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	<Journal> 

	<PublisherName>International Science Community Association</PublisherName>

	<JournalTitle>International Research Journal of Biological Sciences</JournalTitle> 

	<Issn>2278 - 3202</Issn>

	<Volume>2</Volume>

	<Issue>5</Issue>

	<PubDate PubStatus="ppublish"> 

	<Year>2013</Year> 

	<Month>May</Month> 

	<Day>10</Day> 

	</PubDate>

	</Journal>



	<ArticleTitle>Evaluation of the Combinational Antimicrobial Effect of Annona Squamosa and Phoenix Dactylifera Seeds Methanolic Extract on Standard Microbial Strains</ArticleTitle> 


	<FirstPage>68</FirstPage>

	<LastPage>73</LastPage>



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		<FirstName>Hernández</FirstName>

		<MiddleName> </MiddleName>

		<LastName>Israel</LastName>

		<Suffix>1</Suffix>

		<Affiliation>Colegio de Pos-graduados Campus Puebla, MÉXICO </Affiliation>

		</Author>
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		<FirstName>Victor </FirstName>

		<MiddleName> </MiddleName>

		<LastName>RodríguezJ.</LastName>

		<Suffix>2</Suffix>

		<Affiliation> Instituto de Ciencias de la Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, MÉXICO </Affiliation>

		</Author>
		<Author> 

		<FirstName>Romero</FirstName>

		<MiddleName> </MiddleName>

		<LastName>Omar</LastName>

		<Suffix>3</Suffix>

		<Affiliation> Centro de Agroecologia del Instituto de Ciencias de la Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, MÉXICO</Affiliation>

		</Author>
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		<FirstName>Hernández J.</FirstName>

		<MiddleName> </MiddleName>

		<LastName>Santos</LastName>

		<Suffix>4</Suffix>

		<Affiliation></Affiliation>

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		<FirstName>MMacías</FirstName>

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		<LastName>Antonio</LastName>

		<Suffix>5</Suffix>

		<Affiliation></Affiliation>

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		<FirstName>Higuinio</FirstName>

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		<LastName>López</LastName>

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		<Affiliation></Affiliation>

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		<FirstName>Guadalupe</FirstName>

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		<LastName>HerreraJ.</LastName>

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		<Affiliation></Affiliation>

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		<FirstName>Enabulele</FirstName>

		<MiddleName> </MiddleName>

		<LastName>O.I.</LastName>

		<Suffix>1</Suffix>

		<Affiliation>Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Benin, Benin City, NIGERIA </Affiliation>

		</Author>
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		<FirstName>Obayagbona</FirstName>

		<MiddleName> </MiddleName>

		<LastName>O.N.</LastName>

		<Suffix>2</Suffix>

		<Affiliation> Microbiology Laboratory, Edo Environmental Consults and Laboratory, Palm House Annex, Benin City, NIGERIA</Affiliation>

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		<FirstName>MarkLloydG.</FirstName>

		<MiddleName> </MiddleName>

		<LastName>Dapar</LastName>

		<Suffix>1</Suffix>

		<Affiliation>Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science and Mathematics, Mindanao State University- Iligan Institute of Technology,Andress Bonifacio Avenue, Tibanga, Iligan City, 9200, PHILIPPINES</Affiliation>

		</Author>
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		<FirstName>Jonathan</FirstName>

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		<LastName>F.Garzon</LastName>

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		<FirstName>CesarG.</FirstName>

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		<LastName>Demayo</LastName>

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		<FirstName>Kumar</FirstName>

		<MiddleName> </MiddleName>

		<LastName>Shiva</LastName>

		<Suffix>1</Suffix>

		<Affiliation>Department of Zoology, Kakatiya University, Warangal-506009, Andhra Pradesh, INDIA</Affiliation>

		</Author>
		<Author> 

		<FirstName>Shamitha</FirstName>

		<MiddleName> </MiddleName>

		<LastName>G.</LastName>

		<Suffix>2</Suffix>

		<Affiliation></Affiliation>

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		<FirstName>Cunha</FirstName>

