@Research Paper
<#LINE#>Biochemical, biomineral and microstructural properties of the present day bivalve Meretrix meretrix shells from the Thoothukudi coast, Tamil Nadu, India<#LINE#>Kumar@G.R. Senthil  <#LINE#>1-9<#LINE#>1.ISCA-IRJES-2019-014.pdf<#LINE#>Department of Earth Sciences, Annamalai University, Tamil Nadu, India<#LINE#>23/2/2019<#LINE#>5/8/2019<#LINE#>Bivalve shells are an affluent source of calcium content and significant for lime-based industries development. Indian coastlines are rich in bivalve shells occurrences. In this study, Meretrix meretrix (Bivalvia, Veneridae) shells of Thoothukudi coast of Tamil Nadu are taken to study the biochemistry, biomineralization and microstructure characteristics of the shell. After the morphological investigation, the shells were made into fine powder for meralogical and chemical analysis. XRF and XRD instruments were used for chemical and mineralogical measurements. Shell microstructure examination carried out using SEM. The XRF results reveal a high percentage of CaO content in the shell along with Fe, Sr and Mo. The XRD exhibits 12 peaks; all the peaks report aragonite minerals. The microstructures are examined in the shell portions of growth lines and umbo. The umbo part exhibits irregular homogeneous microstructures, whereas the growth lines exhibit granular homogeneous structure and prismatic structures. The umbo part consists of pore spaces which signify the growth of the shell is incomplete due to less availability of the extrapallial fluid (EPF). In the growth line part, two parallel sets of linear depression mark are present, which signifies that there is no sufficient nacre to spread uniformly throughout the shell. This study indicates that the study area Meretrix meretrix shells are formed by biogenic aragonite to a greater concentration, which has been proven with XRD and SEM analysis.<#LINE#>Linn&aelig;us C. 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(2010).@Geological and experimental evidence for secular variation in seawater Mg/Ca (calcite-aragonite seas) and its effects on marine biological calcification.@Biogeosciences, 7(9), 2795-2849. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-7-2795-2010@Yes$Stanley S.M. and Hardie L.A. (1998).@Secular oscillations in the carbonate mineralogy of reef-building and sediment-producing organisms driven by tectonically forced shifts in seawater chemistry.@Palaeogeography, Palaeocli-matology, Palaeoecology, 144(1-2), 3-19. https://doi.org/ 10.5194/bg- 7-2795-2010@Yes$Sandberg P.A. (1975).@New interpretations of Great Salt Lake ooids and of ancient non&#8208;skeletal carbonate mineralogy.@Sedimentology, 22(4), 497-537.	  https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3091.1975.tb00244.x@Yes$Gazeau F., Parker L.M., Comeau S., Gattuso J.P., O'Connor W.A., Martin S., P&ouml;rtner H.O. and Ross P.M. (2013).@Impacts of ocean acidification on marine shelled molluscs.@Mar. 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@Research Article
<#LINE#>Geology and petrography of gabbroic rocks from Khanozai Ophiolite, Northwestern Pakistan<#LINE#>Popal@Abdullah ,Kakar@M. Ishaq ,Khan@Mehrab  <#LINE#>10-22<#LINE#>2.ISCA-IRJES-2019-001.pdf<#LINE#>Centre of Excellence in Mineralogy, University of Balochistan, Quetta, Pakistan@Centre of Excellence in Mineralogy, University of Balochistan, Quetta, Pakistan@Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Bahria University Karachi Campus, Pakistan<#LINE#>6/1/2019<#LINE#>26/7/2019<#LINE#>The geology of Khanozai area is comprised of Indian Platform Sediments, the Suture Zone and Flysch Zone. The Khanozai Ophiolite Complex is a fragment of Zhob Valley ophiolites is marking the Suture Zone in the area and consists of mantle peridotite overlain by crustal ultramafic to mafic cumulate which is underlain by metamorphic sole rocks and m&eacute;lange. The crustal section of the ophiolite comprises of both ultramafic to mafic cumulates. Ultramafic cumulates comprise repeated successions of dunite, pyroxenite and wehrlite while mafic cumulates consist of foliated to layered gabbros. The Khanozai gabbros cover about 60% area of the crustal plutonic rocks and have a lower transitional