@Research Paper
<#LINE#>Implications of gender discrimination for household food security among small holder dairy farmers in Nakaloke, Mbale District, Uganda<#LINE#>Denis @Waiswa,Akullo @Jolly <#LINE#>1-11<#LINE#>1.ISCA-RJAFS-2020-033.pdf<#LINE#>Department of Animal Production and Management, Faculty of Agriculture and Animal Sciences, Busitema University, P. O.  Box 236, Tororo, Uganda@Department of Animal Production and Management, Faculty of Agriculture and Animal Sciences, Busitema University, P. O.  Box 236, Tororo, Uganda<#LINE#>27/8/2020<#LINE#>25/12/2020<#LINE#>Available evidence shows that there exists a strong mutual relationship between gender discrimination and household food insecurity. Marginalization of women who are believed to be the custodian of household food security has a great influence on the food security status of households in most communities of Uganda. This study was undertaken to determine the implications of gender discrimination for household food security among smallholder dairy farmers in Nakaloke Sub County - Mbale district. Great focus was on the gender roles and their implications for food security, pattern of access to and ownership of production resources by different genders and their decision making powers in terms of use of production resources and the benefits thereof. Primary data was collected from 96 respondents in the 3 parishes of Nakaloke Sub County using questionnaires and it was analyzed using Microsoft excels. On average, 18% men, 49% women, 5% boys and 1% girls participated in all milk production activities. In 27% of the interviewed households, dairy production activities were carried out jointly. Ownership of the production resources was predominantly vested in men; 71% and 81% men owned cattle and land respectively. Decision making powers in terms of use of production resources and the benefits thereof were also predominantly vested in men. Households where men and women jointly shared the livestock production activities produced more litres of milk and were more food secure than households where either men or women performed the activities single handedly. The study also revealed that households were women owned the production resources such as land and cattle were more food secure than those where these resources were owned and controlled by men.<#LINE#>OECD and FAO (2016).@Agriculture in sub-Saharan Africa: Prospects and challenges for the next decade.@OECD-FAO agricultural outlook 2016-2025.@Yes$Behnke, R., and Nakirya, M. (2012).@The contribution of livestock to the Ugandan economy.@@Yes$Godber, O.F., and Wall, R. (2014).@Livestock and food security: vulnerability to population growth and climate change.@Global change biology, 20(10), 3092-3102.@Yes$Women, U. N. (2015).@The cost of the gender gap in agricultural productivity in Malawi.@Tanzania, and Uganda.@Yes$FAO. (2019).@The future of livestock in Uganda.@Opportunities and challenges in the face of uncertainty.@No$Tijjani, K.I., and Yeti&#351;emiyen, A. (2015).@Dairy Cattle and Dairy Industry in Uganda: Trends and Challenges.@Research Journal of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, 3(10), 14-18.@Yes$Ekou, J. (2014).@Dairy production and marketing in Uganda: current status, constraints and way forward.@Afr J Agric Res, 9(10), 881-888.@Yes$GoU (2016).@Are Agriculture Sector Policies and Interventions in Uganda Gender Sensitive and Responsive?.@Ministry of Finance, Planning and Economic Development. BMAU Briefing Paper (2/16).@No$UBOS and MGLSD (2019).@Gender Issues in Uganda: An Analysis of Gender Based Violence.@Asset Ownership and Employment.@No$FAO (2009).@Bridging the gap, FAOs Programme for Gender Equality in Agriculture and Rural Development.@@No$Ssali, S. (2019).@A matrix and analysis of gender equality laws and policies in Uganda.@In Report published by School of Women and Gender Studies, Makerere University, in partnership with University Forum on Governance under the Gender Equality Project.