International Research Journal of Earth Sciences______________________________________ ISSN 2321–2527Vol. 2(7), 6-9, August (2014) Int. Res.J. Earth Sci. International Science Congress Association 6 Fluoridation Zonation Map of Jagalur Taluk, Davanagere District, IndiaGangaraju S.A.., Chandrakantha G. and Sumana Y.B.1 Department of Civil Engineering, Bapuji Institute of Engineering and Technology, Davangere-577 004, INDIA Post Graduate Department of Applied Geology, Jnanasahyadri, Kuvempu University, Shankaraghatta-577 451, INDIAAvailable online at: www.isca.in, www.isca.me Received 25th July 2014, revised 13th August 2014, accepted 23rd August 2014 AbstractIn order to detect the fluoride concentration of the ground water in Jagalur taluk of Davanagere district in Karantaka, and also for its mapping, a pilot project was taken up by choosing 27 bore wells from different locations of the study area. Ground water samples were drawn from the selected 27 bore wells for both pre-monsoon and post-monsoon seasons and fluoride was detected as per the standard methodology. Locations and altitudes of these bore wells were also obtained using GPS instrument. Fluoride concentration and its spatial distribution mapping has been done using GIS tools for the study area. Based on that, the study area has been divided into four zones of fluoride concentration. Keywords: Groundwater, GIS, Fluoride, Jagalur tauk, Davanagere district, Karnataka. IntroductionIndia relies mainly on groundwater for drinking and agriculture. Withdrawal of groundwater has led to the spectra of depleting the problem of water scarcity. The available groundwater quality is not only contaminated by hazardous pathogenic germs and anthropogenic substances but also geogenic substances adversely affect the water supply of many regions. The groundwater of Jagalur taluk had many threats such as anthropogenic activities, quality deterioration by agricultural activities and over exploitation and also persistence of continuous drought and also affected people conditions. This paper mainly addresses the Fluoride concentration of 27 groundwater samples during August 2011 in Jagalur taluk, Karnataka (India). The results of fluoride analysis are discussed in details which reflect the present status of the groundwater quality of the study area. Groundwater is extremely important to the future economy and growth of rural India and hence it has to be protected from possible contamination. Therefore, it is recommended that suitable water quality management is essential to avoid any further contamination. In the present study, groundwater samples have been drawn from the selected 27 bore wells, located in different villages of Jagalur taluk. Bore wells locations along with their altitudes have been recorded using GPS instrument (table-1). Later, the water samples were subjected to chemical analysis as per the standard methodologies and detected fluoride concentration at the environmental science and technology study center, Bapuji Institute of Engineering and Technology (BIET), Davangere (table - 2). Methodology In the present study, 27 (Twenty seven) bore wells water samples were collected during Pre-monsoon (December 2010 and January 2011) and post-monsoon (August and Sept 2011) seasons. (figure-1), following the standard guidelines1-4 and analyzed for fluoride parameter described by (APHA). The fluoride data thus obtained was checked, evaluated and used in a Geographical Information System (GIS) environment procedure to prepare fluoride zonation map of the Jagalur taluk of Davangere district of Karnataka. The study area was divided into four zones based on the fluoride concentration, ranging from 0.0 – 0.5 mg/l, 0.5 to 1.5 mg /l, 1.5 mg/l to 2.5mg/l and � 2.5mg/l as shown by four different shadings in figure 1 and 2. The level of 1.5 mg/l is the highest tolerance limit set by the World Health Organization, but in India, because of food habits and the nutrient status of the people, the maximum is set at 1.0 mg/l. Results and DiscussionFrom the study it is clear that the Jagalur taluk (figure 1 and 2) is not evenly affected by the fluoride concentration but it is dispersed within the areas. The areas Gurusiddapura, Hirebannihatti, Bharamasamudra and Bangarakkanagudda having more than 1.5 mg/l need specific attention to investigate ways to improve human health and societal implications in them. The areas like Kamalapura, Kolamaghatta, Honnamaradi and Gourammana halli are within the range of 1.0 to 1.5 mg/l. However, the areas around Bilchod, Asagodu, Siddaiahnakote and Kattigehalli have fluoride concentration