@Research Paper
<#LINE#>Measuring the spatial pattern of surface runoff using SCS-CN method of Hinglo River Basin: RS-GIS approach<#LINE#>Jagabandhu @Roy,Sunil @Saha <#LINE#>1-7<#LINE#>1.ISCA-IRJES-2017-014.pdf<#LINE#>Dept. of Geography, University of Gour Banga, Malda, West Bengal, India@Dept. of Geography, University of Gour Banga, Malda, West Bengal, India<#LINE#>4/7/2017<#LINE#>6/9/2017<#LINE#>The study intents to determine the surface runoff using Soil Conservation Service-Curve Number(SCS-CN) method. For the watershed management and understanding hydrological characteristics, the SCS-CN method is extensively used. The effective indicators like land use/land cover, soil texture, rainfall has been selected for the present study. The CN method is an index that help to estimate the runoff depth at different hydrological soil groups combining LULC and soil texture. To estimate the surface runoff, the selected parameters have been integrated with the help of ArcGIS software. The results show that the value of annual surface runoff varies from 677.07mm to 1348.12 mm within this river basin. It has found that in the middle catchment area amount of runoff is lower than the upper and lower catchment in pre-monsoon season and reverse condition is found in post-monsoon. The average annual runoff of this basin is relatively higher than the other parts due to having the high slope and elevation.<#LINE#>Gajbhiye S., Mishra S.K. and Pandey A. (2015).@Simplified sediment yield index model incorporating parameter curve number.@Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 8(4), 1993-2004.  DOI 10.1007/s12517-014-1319-9.@Yes$Sharma S.K., Gajbhiye S., Nema R.K. and Tignath S. (2014).@Assessing Vulnerability to Soil Erosion of a Watershed of Tons River Basin in Madhya Pradesh using Remote Sensing and GIS.@International Journal of Environmental Research and Development Inter, 4(2), 153-164.@Yes$Gajbhiye S., Mishra S.K. and Pandey A. (2014).@Hypsometric Analysis of Shakkar River Catchment through Geographical Information System.@Journal of the Geological Society of India, 84, 192-196.@Yes$Mishra S.K., Gajbhiye S. and Pandey A. (2013).@Estimations of design runoff curve numbers for Narmada watershed (India).@Journal of Applied Water Engineering and Research, 1(1), 69-79.@Yes$Schulze R.E., Schmidt E.J. and Smithers J.C. (1992).@SCS-SA User Manual PC Based SCS Design FloodEstimates for Small Catchments in Southern Africa.@Pietermaritzburg: Department of AgriculturalEngineering, University of Natal.@Yes$Shrestha M.N. (2003).@Spatially distributed hydrological modeling considering land-use changes using remote sensing and GIS.@Map Asia Conference.@Yes$Zhan X.Y. and Huang M.L. (2004).@ArcCN-Runoff: An ArcGIS tool for generating curve number and runoff maps.@Environmental Modeling & Software, 19(10), 875-879. [doi: 10.1016/j.envsoft.2004.03.001]@Yes$Sharma S.K., Yadav A. and Gajbhiye S. (2014).@Remote Sensing and GIS Approach for Prioritization of Watershed.@LAMBERT Academic Publishing, Germany, ISBN 978-3-659-53529-1.@Yes$Gajbhiye S. (2014).@Estimation of Rainfall generated runoff using RS and GIS.@LAMBERT Academic Publishing, Germany, ISBN 978-3-659-61084-4.@Yes$Xu A.L. (2006).@A new curve number calculation approach using GIS technology.@ESRI 26th International User Conference on Water Resources.@Yes$Gandini M.L. and Usuoff E.J. (2004).@SCS-CN estimation using RS NDVI in a GIS environment.@Journal of environmental hydrology, 12.@Yes$Amutha R. and Porchelvan P. (2009).@Estimation of surface runoff in malattar sub watershed using SCS-CN method.@Journal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensing, 37, 291-304.