		<MiddleName> </MiddleName>

		<LastName>D</LastName>

		<Suffix>1</Suffix>

		<Affiliation>Department of Botany, Bhandarkar’s Arts and Science College, Kundapura, Udupi District, Karnataka, INDIA </Affiliation>

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		<FirstName>Jyothi</FirstName>

		<MiddleName> </MiddleName>

		<LastName>Poornima</LastName>

		<Suffix>2</Suffix>

		<Affiliation> Mahatma Gandhi Memorial College, Udupi, Karnataka, INDIA</Affiliation>

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		<FirstName>Gowda</FirstName>

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		<LastName>P.V.</LastName>

		<Suffix>3</Suffix>

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		<FirstName>MagdaleneMaeL.Del</FirstName>

		<MiddleName> </MiddleName>

		<LastName>Socorro</LastName>

		<Suffix>1</Suffix>

		<Affiliation> Dept. of Biological Sciences, College of Science and Mathematics, MSU-Iligan Institute of Technology, Iligan City, PHILIPPINES</Affiliation>

		</Author>
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		<FirstName>Franco</FirstName>

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		<LastName>G.Teves</LastName>

		<Suffix>2</Suffix>

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		<FirstName>Ma.ReinaSuzetteB.</FirstName>

		<MiddleName> </MiddleName>

		<LastName>Madamba</LastName>

		<Suffix>3</Suffix>

		<Affiliation></Affiliation>

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		<FirstName>MaetreseArianneJ.</FirstName>

		<MiddleName> </MiddleName>

		<LastName>Beley</LastName>

		<Suffix>1</Suffix>

		<Affiliation>Dept. of Biological Sciences, College of Science and Mathematics, MSU-Iligan Institute of Technology, Lanao del Norte, PHILIPPINES  </Affiliation>

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		<FirstName>FrancoG.</FirstName>

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		<LastName>Teves</LastName>

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		<FirstName>Ma.ReinaSuzetteB.</FirstName>

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		<LastName>Madamba</LastName>

		<Suffix>3</Suffix>

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		<FirstName>CAVUSOGLU</FirstName>

		<MiddleName> </MiddleName>

		<LastName>Aysun</LastName>

		<Suffix>1</Suffix>

		<Affiliation> Kocaeli University, Arslanbey Agricultural Vocational School, TR-41285, Kocaeli, TURKEY </Affiliation>

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		<FirstName>Melekber</FirstName>

		<MiddleName> </MiddleName>

		<LastName>SULUSOGLU</LastName>

		<Suffix>2</Suffix>

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		<FirstName>SinghVivek</FirstName>

		<MiddleName> </MiddleName>

		<LastName>Pratap</LastName>

		<Suffix>1</Suffix>

		<Affiliation>National Referral Center for Fluoride Poisoning in India, Nims University, Jaipur INDIA </Affiliation>

		</Author>
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		<FirstName>Singh</FirstName>

		<MiddleName> </MiddleName>

		<LastName>ChauhanDushyant</LastName>

		<Suffix>2</Suffix>

		<Affiliation> Department of Advance Science, NIMS University, Jaipur - 303121 INDIA </Affiliation>

		</Author>
		<Author> 

		<FirstName>Tripathi</FirstName>

		<MiddleName> </MiddleName>

		<LastName>Sandeep</LastName>

		<Suffix>3</Suffix>

		<Affiliation> Departments of 3Orthopedics and Pediatrics, NIMS Medical College and Hospital, NIMS University, Jaipur - 303121 INDIA</Affiliation>

		</Author>
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		<FirstName>Kumar</FirstName>

		<MiddleName> </MiddleName>

		<LastName>Sandeep</LastName>

		<Suffix>4</Suffix>

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		<FirstName>Tiwari</FirstName>

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		<LastName>Mukesh</LastName>

		<Suffix>5</Suffix>

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		<FirstName>Dikshit</FirstName>

		<MiddleName> </MiddleName>

		<LastName>Rashmi</LastName>

		<Suffix>1</Suffix>

		<Affiliation>Department of Microbiology, Centre for PG Studies, Jain University, Bangalore – 560011, Karnataka, INDIA</Affiliation>

		</Author>
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		<FirstName>Tallapragada</FirstName>