@Yes$Madinah, N. (2020).@The Gender Issues in Uganda: An Analysis of Gender-Based Violence.@Asset Ownership and Employment in Uganda. Urban Studies and Public Administration, 3(3).@Yes$Distefano, F. (2013).@Understanding and integrating gender issues into livestock projects and programmes: a checklist for practitioners.@Understanding and integrating gender issues into livestock projects and programmes: a checklist for practitioners.  ISBN: 978-92-5-107513-5.@Yes$Huyer, S. (2016).@Closing the Gender Gap in Agriculture.@Asian Institute of Technology SAGE Publications, 2(20), 105-116.@Yes$FAO (2011).@The State of Food and Agriculture, 2010-2011.@Women in Agriculture: Closing the Gender Gap for Development.@No$Amanda Ellis, Claire Manuel, and Blackden, C.M. (2006).@Gender and Economic Growth in Uganda: Unleashing the Power of Women.@The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/THE WORLD BANK.  ISBN: 10: 0-8213-6384-0.@Yes$Kasirye, I. (2011).@Addressing Gender Gaps in the Ugandan Labour Market.@@Yes$Assan, N. (2013).@Women empowerment as a tool against food insecurity in Sub Saharan Africa.@J A Review. Sci. J. Rev, 2(11), 329-339.@Yes$FAO and UNDP (2017).@Gender and adaptation planning in the agricultural sectors: the case of Uganda.@Integrating Agriculture in National Adaptation Plans (NAP-Ag) Programme.@No$Habtezion, S. (2012b).@Gender, agriculture and food security.@United Nations Development Programme.@No$Habtezion, S. (2012a).@Gender, climate change and food security.@United Nations Development Programme.@No$Schutter, O.D. (2013).@Gender Equality and Food Security: Womens Empowerment as a Tool against Hunger.@Asian Development Bank and Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.  ISBN: 978-92-9254-172-9.@Yes$Agarwal, B., and Herring, R. (2014).@Food security, productivity and gender inequality.@J Handbook of food, politics society.@Yes$Mukasa, A. N., & Salami, A. O. (2016).@Gender equality in agriculture: What are really the benefits for sub-Saharan Africa?.@Africa Economic Brief, 7(3), 1-12.@Yes$Ali, D., Bowen, D., Deininger, K., and Duponchel, M. (2015).@Investigating the gender gap in agricultural productivity: Evidence from Uganda.@The World Bank.  ISBN: 1813-9450.@Yes$Agarwal, B. (2012).@Food Security, Productivity and Gender Inequality.@IEG Working Paper No. 314.@Yes$Brody, A., Hossain, N., Oswald, K., & Smith, S. (2015).@Innovations from the Field: Gender mainstreaming from the ground up for the World Food Programme.@@Yes$Bickel, G., Nord, M., Price, C., Hamilton, W., & Cook, J. (2000).@Guide to measuring household food security.@@Yes$Brody, A., Spieldoch, A., and Aboud, G. (2014).@Gender and Food Security, Towards Gender-Just Food and Nutrition Security.@Overview Report Bridge 2014. Institute of Development Studies.  ISBN: 978-1-78118-203-1.@Yes$McKenna, K., (2014).@The Role of Ugandan Women in Rural Agriculture and Food Security.@Master of Arts, University of Denver,@Yes$Njuki, J., & Miller, B. (2019).@Livestock and Gender: Achieving poverty alleviation and food security through livestock policies that benefit women.@Gates Open Res, 3.@Yes$Dischl, R. (2017).@Gender and Food Security.@Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation SDC.@No$UBOS. (2019).@Statistical Abstract.@@No$Onek, H.O. (2016).@Mbale District Hazard.@Risk and Vulnerability Profile.@No$Egunyu, M., Mbabazi, J., and Mugalya, A. (2013).@Local Government Councils Performance and Public Service Delivery in Uganda: Mbale District Council Score-Card Report 2011/12.@ACODE Public Service Delivery and Accountability Report Series No.6, 2013. Kampala.@No$Rich, J. (2020).@Land Conflict Mapping Tool, Uganda Directory.@http://www.lcmt.org/uganda/mbale/nakaloke. Retrieved 10 August, 2020.@No$CICEK, H., and TANDOGAN, M. (2008).@Economic analysis of dairy cattle activity in Afyonkarahisar province.@J Akdeniz Universitesi Ziraat FakUltesi Dergisi, 21(2), 179-184.@Yes$Phong, N.A.  (2020).