contact with the ultramafic cumulates. The gabbros (sensu lato) are classified as olivine gabbro, gabbronorite, olivine gabbronorite, norite and gabbro. The mineralogy of the gabbros indicates that they have both primitive and evolved components. The geochemistry indicates that the Khanozai gabbros are tholeiitic in nature and comprise both cumulate and non-cumulate mineral phases with olivine, pyroxenes and plagioclase being involved in fractionation. The cyclic series of ultramafic cumulates and gabbros has a different order, thickness, and structure in the crustal part of ophiolite and this possibly results from a variable supply of different magma compositions to the chamber. The structure of Khanozai Ophiolite' crustal section, with a well-developed plutonic sequence and absence of sheeted dyke indicate that these rocks may have formed in a tectonic setting with a slow spreading rate over different periods of time as a consequence of episodic low magma supply rates. These gabbros may have formed in a similar manner to the Semail Ophiolite' gabbros and imply that a well-developed ophiolitic sequence is rarely formed in a tectonic setting where the spreading and magma supply rates are not balanced.<#LINE#>Dilek Y. and Furnes H. (2011).@Ophiolite genesis and global tectonics: geochemical and tectonic fingerprinting of ancient oceanic lithosphere.@Geological Society of America Bulletin, 123(3-4), 387-411.@Yes$Robinson P.T. and Zhou M.F. (2008).@The origin and tectonic setting of ophiolites in China.@Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 32(5), 301-307.@Yes$Robertson A.H. (2002).@Overview of the genesis and emplacement of Mesozoic ophiolites in the Eastern Mediterranean Tethyan region.@Lithos, 65(1), 1-67.@Yes$Kakar M.I., Kerr A.C., Mahmood K., Collins A.S., Khan M. and McDonald I. (2014).@Supra-subduction zone tectonic setting of the Muslim Bagh Ophiolite, northwestern Pakistan: insights from geochemistry and petrology.@Lithos, 202, 190-206.@Yes$Mahmood K., Boudier F., Gnos E., Moni&eacute; P. and Nicolas A. (1995).@40Ar/39Ar dating of the emplacement of the Muslim Bagh ophiolite, Pakistan.@Tectonophysics, 250, 169-181.@Yes$Siddiqui R.H., Aziz A., Mengal J.M., Hoshino K. and Sawada Y. (1996).@Geology, Petrochemistry and tectonic evolution of Muslim Bagh ophiolite complex, Pakistan.@In Proc. Of Geoscience Colloquium, Geoscience Lab., GSP, 16, 11-46.@Yes$Khan M., Kerr A.C. and Mahmood K. (2007).@Formation and tectonic evolution of the Cretaceous-Jurassic Muslim Baghophiolitic complex, Pakistan: Implications for the composite tectonic setting of ophiolites.@Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 31(2), 112-127.@Yes$Warraich M.Y., Ali M., Ahmed M.N. and Siddiqui M.R.H. (1995).@Geology and structure of the Calcareous zone in the Muslim Bagh in the Qilla Saifullah Area, Balochistan.@Geologica, 1, 61-75.@Yes$Gansser A. (1964).@Geology of the Himalayas.@New York: Interscience, 289, 406.@Yes$Kasi A.K., Kassi A.M., Umar M., Manan R.A. and Kakar M.I. (2012).@Revised Lithostratigraphy of the Pishin Belt, Northwestern Pakistan.@Journal of Himalayan Earth Sciences, 45, 53-65.@Yes$Ahmed Z. (1986).@Ophiolites and chromite deposits of Pakistan.@In: Petraschek, W., Karamata,S., Karavchenko, G.G., Johan, Z., Economou, M. &, Engin, T. (Eds.), \\\"Chromites, Unesco@Yes$Siddiqui R.H., Mengal J.M. and Haider N. (1999).@First Occurenec of Late Magmatic Iron Ore Association with Ophiolite Complex in Khanozai Area, Baluchistan, Pakistan.@Geologica, Geoscience Laboratory, Islamabad Pakistan, 4, 123-134.@No$Macalalad E., Bayoran R., Ebarvia B. and Rubeska I. (1988).@A concise analytical scheme for 16 trace elements in geochemical exploration samples using exclusively AAS.@Journal of Geochemcial Exploration, 30, 167-177.@Yes$Jeffery P.G. and Hutchison D. (1981).@Chemical methods of rock analysis.@Oxford: Pergamon press, 3.@Yes$White W.M. and Klein E.M. (2014).@4.13-Composition of the Oceanic Crust.@Treatise on Geochemistry (Second Edition).@Yes$Gale A., Dalton C.A., Langmuir C.H., Su Y. and Schilling J.G. (2013).@The mean composition of ocean ridge basalts.@Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 14(3), 489-518.