		<MiddleName> </MiddleName>

		<LastName>Padmavathi</LastName>

		<Suffix>2</Suffix>

		<Affiliation></Affiliation>

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		<FirstName>Javed</FirstName>

		<MiddleName> </MiddleName>

		<LastName>Aamir</LastName>

		<Suffix>1</Suffix>

		<Affiliation>Centre for R and D in Life Sciences; Biotechnology Research Laboratory, Post Graduate-Department of Biotechnology, Dayananda Sagar </Affiliation>

		</Author>
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		<FirstName>Kumari</FirstName>

		<MiddleName> </MiddleName>

		<LastName>Annu</LastName>

		<Suffix>2</Suffix>

		<Affiliation> Institutions, Dr. C.D. Sagar Centre for Life Sciences, S.M. Hills Kumaraswamy Layout, Bangalore-560078, INDIA </Affiliation>

		</Author>
		<Author> 

		<FirstName>NadeemKhan</FirstName>

		<MiddleName> </MiddleName>

		<LastName>Mohd.</LastName>

		<Suffix>3</Suffix>

		<Affiliation> Eurofins Genomics India Pvt Ltd., 183, Gayathri Tech Park, 1st Floor, Whitefield, Bangalore, Karnataka- 560066, INDIA</Affiliation>

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		<Author> 

		<FirstName>Medam</FirstName>

		<MiddleName> </MiddleName>

		<LastName>SivaKumar</LastName>

		<Suffix>4</Suffix>

		<Affiliation></Affiliation>

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	<PublicationType>Research Paper</PublicationType>


	<History>  
	<PubDate PubStatus="received">
	<Year>2013</Year>
	<Month>3</Month>
	<Day>6</Day>
	</PubDate>
	<PubDate PubStatus="accepted">										
	<Year>2013</Year> 
	<Month>May</Month>									
	<Day>10</Day> 
	</PubDate>

	</History>
	<Abstract>In recent times, there is an extensive interest in these Alcoholic extracts due to the emergence and spread of new drug resistant human pathogens to existing antimicrobials. The emergence of medicine opposing pathogens is one of the most critical threats to booming treatment of bacterial diseases. Mode of action of Methanolic extracts  likely involves fairly a lot of targets in the cell due to huge number of active components and also their hydroplillicity  helps  them to screen in the  cell membrane, rendering them permeable , leading to leakage of cell contents. This calls for a transformed effort to identify agents efficient against disease causing bacteria to present antimicrobials. Seed extracts of two different plants viz. Phoenix dactylifera and Annona squamosa, were prepared by methanol extraction method at the ratio of 1:2 using 100ml volume of methanol and stock concentration of 50mg/ml in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) of each extract was made.The extracts and fractions were tested for antimicrobial activity against standard microbial strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae (gram- negative), Staphylococcus aureus (gram-positive), Escherichia.coli (gram-negative), Salmonella typhi (gram-negative) ,Enterococcus  faecalis (grampositive), Pseudomon aerugenosa  (gram-negative),and Salmonella paratyphi (gram-negative) by means of Agar-Disc Diffusion Method and minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) was noted .. The test culture of standard microbial cultures was 3 X 10 CFU/ml, and standard antibiotic used is Ampicillin with clavulanic acid. In this context, two extract from traditional  plants, Custard Apple (Annona squamosa) and Dates (Phoenix dactylifera) were used alone or in combination to assess their antimicrobial  efficacy against both Gram negative and Gram positive  bacterial clinical isolates .Antimicrobial test was completed by agar disc diffusion method. Although, both  extract were found to be effective in inhibiting pathogens to varying degrees to the tested organisms, the Annona squamosa  extract is found to be more effective than Phoenix dactylifera.When both extracts were used in combination, they have shown strong synergistic effect against all the pathogens tested in the present studyexcept for the P.aerugenosa and S. Para typhi. Bactericidal abilities displayed by the seed extracts signified their remarkable potential for exploration for effective natural antimicrobial agents against standard pathogenic bacteria. The extracts have shown the synergistic effects even at their MIC against E.fecalis, indicating that with further researches these extracts can be used for treating enteric diseases. </Abstract>

	<CopyrightInformation>Copyright@ International Science Community Association</CopyrightInformation>

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