@Improved Market Access and Smallholder Dairy Farmer Participation for Sustainable Dairy Development (CFC/FIGMDP/16FT).@Lessons Learned Studies, Case of Viet Nam.@No$UBOS (2012).@Uganda Bureau of Statistics.@Statistical Abstract.@No$UBOS (2017). National Population and Housing Census 2014 Area Specific Profiles, Mbale District.  Kampala, Uganda.@undefined@undefined@No$Israel, G.D. (1992).@Determining sample size.@University of Florida, IFAS Extension.@Yes$Deere, C.D., and Doss, C.R. (2006).@The gender asset gap: What do we know and why does it matter?@J Feminist economics, 12(1-2), 1-50.@Yes$Allendorf, K. (2007).@Do womens land rights promote empowerment and child health in Nepal?.@J World development, 35(11), 1975-1988.@Yes$Rugadya, M., and Busingye, H. (2002).@Gender perspectives in the land reform process in Uganda.@Kampala: Uganda Land Alliance.@Yes
<#LINE#>Assessment of pest problems and farmers perception on the use of botanical pesticides in Ekiti State, Nigeria<#LINE#>Oso @A.A.,Kolawole @A.O.,Ashafa @A.O.T. <#LINE#>12-17<#LINE#>2.ISCA-RJAFS-2020-034.pdf<#LINE#>Dept. of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of The Free State, Phuthaditjhaba, Republic of South Africa@Department of Agricultural Economics and Extension Services, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Ekiti State University, Ado Ekiti, Nigeria@Dept. of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of The Free State, Phuthaditjhaba, Republic of South Africa<#LINE#>17/9/2020<#LINE#>2/1/2021<#LINE#>The careless and indiscriminate use of synthetic pesticides with its attendant side effects on humans and the ecosystem have led to co-operative research efforts to curtail the menace. These efforts have produced alternative approaches among which are the use of botanical pesticides for management of pests. Botanically derived pesticides are natural, and contain bioactive compounds showing toxicity against pests ravaging crops. This study was carried out to assess pest problems and also to investigate the perceptions of farmers in Ekiti State towards the use of botanical pesticides. Four towns were purposively selected from each of the three ADP zones and ten (10) respondents selected in each town to give 120 respondents. Questionnaires and interview schedules were conducted with the respondents. The major threats to agricultural productivity in Ekiti State are complex problems of interactions between different categories of pests including insects, pathogens, and weeds. Majority of the respondents (41.7%) make use of only synthetic pesticides as the main pest control option while 25.8% of the respondents combine both synthetic and botanicals for pest control. The Likert scale revealed that with the high literacy exposure of the respondents on the hazardous potentials of the chemicals, it was widely utilized for the control of pests on their farms. The drudgery involved in the preparation of the botanicals considering the huge quantities required, coverage on farmers fields, time factor and labour needed in its preparation may be responsible for the low adoption. We recommend the need for agricultural policies that would promote the commercial production of botanical pesticides and make incentives available to farmers and local institutions. This would in return improve food security and promote environmental safety.<#LINE#>NPC (2017).@National Population Commission and National Bureau of Statistics Estimates.@@No$Ekiti State Government (2006).@History and Information on the Fountain of knowledge.@Ministry of Information.@No$Odoemenem, I.U. and Obinne, C.P.O. (2010).@Assessing the factors influencing the utilization of improved cereal crop production technologies by small scale farmers in Nigeria.@Indian Journal of Science and Technology, 3(1), 180-183.@No$Dambatta, S.N. (2012).@E-Wallet delivers inputs to Nigerian small-holders. Peoples.@Dailyhttp://www. peopledaily-online.com/index.php/news/ agriculture/2086-e-wallet-delivers-inputs-to-Nigerian-small-holders. Accessed on December 2012.