ranges below 1.0 mg/l. The results indicate that the areas having fluoride concentration more than 1.5mg/l undoubtedly affect health of the people. International Research Journal of Earth Sciences____________________________________________________ ISSN 2321–2527 Vol. 2(7), 6-9, August (2014) Int. Res. J. Earth Sci. International Science Congress Association 7 Table-1 Details of Bore Wells Locations Sl. No. Village name GPS Location Elevation (m) Depth of bore Well (m) BGL or below ground level (m) Age of borewell (years) Depth of water table from msl(m) J1 Bilchod N14°29.98¢ E76°09.57¢ 611 91.44 18.28 10 592.72 J2 Kamalapura N 14°31.63¢ E 76°10.191¢ 630 85.34 30.48 8 599.52 J3 Kolamaghatta N 14°31.778¢ E76°09.294¢ 620 182.88 100.00 6 520 J4 Marikunte N 14°32.038¢ E76°10.494¢ 637 97.53 60.00 12 577 J5 Asagodu N 14°33.772 E76°09.265¢ 617 76.2 36.57 15 580.44 J6 Asagodu N 14°33.704¢ E76°09.061¢ 617 91.44 42.67 20 574.38 J7 Huchangipura N 14°36.007¢ E76°09.382¢ 623 164.59 134.12 3 488.88 J8 Ujjappava- derahalli N 14°37.254¢ E76°09.549¢ 611 91.44 64.08 1 546.92 J9 Siddaiahnakote N 14°37.885¢ E76°08.508¢ 598 91.44 54.86 5 543.16 J10 Basavanakote N 14°40.044¢ E76°07.628¢ 590 91.44 45.72 8 544.28 J11 Magadi N 14°40.389¢ E 76°10.301¢ 603 106.68 60.96 2 542.04 J12 Gurusiddapura N 14°39.597¢ E76°11.829¢ 691 97.53 30.48 8 660.52 J13 Venkateshapura N 14°38.000¢ E76°14.054¢ 655 91.44 27.43 15 627.58 J14 Venkateshapura N 14°38.015¢ E 76°14.036¢ 655 91.44 27.43 5 627.58 J15 Gowdikatte N 14°37.051¢ E 76°14.618¢ 665 91.44 27.43 5 637.58 J16 Hirebannihatti N 14°36.872¢ E76°16.708¢ 667 106.68 60.96 5 606.04 J17 Kenchenahalli N 14°34.267¢ E 76°18.415¢ 688 91.44 54.86 5 633.26 J18 Bharamasamudra N 14°31.056¢ E 76°23.190¢ 656 137.16 106.68 6 months 549.32 J19 Bharamasamudra N 14°31.080¢ E76°23.633¢ 646 91.44 76.2 10 569.80 J20 Siddammanahalli N 14°31.021¢ E76°24.371¢ 656 137.16 67.05 4 588.94 J21 Bangarakkanagudda N 14°31.128¢ E 76°25.204¢ 657 76.2 54.86 5 602.36 J22 Donnehalli N 14°29.319¢ E 76°24.226¢ 635 91.44 27.43 10 607.58 J23 Honnamaradi N 14°28.3 79¢ E76°22.523¢ 649 106.68 45 7 604.00 J24 Gourammanahalli N 14°25.974¢ E76°22.256¢ 654 73.15 36.57 12 617.44 J25 Kattigehalli N 14°26.631¢ E76°19.823¢ 659 121.92 60.96 7 598.04 J26 Kattigehalli N 14°26.627¢ E76°19.834 659 121.92 60.96 9 598.04 J27 Bidarakere N 14°25.784¢ E 76°18.039¢ 679 91.44 30.48 5 648.52 International Research Journal of Earth Sciences____________________________________________________ ISSN 2321–2527 Vol. 2(7), 6-9, August (2014) Int. Res. J. Earth Sci. International Science Congress Association 8 Table-2 Fluoride Concentration of Water Samples Sl. NO. Village Name Fluoride (F - ) mg/l Pre monsoon Post monsoon J1 Bilchod 1.04 0.90 J2 Kamalapura 1.16 1.00 J3 Kolamaghatta 1.22 1.10 J4 Marikunte 1.00 1.00 J5 Asagodu 0.60 0.60 J6 Asagodu 0.57 0.40 J7 Huchangipura 1.10 1.00 J8 Ujjappavadera-halli 1.40 1.10 J9 Siddaiahnakote 0.89 0.80 J10 Basavanakote 1.73 1.10 J11 Magadi 1.83 1.20 J12 Gurusiddapura 2.12 1.80 J13 Venkateshapura 1.62 1.42 J14 Venkateshapura 1.60 1.50 J15 Gowdikatte 1.68 1.32 J16 Hirebannihatti 2.15 1.80 J17 Kenchenahalli 1.08 1.00 J18 Bharamasamudra 1.60 1.14 J19 Bharamasamudra 2.03 1.85 J20 Siddammanahalli 1.11 1.10 J21 Bangarakkana-gudda 2.96 2.00 J22 Donnehalli 1.32 1.20 J23 Honnamaradi 1.68 1.40 J24 Gourammanahalli 1.65 1.32 J25 Kattigehalli 0.91 0.90 J26 Kattigehalli 0.86 0.80 J27 Bidarakere 2.70 1.85 ConclusionThere is a need to recharge the bore wells by building artificial recharging structures to bring down the high fluoride concentrations in the affected zones of the study area, as a long term measure in the interest of the welfare of the rural mass. AcknowledgementsThe authors are thankful to KSCST (Karnataka State Council for Science and Technology), Bangalore, for financial assistance. References 1.APHA,Standard methods for the examination of water and waste water.16ed, Pub, By American public health Association (APHA), New York (1995)2.Hem, Study and interpretation of the chemical characteristics of natural water. US Geological Survey Water Supply paper 2254 (1991)3.Trivedy and Goel,Chemical and biological methods for water pollution studies, Environmental publications, Karad, India, 215, (1984)4.APHA-AWWA-WPCF, Standard methods for the examination of water and waste water.15 ed, Pub, By American public health Association (APHA), Washington D.C. (1980) International Research Journal of Earth Sciences____________________________________________________ ISSN 2321–2527 Vol. 2(7), 6-9, August (2014) Int. Res. J. Earth Sci. 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