@Research Article
<#LINE#>Late Visean tholeiitic rocks of the Mechraa Ben Abbou Basin (Northern Rehamna, Western Meseta, Morocco): Petrography, geochemistry and geodynamic setting<#LINE#> M.@Kholaiq, N.@Saber,G.@Zahour  <#LINE#>1-12<#LINE#>1.ISCA-IRJES-2018-014.pdf<#LINE#>LCA, Department of Geology, Faculty of Sciences Ben M&apos;Sik, Hassan II University of Casablanca, Morocco@MAD, High School of Technology, Sidi Bennour- University of Chouaib Doukkali, El Jadida, Morocco@LCA, Department of Geology, Faculty of Sciences Ben M&apos;Sik, Hassan II University of Casablanca, Morocco<#LINE#>3/8/2018<#LINE#>30/4/2019<#LINE#>The magmatic activity related to the Moroccan Variscides is expressed in the Mechraa Ben Abbou Basin (Northern Rehamna, Western Meseta, Morocco) by Visean basic rocks represented by gabbros, dolerites and basalt sills. Basic rocks display an equigranular textures for the gabbros, intersertal ophitic and subophitic for the dolerite and the basalts are mostly porphyritic and have vacuoles within the microlithic matrix. These rocks show a simple primary mineral association made up of plagioclase, clinopyroxene, and iron oxides, chlorite and calcite as secondary minerals. Thirteen geochemical analyses carried out on these rocks suggest a tholeiitic continental affinity. These rocks were originated in a post-collisional scenario that have inherited their orogenic signature after the subduction of the Rheic Ocean during Late Devonian.<#LINE#>Mart&#305;nez-Catalan J.R., Arenas R., Diaz Garc&#305;a F., Gomez-Barreiro J., Gonzalez Cuadra P., Abati J., Castineiras P., Fernandez-Suarez J., Sanchez Mart&#305;nez S., Andonaegui P., Gonzalez Clavijo E., D&#305;ez Montes A., Rubio Pascual F.J. and Valle Aguado B. (2007).@Space and time in the tectonic evolution of the northwest-ern Iberian Massif. Implications for the comprehension of the Variscan belt.@4-D Framework of Continental Crust. Geological Society of America Memoir 200.@Yes$Ducassou C. (2009).@Age and origin of the first reliefs of Devono-Carboniferous - the Variscan belt of Ancenis basin.@Doctoral Thesis University of Rennes, 1, 515.@No$Simancas J.F., Azor A., Mart&iacute;nez Poyatos D.J., Tahiri A., ElHadi H., Gonz&aacute;lez-Lodeiro F., P&eacute;rez-Esta&uacute;n A. and Carbonell R. (2009).@Tectonic relationships of SouthwestIberia with the allochthons of Northwest Iberia and the Moroccan Variscides.@C.R. Geosci., 341, 103-113.@Yes$Piqu&eacute; A. (1994).@Geologie du Maroc. Les domaines r&eacute;gionaux et leur &eacute;volution structurale.@Ed. PUMAG, Maroc, 284.@Yes$Simancas J.F., Tahiri A., Azor A., Lodeiro F.G., Martinez Poyatos D.J. and El Hadi H. (2005).@The tectonic frame of the Variscan-Alleghanian orogen in Southern Europe and Northern Africa.@Tectonophysics, 398, 181-198. doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2005.02.006@Yes$Kharbouch F. (1994).@The Devonian-Dinan volcanism of the central massif and the Moroccan meseta.@Bull Inst. Sci Rabat, 18.@Yes$Aarab El M. (1995).@Genesis and differentiation of a tholeitic magma in the intracontinental extensive domain: Example of the pre-orogenic magmatism of Jebilet (Hercynian Morocco).@Thesis of Science, Cadi Ayad University, Marrakech, 253.@Yes$Remmal T. (2000).@The intracontinental tectono-magmatic evolution of the Hercynian cycle. Study of the magmatic complex of El Hammam district and comparable area for pre-orogenic magmatism in the Massif Central and Rehamna (Moroccan West Meseta).@Thesis Sci., Univ. Hassan II Casablanca Ain Chok, 267.@No$Roddaz M. (2000).@Foreland basin magmatism: example of the Hercynian magmatism of the western Meseta (Morocco).@Memory DEA, univ Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, 57.@No$Ben Abbou M., Soula J.C., Brusset S., Roddaz M., N&apos;tarmouchant A., Driouch Y., Christophoul F., Bouabdelli M., Majeste-Menjoulas C., Beziat D., Debat P. and Deramond J. (2001).