@Yes$Olaniran, O.A., Babarinde, S.A., Odewole, A.F., Aremu, P.A., and Papoola, K. (2014).@Rural FarmersPerceptions, Knowledge and Management of Insect Pests of Fruit Vegetables in Ogbomoso Agricultural Zone of Nigeria.@International Letters of Natural Sciences, 25, 18-28.@Yes$Akoijam, R., Telem, R. and Marangmei, L. (2014).@Insect pest problems and its changing trends on crop losses.@Environment and Ecology (Kalyani), 32, 837-841.@Yes$Oerke, E. C. (2006).@Crop losses to pests.@Journal of Agricultural Science, 144, 31-43.@Yes$Srinivasan, R. (2012).@Integrating biopesticides in pest management strategies for tropical vegetable production.@J. Biopesticides., 5, 36-45.@Yes$Borisade, O.A., Falade, M.J. and Oso, A.A. (2018).@Growth characteristics and virulence of non-tropical isolate of Metarhizium anisopliae against banana weevil, Cosmopolites sordidus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) invitro.@MAYFEB Journal of Agricultural Science, 1, 1-9.@Yes$Dzemo, W.D., Niba, A.S. and Asiwe, J.A.N. (2010).@Effects of insecticide spray application on insect pest infestation and yield of cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp] in the Transkei, South Africa.@Afr. J. Biotechnol, 9, 1973-1679.@Yes$Oso, A.A. and Longe O.O. (2016).@Effects of banana borer weevil (Cosmopolites sordidus) on plantain orchard rehabilitated with pared corms, poultry manure, and bio-active mulch.@International Journal of agriculture and Environmental Research, 1(1), 106-115.@Yes$Oluwatayo, I. (2008).@The resources use efficiency of maize farmers in Nigeria. Evidence from Ekiti State.@World Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 4(1) 91-99.@No$Oluwatusin, F.M., (2014).@The Perception of and Adaptation to Climate Change among Cocoa Farm Households in Ondo State, Nigeria.@Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies, 3(1), 147-156.@Yes$Oso, A.A. and Ayodele, O.J. (2016).@Farm Practices Adopted for Perennial Productivity of Plantain Production Systems in Ekiti and Ondo States, Nigeria.@Glo. Adv. Res. J. Agric. Sci., 3(6), 165-174.@Yes$Fakayode, B.S., Rahji, M.A.Y., Ayinde, O. and Nnom, G.O. (2011).@An economic assessment of plantain production in Rivers State, Nigeria.@International Journal of Agricultural Economics and Rural Development, 4, 28-36.@Yes$Olayide, S. O. (1990).@Characteristics Problems and Significance of Farmers. In Olayide S.O, Eweka, J.A and Bello Osagie, V.E (eds).@Nigeria small farmers problems and prospects in integrated rural development.@No$Kayode, J., Odesola, A.F., Ayeni, M.J. and Awoyemi, S.B. (2016).@Survey of botanicals used as pesticides by the rural farmers of Ekiti State, Nigeria.@International journal of biological Papers, 1(2), 12-17.@Yes$Odeyemi, O.O., Masika, P. and Afolayan, A.J. (2006).@Farmers knowledge and experience of indigenous insect pest control in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa.@Indilinga-African Journal of Indigenous Knowledge System, 5(2), 174.@Yes$Anjawalla, P., Oforin, D.A., Jammndass, R., Mowo, J.G. and Stevenon, P.C. (2014).@Processing of the training workshop on sustainable production, harvesting, and conservation of botanical pesticide.@World Agroforestry centre (ICRAF) Nairobi, Kenya.@No$Alalade, O.A., Matanmi, B.M., Olaoye, I.J., Adegoke, B.J. and Olaitan, T.R. (2017).@Assessment of pests control methods and its perceived effect on agricultural production among farmers in Kwara State, Nigeria.@Agro-Science, 16 (1), 42-47.@Yes