@Yes$Gajbhiye S. and Sharma S.K.  (2012).@Land Use and Land Cover change detection of Indra river watershed through Remote Sensing using Multi-Temporal satellite data.@International Journal of Geomatics and Geosciences, 3(1), 89-96.@Yes$Gajbhiye S. and Mishra S.K. (2012).@Application of NRSC-SCS Curve Number Model in Runoff Estimation Using RS & GIS.@IEEE-International Conference on Advances in Engineering, Science and Management (ICAESM -2012).@Yes$Gajbhiye S., Mishra S.K. and Pandey A. (2013).@A procedure for determination of design runoff curve number for Bamhani watershed.@IEEE-International Conference on Advances in Engineering and technology (ICAET -2013), 1-9.@Yes$Sharma S.K., Tignath S., Gajbhiye S. and Patil R. (2013).@Application of Principal Component Analysis in Grouping Geomorphic Parameters of Uttela Watershed for Hydrological Modeling.@International Journal of Remote Sensing &Geoscience, 2(6), 63-70.@Yes$Sharma S.K., Gajbhiye S. and Tignath S. (2014).@Application of principal component analysis in grouping geomorphic parameters of a watershed for hydrological modelling.@Applied Water Science, 5(1), 89-96. DOI 10.1007/s13201-014-0170-1.@Yes$Bagchi K. and Mukerjee K.N. (1983).@Diagnostic Survey of West Bengal(s).@Dept. of Geography, Calcutta University, Delta & Rarh Bengal, 17-19.@Yes$Chakrabarty S.C. (1970).@Some Consideration on the evolution of physiography of Bengal, in West Bengal.@Geog. Instt., Presidency College. Calcutta, India., 20.@Yes$GSI (1985).@Geological quadrangle map, Barddhaman Quadrangle (73M), West Bengal Bihar.@Geological Survey of India, Printing Div. Hyderabad, Govt. of India.@No$Mukherjee A., Fryer A.E. and Howell P. (2007).@Regional hydro-stratigraphy and ground water flow modelling of the arsenic contaminated aquifers of the western Bengal basin, West Bengal, India.@Hydrogeology Journal, 15, 1397-1418.@Yes$NATMO (2001).@National Atlas and Thematic Mapping Organization.@District Planning Map Series (DST), Digital Mapping and Printed Division, Kolkata, Govt. of India.@No$Ghosh K.G. and Shah S. (2015).@Identification of soil erosion susceptible areas in Hinglo River Basin, Eastern India based on Geo-Statistics.@Universal Journal of Environmental Research and Technology, 5(3), 152-164.@Yes$Ahmad I., Varma V. and Verma M.K. (2015).@Application of Curve Number Method for Estimation of Runoff Potential in GIS Environment.@2nd International Conference on Geological and Civil Engineering,80(4), 16-20. DOI: 10.7763/IPCBE@Yes$Chow V.T., Maidment D.R. and Mays L.W. (1988).@Applied Hydrology.@New York: McGraw-Hill.@Yes$Soil Conservation Service (SCS) (1985).@Hydrology, National Engineering Handbook.@Washington, D. C: Soil Conservation Service, USDA.@Yes
<#LINE#>Estimation of soil erosion vulnerability in Perambalur Taluk, Tamilnadu using revised universal soil loss equation model (RUSLE) and geo information technology<#LINE#>P. @Karthick,C. @Lakshumanan,P. @Ramki <#LINE#>8-14<#LINE#>2.ISCA-IRJES-2017-015.pdf<#LINE#>Centre for Remote Sensing Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamilnadu, India@Centre for Remote Sensing Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamilnadu, India@Centre for Remote Sensing Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamilnadu, India<#LINE#>5/7/2017<#LINE#>3/9/2017<#LINE#>Soil loss is a universal land degradation problem arises from agricultural intensification, land degradation as its economic use, environmental impacts in addition to other anthropogenic activities. A widespread method of RUSEL and Geo information techniques used to make a decision of the soil erosion vulnerability of the study area. The spatial analysis of the annual soil erosion rate was obtained through the integrating of good environmental variables in a GIS based raster method. The present study was five major factors were used are R, K, LS, C and P factors were computed to decide their effect on average annual soil loss. The soil erosion map is reclassified according to the sing et. al.  