@Tectonic control of sedimentation in the Moroccan Basins system of the Moroccan Meseta.@Accounts of the Paris Academy of Sciences, 332, 703-709.@Yes$Bamoumen H., Aarab E.M. and Soulaimani A. (2008).@Tectono-Sedimentary and magmatic evolution of the Upper Visean basins of Azrou-Khenifra and eastern Jebilet (Moroccan Meseta).@Estudios Geologicos (Madrid), 64(2), 107-122.@Yes$Ntarmouchant A., Smaili H., Bento dos Santos T., Dahire M., Sabri K., Ribeiro M.L., Driouch Y., Santos R. and Calvo R. (2016).@New evidence of effusive and explosive volcanism in the Lower Carboniferous formations of the Moroccan Central Hercynian Massif: Geochemical data and geodynamic significance.@Journal of African Earth Sciences, 115, 218-233.@Yes$Chalot-Prat F. (1990).@Petrogenesis of Hercynian Late-Orogenic Intracontinental Volcanism Study of the Tazekka Carboniferous Volcanic Complex and Comparable Volcanic Zones in Mekkam and Jerrada (Eastern Morocco) State of Science unv Paris.@6, 283.@Yes$Roddaz M., Brsset S., Soula J-C., Debat P., Ben Abbou M., Beziat D., Driouch Y., Christophol F., Ntarmoucahnt A. and Deranond J. (2002).@Forland basin magmatism in the Western Morocan Meseta and geodynamic inferences.@Tectonics, 21(5).@Yes$Lagarde J.L. (1987).@Hercynian granitic plutons markers of crustal deformation: example of the Moroccan meseta.@State Doctorate Thesis. Rennes, 371.@Yes$El Mahi B. (1991).@Example of interaction between metamorphism and emplacement of leucogranites in an intralithospheric shear zone: the shear zone of the western Meseta (Z.C.M.O).@Thesis of 3rd Cycle. Univ. Mohammed V, Fac. Sci. Rabat, 176.@No$Aghzer A. (1994).@Tectonothermal evolution of the Hercynian Rehamna Massif (Central Zone of Morocco).@Doctoral thesis, University of Compluteuse, Madrid.@Yes$El Mahi B., Zehraoui M., Hoep&not;ner C., Boushaba A., Meunier A. and Beaufort D. (2000).@Synmetamorphic veins from quartz to kyanite: witnesses of a metamorphism associated with post-orogenic amancination (Western Meseta, Morocco).@PANGEA Communications No. 33/34.@No$Chopin F., Corsini M., Schulmann K., El Houicha M., Ghienne J.F. and Edel J.B. (2014).@Tectonic evolution of the Rehamna metamorphic dome (Morocco) in the context of the Alleghanian- Variscan orogeny.@Tectonics, 33(6), 1154-1177. doi:10.1002/2014TC003539.@Yes$El Kamel F. (2002).@Sedimentology, pre-orogenic magmatism and structuration of the Paleozoic Rehamna and Ouled Abbou (Western Meseta, Morocco).@These, Doctorate of Sciences, Hassan II University, Casablanca, Morocco, 208.@No$El Kamel F. and El Hassani A. (1995).@Structure in flower linked to the sliding game of transverse accidents in the eastern Rehamna: new model of Hercynian evolution.@Bull. Inst. Sci., Rabat, 11, 17-18.@No$Kholaiq M., Saber N. and Zahour G. (2015).@Contribution to the study of basic magmatism associated with the upper visenan of the hercynian basin of mechraa ben abbou (rehamna-morocco).@European Scientific Journal, 11(21).@Yes$El Kamel F. and M&uuml;ller J. (1987).@Sedimentation and tectonics in the Permo-Carboniferous Molassic Basin of Mechra&acirc;- B e n - A bbou (Rehamna).@Bull. Inst. Sci., Rabat, 11, 68-69.@No$Michard A., Soulaimani A., Hoepffner C., Ouanaimi H., Baidder L., Rjimati E.C. and Saddiqi O. (2010).@The south-western branch of the variscan belt: Evidence from Morocco.@Tectonophysics, 492, 1-24. doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2010.05.021.@Yes$Baudin T., Chevrement P., Razin Youbi N., Andries D., Hoepffner C., Thieblemont D., Chihani E.M. and Tagyey M. (2003).@Geological map of Morocco at 1: 50 000, Skhour leaf of Rehamna.@Explanatory memorandum. Notes and Mem. Serv. geol. Morocco, 435bis, 114.@No$Saber N.  (1989).