<#LINE#>Rehabilitation of degraded Jhum land of Assam (India) through plantation of selected bamboo species and explore their potentiality towards carbon sequestration<#LINE#>Indrani P @Bora,Arundhati @Baruah,Kuntala N @Baruah <#LINE#>18-26<#LINE#>3.ISCA-RJAFS-2020-035.pdf<#LINE#>Silviculture and Forest Management Division, Rain Forest Research Institute, Jorhat, Assam, India@Silviculture and Forest Management Division, Rain Forest Research Institute, Jorhat, Assam, India@Silviculture and Forest Management Division, Rain Forest Research Institute, Jorhat, Assam, India<#LINE#>23/9/2020<#LINE#>10/1/2021<#LINE#>A study was conducted in selected sites of degraded shifting cultivation land under Nilip and Rongmongwe Block of Karbi Anglong district, Assam. Bamboo plantation was raised from rhizome and seedling in two different spacing regimes i.e. 5mx5m and 6.6mx6.6m. Number of newly emerged shoots raised from both rhizome and seedlings was recorded in every year. Gfjud Culm emergence was found to be considerably more in B. tulda followed by B. nutans and B. balcooa and was recorded comparatively low in seedling origin plantation Progressive growth data showed rapid increase of newly emerged culm upto one year and after that the growth was slow. Significantly low growth was observed in seedling origin plantation. Maximum growth was observed in B. balcooa followed by B. tulda and B. nutans. No significant difference of growth was noticed due to spacing. Progressive increment of biomass production showed significant increase with age of plantation. B. tulda scored highest value of biomass production (254.30tha-1) followed by B. balcooa (174.19tha-1) and B nutans (149.84tha-1) in four year plantation. Percentage of plant carbon as well as total biomass carbon stock (tC/ha) increase with increase in age of the plant. Low value of biomass carbon was recorded in seedling origin plantation.  B. tulda recorded highest biomass carbon stock (8894.12tC/ha) followed by B. balcooa (5982.79tC/ha) and B nutans (3587.23tC/ha). In B. tulda biomass carbon stock was comparatively more at 5mx5m spacing (8894.12tC/ha) than 6.6mx6.6m spacing (6984.21tC/ha) but in other two species no significant difference was noticed. Soil organic carbon stock was recorded maximum in B. tulda (1025.7tC ha-1) and least in B. nutans (782.3tC ha-1) in rhizome plantation of 6.6mx6.6m spacing. Same trend was noticed in seedling plantation also. Comparative assessment of total carbon stock reveals that B. tulda plantation showed highest value of carbon stock (9857.52tC ha-1) and (2567.56tC ha-1) raised from rhizome and seedlings respectively. Least value was observed in B. nutans. Therefore, it can be assumed that B. tulda has potential in terms of carbon sequestration and can be suggested for large scale plantation for rehabilitation of jhum land as well as to mitigate global warming.<#LINE#>IPCC (2007). Climate Change. Working Group III, Mitigation of Climate Change, Technical Summary, Geneva, Switzerland.@undefined@undefined@No$Amoah, M., Assam, F and Dadjie, P.K. (2020). Aboveground biomass, carbon storage and fuel values of Bambusa vulgaris, Oxynanteria abbyssinica and Bambusa vulgaris var.vitata plantations in the Bobiri forest reserve of Ghana. Journal of sustainable Forestry, 39(2). 113-136.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Banerjee S.K. and Prakasam. U. (2013). Biomass carbon pool and soil organic carbon sequestration in Tactona grandis plantations. Indian Forester, 139(9), 797-802.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Sohel, S.I., Alamgir, M., Akhter, S. and Rahman, M. (2015) Carbon storage in a bamboo (Bambusa vulgaris) plantation in the degraded tropical forests: Implications for policy development. Land Use Policy, 49(49), 142-151. DOI: 10.1016/j.landusepol.2015.07.011.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Rao, K.S., Maikhuri, R.K. and Saxena, K.G. (1999). Participatory approach to rehabilitation of degraded forest lands: a case study in a higher altitude village of Indian Himalaya. International Tree Crop Journal, 10, 1-17.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Emamverdian, A., Ding, Y., Ranaei, F. and Ahmad, Z. (2019). Application of Bamboo Plants in Nine Aspects. The Scientific World Journal, 9. https://doi.org/10.1155/ 2020/7284203.