornscheuer, U. T. (2002).@Microbial carboxyl esterases: classification, properties and application in biocatalysis.@FEMS microbiology reviews, 26(1), 73-81.@Yes$Van Beilen, J. B., & Funhoff, E. G. (2007).@Alkane hydroxylases involved in microbial alkane degradation.@Applied microbiology and biotechnology, 74(1), 13-21.@Yes$Restrepo-Flórez, J. M., Bassi, A., & Thompson, M. R. (2014).@Microbial degradation and deterioration of polyethylene–A review.@International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation, 88, 83-90.@Yes$Ojeda, T. F., Dalmolin, E., Forte, M. M., Jacques, R. J., Bento, F. M., & Camargo, F. A. (2009).@Abiotic and biotic degradation of oxo-biodegradable polyethylenes.@Polymer degradation and stability, 94(6), 965-970.@Yes$Ekner-Grzyb, A., Duka, A., Grzyb, T., Lopes, I., & Chmielowska-Bąk, J. (2022).@Plants oxidative response to nanoplastic.@Frontiers in plant science, 13, 1027608.@Yes$Maroof, L., Khan, I., Yoo, H. S., Kim, S., Park, H. T., Ahmad, B., & Azam, S. (2021).@Identification and characterization of low density polyethylene-degrading bacteria isolated from soils of waste disposal sites.@Environmental engineering research, 26(3).@Yes$Kumar, A. G., Hinduja, M., Sujitha, K., Rajan, N. N., & Dharani, G. (2021).@Biodegradation of polystyrene by deep-sea Bacillus paralicheniformis G1 and genome analysis.@Science of the Total Environment, 774, 145002.@Yes$Moyal, J., Dave, P. H., Wu, M., Karimpour, S., Brar, S. K., Zhong, H., & Kwong, R. W. (2023).@Impacts of biofilm formation on the physicochemical properties and toxicity of microplastics: a concise review.@Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 261(1), 8.@Yes$Haris, M. (2021).@Biodegradable potential of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens and Bacillus safensis using low density polyethylene thermoplastic (LDPE) substrate.@European Journal of Environment and Public Health.@Yes$Khandare, S. D., Agrawal, D., Mehru, N., & Chaudhary, D. R. (2022).@Marine bacterial based enzymatic degradation of low-density polyethylene (LDPE) plastic.@Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 10(3), 107437.@Yes$Zhang, Y., Pedersen, J. N., Eser, B. E., & Guo, Z. (2022).@Biodegradation of polyethylene and polystyrene: From microbial deterioration to enzyme discovery.@Biotechnology Advances, 60, 107991.@Yes$Tribedi, P., & Sil, A. K. (2013).@Low-density polyethylene degradation by Pseudomonas sp. AKS2 biofilm.@Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 20(6), 4146-4153.@Yes$Flemming, H. C., & Wingender, J. (2010).@The biofilm matrix.@Nature reviews microbiology, 8(9), 623-633.@Yes$Meruvu, H. (2021).@Review on aerobic degradation of aromatic hydrocarbons: From microbial enzymes to environs.@Microbial Ecology of Wastewater Treatment Plants.@Yes$Hakkarainen, M., and Albertson, A.C. (2004).@Environmental degradation of polyethylene.@Advances in Polymer Science, 169, 177-199,@Yes$Heera, R., Parimannan, S., Sathasivam, K., Ravichandran, M., and Yin, L. S. (2012).@A novel FTIR-ATR spectroscopy based technique for the estimation of low-density polyethylene biodegradation.@Polymer Testing, 31, 1094-1099,@Yes$Tamnou, E. B., Arfao, A. T., Nougang, M. E., Metsopkeng, C. S., Ewoti, O. N., Moungang, L. M., Nola, M. (2021).@Biodegradation of polyethylene by the bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa in acidic aquatic microcosm and effect of the environmental temepature.@Environmental, 3, 100056,@Yes$Lucia, G., Raddadi, N., Soccio, M., Lotti, N., and Fava, F. (2019).@Polyvinyl chloride biodegradation by Pseudomonas citronellolis and Bacillus flavus.@New biotechnology, 52, 35-41.@Yes$Ghosh, S., Qureshi, A., and Purohit, H. J. (2019).@Microbial degradation of plastics: Biofilms and degradation pathways.