Soil erosion risk classes for Indian condition such as Low (>5), Moderate (5-10), High (10-20), Very high (20-40), Sever (40-80). The study area 68.95 % has low erosion risk and 16.80% moderate erosion risk of the total area. The other erosion risk classes  such as high, very high and sever erosion range occurred in the percentage of 7.48 %, 4.52% and 2.26 % of the total area respectively. The resulting of the annual soil erosion map shows a maximum soil loss of 52.25 ton/ha/year, and the mean annual soil loss for the entire study area about 0.16 ton/ha/year. Its consequently the close relation to forests on the steep side slopes along with slope gradient and length followed by soil erodability factor were found to be the main factor of soil erosion.<#LINE#>Fistikoglu O. and Harmancioglu N.B. (2002).@Integration of GIS with USLE in assessment of soil erosion.@Water Resources management, 16(6), 447-467.@Yes$Hoyos N. (2005).@Spatial modeling of soil erosion potential in a tropical watershed of the Colombian Andes.@CATENA, 63(1), 85-108.@Yes$Pandey A., Mathur A., Mishra S.K. and Mal B.C. (2009).@Soil erosion modeling of a Himalayan watershed using RS and GIS.@Environmental Earth Sciences, 59(2), 399-410.@Yes$Narayana D. and Babu R. (1983).@Closure to Estimation of soil erosion in India.@Journal of Irrigation Drain Eng, 109(4), 408-410.@Yes$Singh G., Babu R., Narain P., Bhusan L.S and Ab-rol I.P. (1992).@Soil Erosion Rates in India.@Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 47(1), 97-99.@Yes$Pandey A., Chowdary V.M. and Mal B.C. (2007).@Identification of critical erosion prone areas in the small agricultural watershed using USLE, GIS and remote sensing.@Water Resource Management, 21(4), 729-746.@Yes$Angima S.D., Stott D.E., O,Neill M.K., Ong C.K. and Weesies G.A. (2003).@Soil erosion prediction using RUSLE for central Kenyan highland conditions.@Agriculture Ecosystems and Environment, 97(1-3), 259-308.@Yes$Ganasri B.P and Ramesh H. (2016).@Assessment of soil erosion by RUSLE model using remote sensing and GIS - A case study of Nethravathi Basin.@Geoscience Frontiers, 7(6), 953-961.@Yes$Millward A.A. and Mersey J.E. (1999).@Adapting the RUSLE to model soil erosion potential in a mountainous tropical watershed.@CATENA, 38(2), 109-129.@Yes$Jasrotia A.S. and Singh R. (2006).@Modeling runoff and soil erosion in a catchment area, using the GIS, in the Himalayan region, India.@Environmental Geology, 51, 29-37.@Yes$Sharma A. (2010).@Integrating terrain and vegetation indices for identifying potential soil erosion risk area.@Geo-Spatial Information Sciences, 13(3), 201-209.@Yes$Jain S.K., Kumar S. and Varghese J. (2001).@Estimation of soil erosion for a Himalayan watershed using GIS technique.@Water Resource Management, 15, 41-54.@Yes$Kouli M., Soupios P. and Vallianatos F. (2009).@Soil erosion prediction using the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) in a GIS framework, Chania, Northwestern Crete, Greece.@Environmental Geology, 57(3), 483-497.@Yes$Williams J.R. (1975).@Sediment routing for agricultural watersheds.@Water Res Bull, 11(5), 965-974.@Yes$Wischmeier W.H. and Smith D.D. (1978).@Predicting Rainfall Erosion Losses - A Guide to Conservation Planning.@Agriculture Handbook No.537.US Dept of Agriculture Science and Education Administation, Washington, D.C, USA. 163.