@Yes$Nicolas A. (1989).@Structures of Ophiolites and Dynamics of Oceanic Lithosphere.@Kluwer, Dordrecht.@No$Coogan L.A., Thompson G. and MacLeod C.J. 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<#LINE#>Atmospheric variation and future climate change: based on Paleoclimate studies<#LINE#>Pandey@Vinay Kumar  <#LINE#>23-28<#LINE#>3.ISCA-IRJES-2019-010.pdf<#LINE#>GeoSystems Infrastructure, Mumbai, India.<#LINE#>26/2/2019<#LINE#>15/8/2019<#LINE#>Global Warming and climate change is major problem for everyone. We are taking various precautions to avoid the global climate change. After the industrial revolution in 18th century, Carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration has been increases rapidly and predicted the impact of global warming. During the Paleo-climatic studies it was observed that climate change happened several times in geological past. Atmospheric concentration varies due to various natural reasons. The CO2 concentration was much higher and oxygen was very low during early atmospheric condition. Later on due to various climatic changes, concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere varies from 7000 part per million (PPM) to 350PPM, Oxygen (O2) varies between 1% to 35% in atmosphere, sea level 450m high to (-)50m low from present sea level and Earth average temperature varies between 29&deg;C to 11&deg;C. Sun brightness was also varying 95% to 100% compared to present. In this paper, trying to discuss Paleo-climatic variation throughout the Geological time, it's affecting factors and observed that average atmospheric concentration of CO2, O2, Earth's average temperature and sea level was much higher than present level. Based on observed data, prepared the impact of CO2 and O2 on flora, fauna and natural disaster. Also prepared line bar chart and predicted that atmospheric concentration of CO2, O2, Earth's average temperature and sea level would be increased naturally in future and affect the ecosystem by various way.<#LINE#>Garwood Russell J. (2012).@Patterns In Palaeontology: The first 3 billion years of evolution.@Palaeontology Online. 2(11), 1-14.@Yes$Report (2019).@Climate and Carboniferous Climate.@http://geocraft.com/WVFossils/Carboniferousclimate.html. Retrieved 25 Jan 2019.@No$Berner Robert A. (1999).@Atmospheric oxygen over Phanerozoic time.@Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.USA. 96, 10955-10957.@Yes$Hallam A. (1992).@Phanerozoic Sea-Level Changes.@Columbia University Press, New York. ISBN 0231 074247@Yes$Berner R.A. (2006).@Geocarbsulf: a combined model for Phanerozoic atmospheric O2 and CO2.@Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta., 70(23), 5653-5664.@Yes$Berner R.A. (2007).@Vanden Brooks. JM, Ward, PD Oxygen and evolution.@Science, 316, 557-558.@Yes$Zanazzi A. (2007).@Large Temperature Drop across the Eocene Oligocene in central North America.@Nature., 445(7128), 639-642.@Yes$Lamb HH (1972).@The Cold Little Ice Age climate of about 1550 to 1800.@Climate: present, past and future. London: Methuen. 107. ISBN 978-0-416-11530-7.@Yes$Report (2019).@Geological time scale 650 million year to the present.@https://www.britannica.com/science/geologic-time/media/229694/1650 (Accessed 2019-02-15).@No
@Review Paper
<#LINE#>Geological characteristics, technical status, future prospects and challenges of Shale Gas Exploitation in India<#LINE#>Naidu@Madeneni Vamsi Krishna ,Khan@Mubarak ,Ayub @Syed ,Chauhan@Geetanjali  <#LINE#>29-33<#LINE#>4.ISCA-IRJES-2019-012.pdf<#LINE#>Department of Petroleum Engineering, Presidency University, Bengaluru, India@Department of Petroleum Engineering, Presidency University, Bengaluru, India@Department of Petroleum Engineering, Presidency University, Bengaluru, India@Department of Petroleum Engineering, Presidency University, Bengaluru, India<#LINE#>1/11/2018<#LINE#>8/9/2019<#LINE#>The shale gas revolution has aided the United States to achieve energy independence and has turned around the pattern of world oil and gas supply by motivating the other counties to move towards the exploitation of unconventional reservoirs like shale gas. In unconventional resource like Shale Gas, the flow of natural gas is limited/restricted without the use