@Sedimentary evolution of the Devoni-Dinantian basin of Mechraa Ben Abbou (North Rehamna).@Thesis of 3rd cycles. Univ Caddi Ayyad, Sci facade Marrakech, 172.@No$Michard A. (1982).@The Paleozoic massif of Rehamna (Morocco): stratigraphy, tectonics and petrogenesis of a segment of the Variscan chain.@Notes Mem. Serv. geol. Morocco, 303, 130-175.@No$Tahiri A. (1991).@Northern Central Morocco: Palaeozoic stratigraphy, sedimentology and tectonics; an example of passage from the internal zones to the external zones of the Hercynian chain of Morocco.@Thesis Sciences, Brest (France), 311.@No$Albarede F. (1992).@How deep do common basaltic magmas form and differentiate?.@Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 97(B7), 10997-11009.@Yes$BAS M.L., Maitre R.L., Streckeisen A., Zanettin B. and IUGS Subcommission on the Systematics of Igneous Rocks (1986).@A chemical classification of volcanic rocks based on the total alkali-silica diagram.@Journal of petrology, 27(3), 745-750.@Yes$Le Bas M.J., Le Maitre R.W., Streckeisen A. and Zanettin B. (1986).@A chemical classification of volcanic rocks based on the total alkali-silica diagram.@J. Petrology, 27, 745-750.@Yes$Miyashiro A. (1974).@Volcanic rock series in island arcs and active continental margins.@Am.J. Sei., 274, 321-355.@Yes$Winschester J.A. and Floyd P.A. (1977).@Geochemical discrimination of different magma series and their differentiation products using immobile elements.@Chem. Geol., 20, 325-343.@Yes$Cabanis B. and Lecolle M. (1989).@The diagram La / 10-Y / 15-Nb / 8: a tool for the discrimination of volcanic series and the demonstration of mixing processes and / or crustal contamination.@Accounts Rendus Academy Sciences, 309, 2023-2029.@Yes$Sun S. and McDonough W. (1989).@Chemical and isotopic systematics of oceanic basalts: implications for mantle composition and processes.@En: Magmatism in the ocean basins (A.D. Saunders y M.J. Norry, eds). Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 42, 313-345.@Yes$Youbi N. (1989).@\"Post-collisional\" volcanism, an intraplastic magmatism connected to mantle plumes.@Volcanological and geochemical study, examples of application in the Neoproterozo&iuml;queterminal (PIII) of the Anti-Atlas and the Permian of Morocco, state thesis, University Cadi Ayyad, Marrakech, 1998, 520.@No$Bouabdelli M. and Piqu&eacute; A. (1996).@From the basin to the recess in the fore-country basin: dynamics of the Azrou-Kh&eacute;nifra Basin (Central Hercynian Morocco).@Journal of African Earth Sciences, 23(2), 213-224.@Yes$Youbi N. (1989).@\"Post-collisional\" volcanism, an intraplastic magmatism connected to mantle plumes.@Volcanological and geochemical study, examples of application in the Neoproterozo&iuml;queterminal (PIII) of the Anti-Atlas and the Permian of Morocco, state thesis, University Cadi Ayyad, Marrakech, 1998, 520.@No$Remmal T. (2000).@The intracontinental tectono-magmatic evolution of the Hercynian cycle. Study of the magmatic complex of El Hammam district and comparable area for pre-orogenic magmatism in the Massif Central and Rehamna (Moroccan West Meseta).@Thesis Sci., Univ. Hassan II Ain Chok Casablanca, 267.@No$N&apos;tarmouchant A., Ribeiro A.M., Dahir M., Ben bbou M., Driouch Y., Boushaba X.X., Moreira M.E. and Ramos J. (2002).@The terminal magmatism of the Hercynian chain: geodynamic significance of a magmatic association identified in the Tertiary Carboniferous of the Hercynian Central Moroccan Massif.@Common, Inst. Geol. Minero.@No$Villaseca C., Orejana D., Pin C., Garcia J.A.L. and Andonaegui P. (2004).@Hercynian and post-Hercynian basic rocks from the Spanish Central System: estimates of Central Spain subcontinental mantle.@Comptes Rendus Geoscience, 336(10), 877-888.@Yes$El Gall J. (1999).@Variscan tholeiitic dolerites and basalts of the Norse domain is Armorican Geology of France N &deg; 4.