@Contaminants in Agriculture and Environment: Health Risks and Remediation, 184-199.@Yes$Deepika, S.,  and Jaya. Madhuri. R., (2015).@Biodegradation of low density polyethylene by microorganisms from garbage soil.@Journal of Experimental Biology and Agricultural Sciences, 3(1), 15-21.@Yes$Restrepo-Florez, J. M., Bassi, A., and Thrompson, M. R. (2014).@Microbial degradation and deterioration of polyethelene -A review.@International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation, 88, 83-90,@Yes$Silby, W. M., Winstanley, C., Godfrey, S. A., Levy, S. B., and Jackson, R. W. (2011).@Pseudomonas genomes: diverse and adaptable.@Federation of European Microbiological Societies, 652–680.@Yes$Vlamakis, H., Chai, Y., Beauregard, P., Losick, R., and Kolter, R. (2013).@Sticking together: building a biofilm the Bacillus subtilis way.@Nature Reviews Microbiology, 11, 157-163.@Yes$Kale, S. K., Deshmukh, A. G., Dudhare, M. S., and Patil, V. B. (2015).@Microbial degradation of plastic: a review.@J Biochem Tech, 6(2), 952-961@Yes$Syranidou, E., Karkanorachaki1, K., Amorotti, F., Franchini, M., Repouskou, E., Kaliva, M., Kalogerakis, N. (2017).@Biodegradation of weathered polystyrene films in seawater microcosms.@Scientific Reports,7, 17991,@Yes$Tu, C., Chen, T., Zhoua, Q., Liua, Y., Weia, J., Waniek, J. J., and Luo, Y. (2020).@Biofilm formation and its influences on the properties of microplastics asaffected by exposure time and depth in the seawater.@Science of the Total Environment, 734, 139237.@Yes$Zettler, L. A., Zettler, E. R., and Mincer, T. J. (2020).@Ecology of the plastisphere.@Nature Reviews  Microbiology, 18, 139-151@Yes$Boots, B., Russell, C. W., and Green, D. S. (2019).@Effects of Microplastics in Soil Ecosystems: Above and Below Ground.@Environmental Science and Technology, 53, 11496- 11506@Yes$Abraham, J., Ghosh, E., Mukherjee, P., and Gajendiran, A. (2016).@Microbial Degradation of Low Density Polyethylene.@American Institute of Chemical Engineers, 36 (1), 147-154,@Yes$Han, L., Chen, L., Geng, Y., Kuzyakov, Y., Chen, Q., Zhang, S., Rilling, M. C. (2024).@Microplastics alter soil structure and microbial community composition.@Environment International, 185, 108508.@Yes$Yi, M., Zhou, S., Zhang, L., and Ding, S. (2021).@The effects of three different microplastics on enzyme activities and microbial communities in soil.@Water Environment Research, 93, 24-32.@Yes$Sun, X., Wang, S., Lin, Z., Chen, Z., Huang, W., Kong, T., Sun, W. (2025).@Plastic Biodegradation by Sediment Microbial Populations under denitrifying conditions.@Environmental Science and Technology, 59, 11002-11015,@Yes$Zhou, Y., Gu, W.-h., Bai, J.F., Wang, R.X., and Zhang, C.l. (2025).@Metagenomic insights into the synergistic properties and mechanisms of sludge microbial communities degrading polystyrene and polypropylene.@Journal of Hazardous Materials, 498, 139929,@Yes$Arias-Andres, M., Klümper, U., and Rojas-Jimenez, K. (2018).@Microplastic pollution increases gene exchange in aquatic ecosystems.@Environmental Pollution, 237, 253-261.@Yes$Madsen, J. S., Murmolle, M., Hansen, L. H., and Sorensen, S. J. (2011).@The interconnection between biofilm formation and horizontal gene transfer.@FEMS Immunology and medical Microbiology, 65, 183-195.@Yes$Crawford, R. L., Mills, A. L., Garland, J. L., Stetzenbach, L. D., and Lipson, D. A. (2007).@Mobile Gene Elements in Environmental Microbial Communities.@Manual of Environmental Microbiology Third Edition, ISBN-10: 1-55581-379-8.@Yes$Shilpa, Basak, N., and Meena, S. S. (2022).@Microbial biodegradation of plastics: Challenges, opportunities, and a critical perspective.@Front. Environ. Sci. Eng, 16 (12), 161.@Yes$Ruiz-Dueñas, F. J., and Martínez, Á. T. (2009).@Microbial degradation of lignin: how a bulky recalcitrant polymer is efficiently recycled in nature and how we can take advantage of this.