of artificial cranks because of its very low permeability. India's dependency on oil or gas imports can be substantially reduced by sustainably developing shale gas reserves. Since India is at an earlier stage of shale gas exploitation, there is a huge gap between India and the United States in terms of expertise, resources and technology. This paper analyses the current situation of shale gas exploitation in India and discusses the issues (pad drilling, multi-stage horizontal fracturing, and environmental impacts, etc.) which are constraining its development in India. This paper also discusses the geology of shale gas formation in India, the technical status of its exploitation and the future development prospects associated with its exploitation.<#LINE#>Jing W., Huiquing L., Rongna G., Aihong K. and Mi Z. (2011).@A new technology for the exploration of shale gas reservoirs.@Petroleum Science and Technology, 29, 2450-2459.@Yes$Wang Q., Chen Xi., Jha A.N. and Rogers H. (2014).@Natural gas from shale formation-the evolution, Evidences and challenges of shale gas revolution inUnited States.@Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 30, 1-28.@Yes$Anjirwala H. and Bhatia M. (2016).@Shale Gas Scenario in India and Comparison with USA.@International Journal of Science and Research, 5(8), 1069-1075. Speight, J. G. 2017. Deep Shale Oil and Gas. 1st ed., Gulf Professional Publishing, United States.@Yes$Mahto V. (2019).@Shale Gas in India: Status and Challenges.@Journal of Petroleum Engineering & Technology, 4(1), 23-32.@Yes$Ariketi R., Behera B.K. and Bhui U.K. (2015).@Shale Gas in India- Challenges and Opportunities.@International Journal of Scientific Research., 4, 320-325.@No$Carter K.E., Hammack R.W. and Hakala J.A. (2013).@Hydraulic fracturing and organic compounds-uses, disposal and challenges. In SPE Eastern Regional Meeting.@Society of Petroleum Engineers.@Yes$Reporet (2012).@United States Environmental Protection Agency ProgressReport on Study of Potential Impacts of Hydraulic fracturing on drinking water resources.@@No$Colborn T., Kwiatkowski C., Schultz K. and Bachran M. (2011).@Natural gas operations from a public health perspective.@Human and ecological risk assessment: An International Journal, 17(5), 1039-1056.@Yes$Lee D.S., Herman J.D., Elsworth D., Kim H.T. and Lee H.S. (2011).@A critical evaluation of unconventional gas recovery from the marcellus shale, northeastern United States.@KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering, 15(4), 679-686.@Yes$Spellman T. and Valle J.E. (2012).@Environmental Impacts of Hydraulic Fracturing.@London GBR, Engineering.@No$Rahim Z. and Holditch S.A. (2003).@Effects of fracture fluid degradation on underground fracture dimensions and production increase.@Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 37(1-2), 97-111.@Yes$Jenner S. and Lamadrid A.J. (2013).@Shale gas vs. coal: Policy implications from environmental impact comparisons of shale gas, conventional gas, and coal on air, water, and land in the United States.@Energy Policy, 53, 442-453.@Yes$Report (2013).@Directorate General of Hydrocarbon report Hydrocarbon Exploration and Production Activities India.@@No$Saheb S.U., Seshaiah S. and Viswanath B. (2012).@Environment and their legal issues in India.@International Research Journal of Environment Sciences, 1(3), 44-51.@Yes$Kucuk F. and Sawyer W.K. (1979).@Modeling of Devonian Shale Gas Reservoir Performance.@Proc., Third Eastern Gas Shales Symposium, Morgantown, WV, 247-276.@No$Streltsova T.D. (1983).@Well pressure behavior of a naturally fractured reservoir.@Society of Petroleum Engineers Journal, 23(05), 769-780.@Yes$Schettler P.D., Parmely C.R. and Lee W.J. (1989).@Gas storage and transport in Devonian shales.@SPE Formation Evaluation, 4(03), 371-376.@Yes$Al-Hussainy R., Ramey Jr H.J. and Crawford P.B. (1966).@The flow of real gases through porous media.@journal of Petroleum Technology, 18(05), 624-636.@Yes$Zielinski R.E. and McIver R.D. (1981).@Resource and exploration assessment of the oil and gas potential in the Devonian gas shales of the Appalachian Basin.@(No. DOE/DP-0053-1125; MLM-MU-86-61-0002). Monsanto Research Corp., Miamisburg, OH (USA). Mound.@Yes