@3-26.@No$Simancas J.F., Tahiri A., Azor A., Lodeiro F.G., Martinez Poyatos, D.J., El Hadi H. (2005).@The tectonic frame of the Variscan-Alleghanian orogen in Southern Europe and Northern Africa.@Tectonophysics, 398(3-4), 181-198. doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2005.02.006@Yes$Simancas J.F., Carbonell R., Lodeiro F.G., Esta&uacute;n A.P., Juhlin C., Ayarza P. and Almod&oacute;var G.R. (2006).@Transpressional Collision Tectonics And Mantle Plume Dynamics: The Variscides of Southwestern Iberia.@Geological Society, London, Memoirs, 32(1), 345-354.@Yes$Simancas J.F., Azor A., Mart&iacute;nez Poyatos D.J., Tahiri A., ElHadi H., Gonz&aacute;lez-Lodeiro F., P&eacute;rez-Esta&uacute;n A. and Carbonell R. (2009).@Tectonic relationships of SouthwestIberia with the allochthons of Northwest Iberia and the Moroccan Variscides.@C.R. Geosci., 341, 103-113.@Yes$Michard A., Hoepffner C., Soulaimani A. and Baidder L. (2008).@The Variscan belt.@Continental Evolution: The Geology of Morocco. Lect. Not. Earth Sci. Springer, Berlin, 116, 65-132.@Yes$Michard A., Saddiqi O., Chalouan A. and de Lamotte D.F. (2008).@Continental evolution: The geology of Morocco: Structure, stratigraphy, and tectonics of the Africa-Atlantic-Mediterranean triple junction.@Springer, 116.@Yes
<#LINE#>Geo-magnetic survey for estimating magnetic sources parameters by properties technique in Gol-e-Gohar area<#LINE#>Behnam@Shekar ,Ramazi@Hamidreza  <#LINE#>13-26<#LINE#>2.ISCA-IRJES-2018-031.pdf<#LINE#>Department of Mining and Metallurgy, Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), 424 Hafez Ave, 15875-4413, Tehran, Iran@Department of Mining and Metallurgy, Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), 424 Hafez Ave, 15875-4413, Tehran, Iran<#LINE#>29/11/2018<#LINE#>15/4/2019<#LINE#>In the current research paper, the evaluation of magnetic data of Gol-e-Gohar Iron Ore Anomaly No. 8, located about 50km southwest of Sirjan, Kerman Province, was discussed. According to geological studies, the main minerals of the area constitute magnetite and hematite created from secondary oxidation. Acquired geomagnetic data was processed after applying diurnal and IGRF corrections (some unimportant corrections such as the topographic correction are eliminated). The results show two major anomalies including anomaly with the positive pole in the northern part and other anomaly with the northwest-southeast trending in the SE part. After initial studies the north trend anomaly was found to be insignificant. Further studies were done on the southeast anomaly. Several methods are reviewed and compared for estimating depth and a two-dimensional modeling is introduced to achieve a more precise method for achieving acceptable depth and tilt angle revealing the edge of the anomaly. Techniques and methods used to estimate the depth of sub-surface structures, include Euler Deconvolution, (Source Parameter Imaging) SPI, Werner Deconvolution, and Potentq two-dimensional modeling. These methods initially were applied to validate on two-dyke models. The results of applying synthetic models on the above-mentioned methods indicated that all of the above methods have the high accuracy for applying over the actual data. After applying to the data of the study area, all three methods provided similar results, however, considering the results of synthetic models and the measured data, it is indicated that the three-dimensional Euler Deconvolution method is the most appropriate method for estimating the depth. Therefore, applying these methods on actual data, the depth to an anomaly is determined 35 m in the center and the northeast of the mass and up to 50 m in the southeast part of body. It should be noted that the precision of the proposed methods depends on the shape and the source of the anomaly. The more ideal and simple and not affected by several sources the mass form is, the more accurate the answer will be.