International Science Community Association International Research Journal of Biological Sciences 15 3 2026 08 10 From Environmental Pollution to Human Disease: Microplastics exposure, Molecular Toxicity, Environmental Remediation, and Future Perspectives 32 39 EN Auddya Deblina 1 Department of Botany, Raghunathpur College, Raghunathpur, Purulia, WB-723133, India and Department of Botany, Sidho Kanho Birsha University, Purulia, WB -723104, India Sinha Anjan Kumar 2 Department of Botany, Raghunathpur College, Raghunathpur, Purulia, WB-723133, India Puttaswamy Rajeshwari 1 Department of Botany Government Science College, Chitradurga, Karnataka, India Shukla Akshay Kumar 1 Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science and Environment, Mahatma Gandhi Chitrakoot Gramodaya Vishwavidyalaya, Chitrakoot, Satna, India Saeed Mohd 2 Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia Dwivedi Vivek Dhar 3 Bioinformatics Research Division, Quanta Calculus, Greater Noida, UP, India Tripathi Ramesh Chandra 4 Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science and Environment, Mahatma Gandhi Chitrakoot Gramodaya Vishwavidyalaya, Chitrakoot, Satna, India Ambekar Monal 1 Department of PG studies in Biotechnology, Nrupathunga University, NT road, Bangalore, India Khabade Sarina. P. 2 Department of PG studies in Biotechnology, Nrupathunga University, NT road, Bangalore, India M. Amanabo 1 Biochemistry Department of Ibrahim Badamasi Babangida University Lapai, Niger State, Nigeria R.B. Jimoh 2 Biotechnology Research Centre of Sheda Science and Technology Complex, Abuja, Nigeria E.C. Aziagba 3 Chemistry Research Centre of Sheda Science and Technology Complex, Abuja, Nigeria V.O. Ndukaire 4 Chemistry Research Centre of Sheda Science and Technology Complex, Abuja, Nigeria M.N. Tswanya 5 Biotechnology Research Centre of Sheda Science and Technology Complex, Abuja, Nigeria A. Salisu 6 biological Science Department of Federal University Duste, Jigawa State, Nigeria M.I. Ibrahim 7 Biochemistry Department of Ibrahim Badamasi Babangida University Lapai, Niger State, Nigeria and Biotechnology Research Centre of Sheda Science and Technology Complex, Abuja, Nigeria > Review Paper 2026 6 25 2026 08 10 Microplastics have occurred as persistent ecological contaminants with significant ecological and potential human health implications. The review build on the recent evidence on the sources, environmental distribution, and exposure pathways of human, toxicological mechanisms, remediation strategies, and governance challenges associated with microplastics. Originating from either deliberately made particles or the fragmentation of bigger plastic remains, microplastics are extensively distributed in water, terrestrial, atmospheric environs and can also be detected in food, water, and tissues of human, like lungs, blood, , and the placenta. Exposure of Human occurs primarily through inhalation, dermal and ingestion contact. Following internalization, microplastics may stimulate inflammation, oxidative stress, endocrine disruption, genotoxicity, and mitochondrial dysfunction, while also acting as carriers of heavy metals, tenacious organic pollutants, antibiotic resistance genes, and pathogenic microorganisms through the “Trojan horse effect.” Although increasing evidence suggests potential multi-organ toxicity, important exposure thresholds remain uncertainties, long-term health effects, and the biological behavior of nanoplastics. Furthermore, the absence of standardized analytical methods and harmonized monitoring protocols continues to limit reliable risk assessment. Current remediation approaches, including physical, chemical, biological, and circular economy strategies, provide partial solutions but remain insufficient for comprehensive environmental management. Advancing multidisciplinary One Health research, standardized analytical techniques, and coordinated international policies will be essential to moderate microplastic safeguard and pollution environmental and human health. Copyright@ International Science Community Association