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Yadav, A.K. (2010). Biomass production and carbon sequestration in different Agroforestry system in Tarai region of central Himalaya. Indian Forester, 234-244.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Walkley, A. and Black, I.A. (1934). An examination of the Degtjareff method for determining soil organic matter, and a proposed modification of the chromic acid titration method. Soil Science, 37, 29-38.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Jha, K.K. (2005). Storage and flux of organic carbon in young Tectona grandis plantation in moist deciduous forests. Indian Forester, 131(5), 647-659.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Wilde, S.A., Voigt, G.K. and Iyer. J.G. (1964). Soil and Plant Analysis for Tree Culture. Oxford Publishing House, Calcutta, India.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Ravindranath, N.H. and Ostwald, M. (2008). Carbon inventory method- Determination of cation exchange capacity, organic carbon, soil reaction and bulk density. In Soil carbon: Science, management, policy for multiple benefits Eds. Banwart, S.A. Noellemeyer, E and Milne, E. CABI publishing.@undefined@undefined@No$Joao Carlos de M.Sa., Cerri, C.C., Dick, W.A., Hal, R., Fitha, S.P.V., Piceolo, M.C. and Feigi, B.E, (2001). Organic matter dynamics and carbon sequestration rates for a tillage chronosequence in a Brazilian Oxisol. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 65(5),1486-1499.@undefined@undefined@No$Negi, J.D.S., Manhas, R.K. and Chauhan, P.S. (2003). Carbon allocation in different components of some tree species in India. A new approach for carbon estimation.  Current Science, 85, 101-104.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Upadhyaya, A.K. and Soni, R.G. (1997). Growth, Biomass production and dry matter distribution of pattern of Eucalyptus camaldulensis grown under irrigated conditions in IGNP area of Rajasthan. Indian Forester, 123(3), 190-195.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Ohta, S., and Effendi, S. (1992). Ultisol of lowland Dipterocarp forest in east Kalimantan, Indonesia.  Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition. 38: 197-206.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Hosur, G.C. and Dasog, G.S. (1995). Effect of Tree Species on Soil Properties. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science, 43(2), 256-259.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Das, D.K., Chaturvedi, O.P. and Jha, A.N. (1997). Litterfall and nutrient returnin 4-yearoldplantations of different tree species in north Bihar. Journal of Tropical Forestry, 13, 19-24.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Contractor, R.M. and Bahadur, V.P. (1996). Effect of forest vegetation on properties of vertisols. Journal of Indian Society of Soil Science, 44(3), 510-511.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Tariyal, K., Upadhyay, A., Tewari, S. and Melkania, U. (2013). Plant and soil carbon stock and carbon sequestration potential in four major bamboo species in North India. Journal of Advanced Laboratory Research Biology, 4(3), 90-98.@undefined@undefined@Yes
<#LINE#>Effect of age and site quality on the wood properties of Albizia richardiana (Voigt) King and Prain<#LINE#>Rupak Kumar @Ghosh,Rumana @Rana,Santosh @Mazumdar <#LINE#>27-31<#LINE#>4.ISCA-RJAFS-2020-037.pdf<#LINE#>Bangladesh Forest Research Institute, Chittagong - 4211, Bangladesh@Khulna University, Khulna -9208, Bangladesh@University of Chittagong, Chittagong-4331, Bangladesh <#LINE#>28/5/2020<#LINE#>8/2/2021<#LINE#>Albizia richardiana (Voigt) King & Prain is a promising light demanding fast growing species and planted as an ornamental tree in Bangladesh. Wood is light yellow colored, contain indistinguishable sapwood and heartwood. The present study abridges the results of an assessment designed at assessing the uses of A. richardiana as an alternative source of raw material for various purposes. The physical and mechanical properties were assessed and compared at two different ages of two ecologically difference and distinct districts namely Rajbari and Barisal in Bangladesh. The samples of Rajbari site exhibited the best results in both physical and mechanical properties compared to samples of Barisal sites in both cases of age and site quality. The results also revealed that samples of 12 years in both sites were superior.