<#LINE#>Thompson D.T. (1982).@EULDPH: A new technique for making computer-assisted depth estimates from magnetic data.@Geophysics, 47, 31-37.@Yes$Reid A.B., Allsop J.M., Granser H., Millett A.J. and Somerton I.W. (1990).@Magnetic interpretation in three dimensions using Euler deconvolution.@Geophysics, 55, 80-91.@Yes$Hansen R.O. and Simmonds M. (1993).@Multiple source Werner deconvolution.@Geophysics, 58, 1792-1800.@Yes$Thurston J.B. and Smith R.S. (1997).@Automatic conversion of magnetic data to depth, dip, and susceptibility contrast using the SPI(TM) method.@Geophysics, 62(3), 807-813.@Yes$Smith R.S., Thurston J.B., Dai T. and MacLeod I.N. (1998).@ISPITM: The improved source parameter imaging method.@Geophys. Prosp, 46, 141-151.@Yes$Nabatian Gh., Rastad E., Neubauer F., Honarmand M. and Ghaderi M. (2015).@Iron and Fe-Mnmineralisation in Iran: implications for Tethyan metallogeny.@Australian Journal of Earth Sciences, 62(2), 211-241.@Yes$Miller H.G. and Singh V. (1994).@Potential Field Tilt - a new concept for location of potential field sources.@Journal of Applied Geophysics, 32, 213-217.@Yes$Verduzco B., Fairhead J.D., Green C.M. and MacKenzie C. (2004).@New insights into magnetic derivatives for structural mapping.@The Leading Edge, 23(2), 116-119. doi:10.1190/1.1651454.@Yes$Cooper G.R.J. and Cowan D.R. (2006).@Enhancing potential field data using filters based on the local phase.@Computers and Geosciences, 32, 1585-1591.@Yes$Barbosa V.C.F., Silva J.B.C., Medeiros W.E. (2000).@Making Euler deconvolution applicable to ground magnetic surveys.@J. Appl. Geophys., 43, 55-68.@Yes$Whitehead N. and Musselman C. (2008).@Montaj Gravity/Magnetic Interpretation: Processing, Analysis and Visualization System for 3D Inversion of Potential Field Data for Oasis montaj v 6.3.@Geosoft Incorporated, 85 Richmond St. W., Toronto, Ontario, M5H 2C9, Canada.@No$Blakely R.J. (1995).@Potential theory in gravity and magnetic applications.@Cambridge Univ. Press, United Kingdom, 1-441. ISBN: 0-521-57547-8@Yes$Nabighian M.N. (1972).@The analytic signal of two-dimensional magnetic bodies with polygonal cross-section: Its properties and use for automated anomaly interpretation.@Geophysics, 37(3), 507-517.@Yes$Rao D.A., Babu H.R. and Narayan P.S. (1981).@Interpretation of magnetic anomalies due to dikes: The complex gradient method.@Geophysics, 46(11), 1572-1578.@Yes$Pilkington M. and Todoeschuck J.P. (1993).@Fractal magnetization of continental crust.@Geophysical Research Letters, 20(7), 627-630.@Yes
<#LINE#>Integrated 2d seismic interpretation of Missa Keswal area and petrophysical analysis of Missa Keswal well 03 in Potwar sub-basin, Gujar Khan, Punjab Province, Pakistan<#LINE#>Khan@Fawad ,Mohibullah@Mohibullah ,Khan@Muhammad Yasin  <#LINE#>27-38<#LINE#>3.ISCA-IRJES-2018-034.pdf<#LINE#>Center of Excellence in Mineralogy, University of Baluchistan, Quetta, Pakistan@Department of Geology, University of Baluchistan, Quetta, Pakistan@Institute of Geology, University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Muzaffarabad, Pakistan<#LINE#>25/12/2018<#LINE#>9/4/2019<#LINE#>The 2D seismic and Petrophysical data were integrated to define the subsurface structural alignments and reservoir assets of Missa Keswal well-03. The research study was undertaken using the seismic lines, 994-GJN-09 and 994-GNA-12of Missa Keswal well-03. A synthetic seismogram was articulated to relay seismic and well data from a seismic section. The seismic to well tie has further ensured the fidelity of seismic maps. The 2D Seismic was utilized in horizons mapping and faults identification. The two horizons were figured out on time domain and later on depth domain