@Yes$Renard K.G., Foster G.R., Weesies G.A., Mccool D.K. and Yoder D.C. (1997).@Predicting Soil Erosion by Water: A Guide to Conservation Planning with the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE).@Agriculture Handbook, 703, US Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC. 1-251.@Yes$Sing (1981).@Soil Loss and Pre-diction Research in India.@Bulletin No.T-12/D9, Central Soil and Water Conservation Research Training Institute, Dehradun.@No$Beskow S., Mello C.R., Norton L.D., Cur N., Viola M.N and Avanazi J.C. (2009).@Soil erosion prediction in the Grande River Basin, Brazil using distributed modeling.@Catena, 79, 49-59.@Yes$Risse L.M., Nearing M.A., Nicks A.D. and Laflen J.M. (1993).@Error assessment in the Universal Soil Loss Equation.@Soil Science Society of American Journal, 57(3), 825-833.DOI:10.2136/sssaj1993.03615995005700030032x.@Yes$Lu D., Li G., Valladares G.S. and Batistella M. (2004).@Mapping soil erosion risk in Rondonia, Brazilian Amazonia: using RUSLE, remote sensing and GIS.@Land Degradation and Development, 15, 499-512.@Yes$Krishna bahadur K.C. (2009).@Mapping soil erosion susceptibility using remote sensing and GIS: a case of the Upper Nam Watershed, Nan Province, Thailand.@Environmental Geology, 57, 695-705.@Yes$Balasubramani K., Veena M., Kumaraswamy K. and Saravanabavan V. (2015).@Estimation of soil erosion in a semi-arid watershed of Tamil Nadu (India) using revised universal soil loss equation (rusle) model through GIS.@Model Earth System Environment, 1(3), 1-17.@Yes$Moore D. and Wilson J.P. (1992).@Length Slope Factor for the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation: Simplified Method of Solution.@Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 47(5), 423-428.@Yes$Singh R. and Phadke V.S. (2006).@Assessing soil loss by water erosion in Jamni River Basin, Bundelkhand region, India, adopting universal soil loss equation using GIS.@Current Science, 90(10), 1431-1435.@Yes$Wischmeier W.H. and Smith D.D. (1965).@Predicting rainfall erosion losses from Cropland East of the Rocky Mountains.@Handbook no 282, United States Department of Agriculture, Washington DC.@Yes$Wischmeier W.H. (1975).@Estimating the soil loss equations cover and a management factor for undisturbed lands.@Present and Prospective Technology for Predicting Sediment Yields and Sources. ARS-S-40, Agr.Res. Scrv, U.S. Dept .of Agr., Washington, D.C, 118-125.@Yes$Dabral P.P., Baithuri N. and Pandey A. (2008).@Soil erosion assessment in a hilly catchment of North Eastern India using USLE, GIS and remote sensing.@Water Resource Management, 22(12), 1783-1798.@Yes$Ranzi R., Le T.H. and Rulli M.C. (2012).@A RUSLE approach to model suspended sediment load in the Lo River (Vietnam): effects of reservoirs and land use changes.@Journal of Hydrology, 422, 17-29. DOI:10.1016/ j.jhydrology.2011.12.2009.@Yes$Devathaa C.P., Deshpande Vaibhav and Renukaprasad M.S. (2015).@Estimation of Soil loss using USLE model for Kulhan Watershed, Chattisgarh- A case study.@Aquatic Procedia, 4, 1429-1436.@Yes$Srinivas C.V., Maji A.K., Reddy G.P.O. and Chary G.R. (2002).@Assessment of soil erosion using remote sensing and GIS in Nagpur district, Maharashtra for prioritization and delineation of conservation units.@Journal Indian Society of Remote Sensing, 30(4), 197-212.@Yes$Singh R.K., Aggarwal S.P., Turdukulov U. and Prasad V.H. (2002).@Prioritization of Bata river basin using RS and GIS techniques.@Indian Journal of Soil Conservation, 30(3), 200-205.@Yes