@Microbial Biotechnology, 2(2), 164-177.@Yes$Aminian-Dehkordi, J., Rahimi, S., Golzar-Ahmadi, M., Singh, A., Lopez, J., Ledesma-Amaro, R., and Mijakovic, I. (2023).@Synthetic biology tools for environmental protection.@Biotechnology Advances, 68, 108239.@Yes$Danso, D., Chow, J., and Streit, W. R. (2019).@Plastics: Environmental and Biotechnological Perspectives on Microbial Degradation.@Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 85(19).@Yes$Parker, M. T., and Kunjapur, A. M. (2020).@Deployment of Engineered Microbes: Contributions to the Bioeconomy and Considerations for Biosecurity.@Health Security, 18 (4), 278-296.@Yes$Brenner, K., You, L., and Arnold, F. H. (2008).@Engineering microbial consortia: a new frontier in synthetic biology.@Trends in Biotechnology, 26 (9), 483-489.@Yes$Wu, J., Wang1, J., Zeng, Y., Sun, X., Yuan, Q., Liu, L., and Shen , X. (2024).@: the best solution to the world problem of discarded polymers.@Bioresources and Bioprocessing, 11(79),@Yes$Arutchelvi, J., S. M., Arkatkar, A., Doble, M., BHaduri, S., and Uppara, P. V. (2008).@Biodegradation of polyethylene and polypropylene.@Indian Journal of Biotechnology, 7, 9-22.@Yes$Laurent Philippot, Griffiths, B. S., and Langenhederc, S. (2021).@Microbial Community Resilience across Ecosystems and Multiple Disturbances.@Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews, 85(2),@Yes$Navid, A., Ghim, C.-M., Fenley, A. T., Yoon, S., Lee, S., and Almaas, E. (2009).@Systems Biology of Microbial Communities.@Methods in Molecular Biology, Systems Biology, 500, 469-494@Yes$Wang, F., Wang, Q., Adamas, C. A., Sun, Y., and Zhang, S. (2022).@Effects of microplastics on soil properties: Current knowledge and future perspectives.@Journal of Hazardous Materials, 424, 127531.@Yes$Shukla, A. K., Singh, Y. K., and Pandey, V. (2020).@Phytoremediation of Pollutants from Soil.@Plant Responses to Soil Pollution, 155-161.@Yes$Kuzyakov, Y., and Razavia, B. S. (2019).@Rhizosphere size and shape: Temporal dynamics and spatial stationarity.@Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 135, 343-360, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2019.05.011.@Yes$Eivazi, F., and Tahatahai, M. A. (1977).@Phosphatases in soils.@Soil Biotechnology and Biochemistry, 9, 167-172.@Yes$Blanco, E., Díaz-Rodríguez, A. M., Castro, Y., Chávez-Luzanía, and R. A. (2025).@Challenges in the extensive use of bioinoculants for sustainable agriculture, from the perspective of Mexico, Venezuela, and Brazil.@Revista bio ciencias.@Yes$Mahmoudi, M., Asbai, Z., Foughal, T., Obame, R. G., Ognalaga, M., Bounangnan, J. D., Boutaleb, N. (2025).@Biofertilizers for Sustainable and Environment-friendly Agriculture.@Natural Built Social Environment Health, 1(5).@Yes$Balla, A., Silini, A., Cherif-Silini, H., Bouket, A. C., Alenezi, F. N., and Belbahri, L. (2022).@Recent Advances in Encapsulation Techniques of Plant Growth-Promoting Microorganisms and Their Prospects in the Sustainable Agriculture.@Applied Sciences, 12, 9020,@Yes$Wikes, R. A., and Aristide, L. (2017).@Degradation and metabolism of synthetic plastic and Associated products by Pseudomonas spp.: Capabilities and challenges.@Journal of Applied Microbiology.@Yes$Zhang, Y., Mo, C., Pan, Y., Yang, P., Ding, X., Lei, Q., and Kang, P. (2023).@Responses of Soil Microbial Survival Strategies and Functional Changes to Wet–Dry Cycle Events.@Microorganisms, 11, 2783,@Yes$Das, M., and Adhyoleya, A. (2012).@Role of microorganisms in remediation of contaminated soil.@Microorganisms in Environmental Management: Microbes and Environment, 81-111,@Yes$Lozano, Y. M., and Rillig, M. C. (2022).@Legacy effect of microplastics on plant–soil feedbacks.@Frontiers in Plant Science, 13.@Yes