by changing time grid to a depth function with the help of interval velocity. The seismic interpretations has discovered an anticlinal structure with both limbs dislocated by the two detachment faults headed towards each other from east to west in response to the compressional stresses in the area. The thickness of two horizons, the Chorgali and Sakesar Limestone Formations was gauged from the perceptible depth intervals at 1870 m to 1983 m in the well using Petrophysical interpretations beside the determination of environment of deposition, effective porosity, saturated contents of hydrocarbon and extent of pay zone. Study has revealed variable environments of deposition ranging from fluvial to marine for both Chorgali and Sakesar Limestone Formations. A high porosity, permeability and hydrocarbon saturation was encountered in the well. The pay zone was much thick in Sakesar Limestone Formation than Chorgali Formation. The 2d seismic data and Petrophysical parameters indicate that the Sakesar Limestone Formation can act as a reservoir.<#LINE#>Ahmad K.S. (1969).@Oxford school atlas for Pakistan: Karachi.@Oxford University Press, 57 str.@No$Kazmi A.H. and Jan M.Q. (1997).@Geology and Tectonic of Pakistan.@Graphic publishers, Karachi, Pakistan,  94-139. ISBN 969-8375-00-7.@Yes$Shah S.M.I. (2009).@Stratigraphy of Pakistan.@Geological Survey of Pakistan, Memoirs, 22, 1-381.@Yes$Elahi M.K. and Martin N.R. (1961).@The physiography of the Potwar, West Pakistan.@Geol. B. Pun. Uni., 1, 5-14.@Yes$Baker D.M., Lillie R.J., Yeats R.S., Johnson G.D., Yousuf M. and Zamin A.S.H. (1988).@Development of Himalayan frontal thrust zone, Salt range, Pakistan.@Geol. Soc. Am., 16(1), 3-7. https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1988)016<0003:DOTHFT>2.3.CO;2@Yes$Gee E.R. and Gee D.G. (1989).@Overview of the geology and structure of the Salt Range, with observations on related areas of northern Pakistan.@Geological Society of America Special Papers, 232, 95-112. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1130/SPE@Yes$Kadri I.B. (1995).@Petroleum Geology of Pakistan: Pakistan Petroleum Limited.@Ferozsons. Private Limited, 36-177.@Yes$Kemal A., Zaman A.S.H. and Humayon M. (1991).@New directions and strategies for accelerating petroleum exploration and production in Pakistan.@In Proceedings, International Petroleum Seminar, 22th-24th, Nov., 76-105.@No$Schlumberger (1974).@Log Interpretation Principles.@Schlumberger Education Services, Houston, Texas, 230.@Yes$Thomas E.C. and Stieber S.J. (1975).@The distribution of shale in sandstones and its effect upon porosity.@In SPWLA 16th annual logging symposium. Society of Petrophysicists and Well-Log Analysts.@Yes$Wyllie M.R.J., Gregory A.R. and Gardner G.H.F. (1958).@An experimental investigation of factors affecting elastic wave velocities in porous media.@Geophysics, 23(3), 459-493. https://doi.org/10.1190/1.1438493.@Yes$Hilchie D.W. (1978).@Applied Open hole Log Interpretation.@In: D. W. Hilchie, Golden Colorado, 350.@No$Archie G.E. (1942).@The Electrical Resistivity Log as an Aid in Determining Some Reservoir Characteristics.@Trans. AIME., 146(1), 54-62.@Yes$Moghal M.A., Hameed A., Saqi M.I. and Bugti M.N. (2007).@Subsurface geometry of Potwar sub-basin in relation to structuration and entrapment.@Pak. J. Hydroc. Res., 17, 61-72.@Yes$Khan M.A. and Raza H.A. (1986).@The role of Geothermal Gradient in Hydrocarbon exploration in Pakistan.@J. Pet. Geol., 9(3), 245-258.@Yes$Emery D. and Myers K.J. (1996).@Sequence Stratigraphy.@Oxford, Blackwell, 297.   Print ISBN: 9780632037063; Online ISBN:9781444313710 doi.org/10.1002/ 9781444313710.@Yes$Weber K.J. and Daukoru E.M. (1975).@Petroleum geology of the Niger Delta," in Proceedings of the Ninth World Petroleum Congress.@Geol, Apl. Sci. Pub. Ltd., 2, 210-221.@Yes