<#LINE#>Geochemistry of Precambrian metapelites from Patharkhang, West Khasi Hills district, Meghalaya, India<#LINE#>Bhagabaty @B.,Borah @M.,Borah @P. <#LINE#>15-21<#LINE#>3.ISCA-IRJES-2017-016.pdf<#LINE#>Department of Geological Sciences, Gauhati University, Guwahati, Assam-781 014, India@Department of Geology, Dimoria College, Khetri, Kamrup (Metro), Assam-782 403, India@Department of Geological Sciences, Gauhati University, Guwahati, Assam-781 014, India<#LINE#>16/7/2017<#LINE#>8/9/2017<#LINE#>Cordierite bearing and cordierite free garnet sillimanite gneisses constitute granulite facies metapelitic assemblages in the Gneissic Complex rocks of the Shillong Plateau in Patharkhang, West Khasi Hills district in Meghalaya. The petrographic study shows that the mineralogical developments of the metapelites are related to   different metamorphic events. However, geochemical affinity of these rocks is totally unknown till date and this study reveals the results of geochemical study of the rocks. The precursors of cordierite bearing metapelites were shales with some volcanic intercalations whose compositions have been possibly modified by partial melting and metamorphic differentiation. The high average K/Rb ratios of the rocks also suggest their restitic origin after the removal of partial melts.<#LINE#>Lal M.L., Ackermand D., Seifert F. and Haider S.K. (1978).@Chemographie relationship in sapphirine bearing rocks from Sonapahar, Assam, India.@Contrib. Mineral. Petrol, 67(2), 169-187.@Yes$Auden J.B. (1974).@Review of “Himalayan Geology”.@2, edited by A.G. Jhingran, K.S. Valdiya and A.K. Jain, Wadia Institute of Himalayan Gelogy, Dehra Dun. J. Geol. Soc. lnd., 15, 216-218.@No$Murthy M.V.N., Nandy D.R. and Chakravarty C. (1976).@A note to accompany The tectonic map of the North-East India and adjoining areas.@Geol. Surv. Ind. Misc. Publ., 23(2), 347-362.@No$Murthy M.N.V., Mazumdar S.K. and Bhaumik N. (1976).@Significance of tectonic trends in the geological evolution of Meghalaya uplands since the Precambrian.@Geol. Surv. India Misc Publ, 23(2), 471-484.@Yes$Mazumdar S.K. (1976).@A summary of the Precambrian Geology of the Khasi Hills, Meghalaya.@Geol, Surv, Ind. Mtsc. Publ., 23(2), 311-334.@Yes$Singh S. (2007).@Petrology of the granulite facies rocks with special reference to the basic granulites around Patharkhang in west Khasi hills district, Meghalaya.@(Unpublished Ph.D. thesis), Gauhati University.@Yes$Crawford A.R. (1969).@India, Ceylon and Pakistan: New age data and comparison with Australia.@Nature, 223, 380-384.@Yes$Van Breeman O., Bowes D.R., Bhattacharjee C.C. and Chowdhary P.K. (1989).@Late Proterozoic – Early Proterozoic Rb-Sr whole rock and mineral ages for granite and pegmatite, Goalpara, Assam, India.@J. Geol. Soc. Ind., 34(1), 89-92.@Yes$Ghosh S., Chakraborty S., Bhalla J.K., Paul D.K., Sarkar A. Bishui P.K. and Gupta S.N. (1991).@Geochronology and geochemistry of granite plutons from East Khasi Hills, Meghalaya.@Jour. Geol. Soc. Ind., 37(4), 331-342.@Yes$Chatterjee N., Mazumdar A.C., Bhattacharya A and Saikia R.R. (2007).@Meso-proterozoic granulites of the Shillong – Meghalaya Plateau: evidence of westward continuation of the Prydz Bay Pan – African suture into Northeastern India.@Precambrian Res., 152(1), 1-26.@Yes$Shaw D.M. (1956).@Geochemistry of pelitic rocks Pt III: Major element and general geochemistry.@Bull. Geol.Soc. Am., 67(7), 919-934.@Yes$Pettijhon F.J. (1976).@Sedimentary Rocks.@3rd ed. Harper and Row. New York, 628.@No$Condie K.C., Macke J.E. and Reimer O.T. (1970).@Petrology and geochemistry of early Precambrian greywacke from the Fig Tree Group, South Africa.@Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 81(9), 2759-2776.@Yes$Shaw D.M. (1972).@Development of early continental crust Part I. Use of trace elements distribution coefficient models for the Protoarchean crust.@Canadian J. Earth Sci., 9(12), 1577-1595.@Yes$Wynne-Edwards H.R. and Hay P.W. (1963).@Coexisting cordierite and garnet in regionally metamorphosed rocks from the Westpost Area, Ontario.@Can. Miner., 7(3), 453-478.@Yes$Sheraton J.W. (1980).@Geochemistry of Precambrian metapelites from East Antarctica: Secular and metamorphic variation.@B.M.R.J. Austr. Geol. Geophys., 5, 279-288.@Yes$Grant J.A. (1968).@Partial melting of common rocks as a possible source of cordierite-Anthophyllite bearing assemblages.@Am. Jour. Sci., 266(10), 908-931.@Yes$Hormaan P.K., Raith M., Rasse P., Ackermand D. and Seifert F. (1980).@The granulite complex of Finnish Lapland: Petrology and metamorphic conditions in the Iva Iojoki – Inarijarvi area.@Geol. Surv. Findl. Bull., 308, 1-95.@No$Bhumel P. and Schereyer W. (1977).@Phase relation in pelitic and psammitic gneisses of the sillimanite-potash feldspar and cordierite-potash feldspar zones in the Moldanubicum of the Lam-Bodenmais area, Bavaria.@Jour. Petrology, 18(3), 431-459.@Yes
<#LINE#>Risk assessment of trace elements distribution in soils of basaltic aquifers, southern Maharashtra, India<#LINE#>Gandla @Shailaja,Gupta @Gautam <#LINE#>22-31<#LINE#>4.ISCA-IRJES-2017-019.pdf<#LINE#>Indian Institute of Geomagnetism, New Panvel (W), Navi Mumbai- 410218, India@Indian Institute of Geomagnetism, New Panvel (W), Navi Mumbai- 410218, India<#LINE#>30/7/2017<#LINE#>12/9/2017<#LINE#>An assessment of soil vulnerability was evaluated in Mann Ganga River basin, within the districts of Satara, Sangli and Solapur in Deccan Volcanic Province (DVP), to ascertain the concentration and the likely source of origin of the trace element concentration of metals such as Cobalt, Chromium, Copper, Nickel, Zinc, Vanadium, Iron  and Manganese. Eighty soil samples were collected during December 2016 and examined by X-ray fluorescence spectrometer. The soil fitness was estimated using several risk assessment indices viz. geoaccumulation, enrichment factor and contamination factor. In order to delineate the probable sources of different trace elements, Pearson correlation coefficient analysis and multivariate analysis (principal component analysis) was also performed. The average concentration levels of Copper, Zinc, Iron and Manganese are exceeding the natural background limit. The risk assessment indices of trace elements Copper and Vanadium reveal moderate to significant contamination. These high indices level are probably due to geogenic, industrial and agricultural activities and other anthropogenic inputs. Significant linkage between the elements Cobalt, Copper, Zinc, Vanadium, Iron and Manganese is revealed through Pearson correlation coefficient and principal component analysis. The enhanced trace elements pollution in top soil is therefore a critical problem which can have hazardous bearing on flora, fauna and human life, and needs to be monitored recurrently for such enrichments of toxic elements in order to safeguard the environment.<#LINE#>Li X., Poon C.S. and Liu P.S. (2001).@Heavy metal contamination of urban soils and street dusts in Hong Kong.@Appl. Geochem., 16(11), 1361-1368.@Yes$Pawar N.J. and Pawar J.B. (2016).@Intra-annual variability in the heavy metal geochemistry of ground waters from the Deccan basaltic aquifers of India.@Environ. Earth Sci., 75(8), 654. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-016-5450-7.@Yes$Rajmohan N. and Elango L. (2005).@Distribution of iron, manganese, zinc and attrazine in groundwater in parts of Palar and Cheyyar river basins, south India.@Environ. Monit. Assess., 107, 115-131.@Yes$Shirke K.D. and Pawar N.J. (2015).@Enrichment of arsenic in the Quaternary sediments from Ankaleshwar industrial area, Gujarat, India: an anthropogenic influence.@Environ. Monit. Assess., 187, 593. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-015-4815-9@Yes$Fernandez M. and Nayak G.N. (2015).@Speciation of metals and their distribution in tropical estuarine mudflat sediments, southwest coast of India.@Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf., 122, 68-75.@Yes$Pravin U.S., Trivedi P. and Ravindra M.M. (2012).@Sediment heavy metal contaminants in Vasai creek of Mumbai: pollution impacts.@Am. J. Chem., 2(3), 171-180.@Yes$CGWB (2013).@Groundwater information Satara, Solapur and Sangli districts Maharashtra,  Govt. of India.@Ministry of Water Resources, Central Ground Water Board, Tech. Report Nos. 1798/DBR, 1805/DBR, 1803/DBR, 1-72.@No$Muller G. (1969).@Index of geoaccumulation in soils of the Rhine River.@Geojournal, 2, 108-118.@Yes$Turekian K.K. and Wedepohl K.H. (1961).@Distribution of the elements in some major units of the earth’s crust.@Bull. Geol. Soc. Am., 72(2), 175-192.@Yes$Reimann C. and Patrice de Caritat (2005).@Distinguishing between natural and anthropogenic sources for elements in the environment: regional geochemical surveys versus enrichment factors.@Sci. Total Environ., 337, 91-107.@Yes$Sakram G., Machender G., Dhakate R., Saxena P.R. and Durga Prasad M. (2015).@Assessment of trace elements in soils around Zaheerabad Town, Medak District, Andhra Pradesh, India.@Environ. Earth Sci., 73(8), 4511-4524.@Yes$Sutherland R.A. (2000).@Bed sediment associated trace metals in an urban stream, Oahu, Hawaii.@Environ. Geol., 39(6), 611-627.@Yes$Hakanson L. (1980).@An Ecological Risk Index for Aquatic Pollution Control: A Sedimentological Approach.@Water Res., 14(8), 975-1001.@Yes$Facchinelli A., Sacchi E. and Mallen L. (2001).@Multivariate statistical and GIS-based approach to identify heavy metal sources in soils.@Environ. Pollut., 114(3), 313-324.@Yes$Loska K. and Wiechula D. (2003).@Application of Principle Component Analysis for the Estimation of Source of Heavy Metal Contamination in Surface Sediments from the Rybnik Reservoir.@Chemosphere, 51(8), 723-733.@Yes$Beane J.E., Turner C.A., Hooper P.R., Subbarao K.V. and Walsh J.N. (1986).@Stratigraphy, composition and form of Deccan Basalts, Western Ghats, India.@Bull. Volcano., 48(1), 61-83.@Yes$Krishna A.K. and Govil P.K. (2007).@Soil contamination due to heavy metals from an industrial area of Surat, Gujarat, Western India.@Environ. Monit. Assess., 124(1), 263-275.@Yes$Thorpe A. and Harrison R.M. (2008).@Sources and properties of non-exhaust particulate matter from road traffic: a review.@Sci. Total Environ., 400(1), 270-282.@Yes$Alexander P.O. and Thomas H. (2011).@Copper in Deccan Basalts (India): review of the abundance and patterns of distribution.@Boletín del Instituto de Fisiografía y Geología, 79-81, 107-112.@Yes$Shao H.B. (2012).@Metal Contamination: Sources, Detection and Environmental Impact.@Nova Science, New York, USA, 1-244, ISBN: 978-1-61942-116-5.@No$Byerrum R.U. (1991).@Vanadium; In: Metals and their compounds in the environment (ed.).@Merian, E, Weinheim, WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Germany, 1289-1297, ISBN: 9783527304592.@No$Bakker Van Zinderen and Jaworski John F. (1980).@Effects of vanadium in the Canadian environment.@National Research Council Canada, Associate Committee Scientific Criteria for Environmental Quality, Ottawa, Canada, 1-94, Libraries Australia ID: 43112179.@Yes$Silvera M.L., Alleoni L.R. and Guihevme L.R. (2003).@Biosolids and heavy metals in soils.@Scientia Agricole, 60(4), 793-806.@Yes
@Case Study
<#LINE#>Performance of seismic detectors: a case study of the sensitivity of SM-4 geophones used in Nigeria<#LINE#>G.I. @Alaminiokuma,W.N. @Ofuyah <#LINE#>32-40<#LINE#>5.ISCA-IRJES-2017-011.pdf<#LINE#>Department of Earth Sciences, Federal University of Petroleum Resources Effurun, P.M.B.1221, Warri, Nigeria@Department of Earth Sciences, Federal University of Petroleum Resources Effurun, P.M.B.1221, Warri, Nigeria<#LINE#>2/7/2017<#LINE#>8/9/2017<#LINE#>A vibration test was conducted on a typical SM-4 Geophone used for seismic data acquisition in Nigeria to determine its sensitivity which is important for high-resolution seismic exploration. The Geophone planted in a sand box, picked up mechanical vibrations of different frequencies generated using a signal generator. Weak signals were enhanced and the range of signals compressed by an amplifier connected to the Geophone. These signals were displayed on a high resolution Cathode Ray Oscilloscope and the velocity (m/s), voltage (V) and resistance (&#937;) were measured using Digital Multimeter. The sensitivity (V/m/s) of the Geophone was computed for different frequency bandwidths: 0.5-10Hz, 5-100Hz, 50-1000Hz, 500-10000Hz and 5000-100000Hz using the Transduction equation. Results from Frequency-Sensitivity response curves show that for 0.5-10.0Hz, sensitivity exponentially increased to maximum of 37.40V/m/s with a natural frequency, f0 of 2Hz and decreased afterwards. For 5-100Hz, the sensitivity decreased exponentially with increasing frequency from 7.41 to 1.31V/m/s. At a further bandwidth of 50–1000Hz, f0 disappears. The sensitivity decreases exponentially with increasing frequency from 0.75 to 0.71V/m/s. The sensitivity further decreases exponentially with an increase in bandwidth from 500-10000Hz. For 5000-100000Hz, sensitivity decreases exponentially from 0.25 to 0.00V/m/s. This is as a result of distortion in the Geophone element. The characteristic coil resistance decreased to 100&#937; and this caused the Geophone sensitivity to approach zero, hence deteriorating performance. This study will help acquisition seismologists in mitigating the consequences of premature Geophone failure, particularly as they affect data quality, performance and the overall running cost of the seismic acquisition scheme.<#LINE#>Duijndam B.P.M. and Wiersma H. (1990).@System Identification Method Applied to Seismic Detectors.@SIPM Paper, Society of Exploration Geophysicists (SEG), U.S.A., 903-905.@Yes$Hagedoorn A.L., Kruithof E.J. and Maxwell P.W. (1988).@A practical set of Guidelines for Geophone Element Testing and Evaluation.@First Break, 6(10), 325-331.@Yes$Krohn C.E. (1984).@Geophone Ground Coupling.@Geophysics, 49(6), 722-732.@Yes$Krohn C.E. (1985).@Geophone Ground Coupling.@Leading Edge, 4(4), 56-60.@Yes$SENSOR Nederland B.V. (2006).@SM-4 Geophone Element.@Input Output Sensor, Nederland.@No$Donato R.J. (1971).@Comparison of three methods for calibrating a Wilmore geophone.@Bull. Seism. Soc. Am, 61(3), 641-648.@Yes$Sheriff R.E. (2002).@Encyclopedic Dictionary of Applied Geophysicists.@4th Edition, Geophysical Reference Series, Society of Exploration Geophysics, USA.@Yes$Faber K. and Maxwel P.W. (1997).@Geophone Spurious Frequency: What is it and how does it affect Seismic Data Quality?.@Canadian Journal of Exploration Geophysics, 33(1-2), 46-54.@Yes$Telford W.M., Geldart L.P. and Sheriff P.E. (1990).@Applied Geophysics.@2nd Edition, Cambridge University Press: New York, USA. 860. ISBN 978-0-521-32693-3@Yes$Halliburton Geophysical Services (1990).@The Effect of Geophone Tolerances on the Fidelity of the Total Seismic System.@Halliburton Geophysical Services Inc. USA. http://www.halliburton.com/@No