<#LINE#>Das, D.K. and Alam, M.K. (2001).@Trees of Bangladesh.@Bangladesh Forest Research Institute, Chittagong, Bangladesh, 2, 342.@No$Azad, M.S., Paul, N.K. and Matin, M.A. (2010).@Do pre-sowing treatments affect seed germination in Albiziarichardiana and Lagerstroemia speciosa?.@Frontiers of Agriculture in China, 4,181-184.@Yes$BFD (2011).@Forest types.@http://www. bforest.gov.bd/ index.php/forestcategory/village-forests.@No$Biswas, D., Misbahuddin, M. and Roy, U. (2012).@Response of Rajkoroi (Albiziarichardiana King and Prain) wood for various alkaline pulping processes.@Bangladesh Journal of Forest science, 32(1), 45-52.@No$Barnett, J.R. and Jeronimidis, G. (2003).@Wood Quality and Its Biological Basis.@CRC Press LLC, 2000 Corporate Blvd., N.W., Boca Raton FL 33431, USA, pp. 1-226. ISBN: 0-8493-2819-5.@No$Anon. (1970).@Indian Forest Utilization.@Volume 1, Forest Research Institute and Colleges, Dhera Dun, India, 179-185.@No$Kabir, M.F., Bhattacharjee, D.K., Sattar, M.A. and Elias, G.A.M. (1992).@Effect of preservative treatment on strength properties of Mangium (Acacia Mangium). Bangladesh Journal of Forest Science, Bangladesh, 23(1), 41-44.@undefined@No$Chowdhury, M.Q., Shams, M.I. and Alam, M. (2005).@Effects of age and height variation on physical properties of mangium (Acacia mangium Willd.) wood.@Australian Forestry, 68(1), 17-19.@Yes$Mitchell, M. D. and Denne, M. P. (1997).@Variation in density of Piceasitchensis in relation towithin-tree trends in tracheid diameter and wall thickness.@Forestry, 70, 51-62.@Yes$Winady, J. E. (1995).@Impact of preservative treatment on allowable design stresses.@Wood Design Focus, 2(1), 14-16.@No$RDABD. (2020).@Rajbari District and Barisal District.@https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajbari_District and https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barisal@No$Bhattacharjee, D.K. and Sattar, M.A. (1988).@Physical and mechanical properties of Kankra (Bruguiera conjugata) and Passur (Xylocarpus mollocensis).@Bangladesh Forest Research Institute, Chittagong, Bangladesh.@Yes$Faherty, K.F. and Williamson, T.G. (1995).@Wood Engineering and Construction Handbook.@McGRAW-Hill INC, New York, USA.@No$Haygreen, J.G. and Bowyer, J. L. (1982).@Forest product and wood science, An introduction.@The lowa state university press, Ames, Lowa. pp. 223-227.@Yes$Tsoumis, G. (1991).@Science and Technology of Wood.@Chapman Hall, New York, pp. 491.@No$Shrivastava, M. B. (1997).@Wood Technology.@Vikas Publishing House (pot) Ltd., pp. 82-123@No$Panshin, A. J. and De Zeeuw, C. (1980).@A text book on wood technology.@Graw-Hill Book Company. New York. pp. 202-203.@No$Mohiuddin, M. and Das, D.K. (1992).@Wood anatomy of ten important village tree species of Bangladesh.@Bulletin 14, Wood anatomy Series, Bangladesh Forest Research Institue, Chittagong, p.3.@Yes$Desch, H.E. and Dinwoodie, J.M. (1996).@Timber structure, Properties, Conversion and Use.@Macmillan Press Limited. Desch, H. E., & Dinwoodie, J. M. (2016). Timber: structure, properties, conversion and use. Macmillan International Higher Education.@Yes$Gerhards, C. C. (1982).@Effect of Moisture Content and Temperature on the Mechanical Properties of Wood: An Analysis of Immediate Effects.@Wood and Fiber, 14(1), 4-36.@No$Matan, N. and Kyokong, B. (2003).@Effect of moisture content on some physical and mechanical properties of juvenile rubber wood (Hevea brasiliensis Muell. Arg.). Songklanakarin.@J. Sci. Technol., 25(3), 327-340.@Yes$Sahri, M.H., Ashaari, Z., Kader, R.A. and Mohmod, A.L. (1998).@Physical And Mechanical Properties of Acacia mangium and Acacia Auriculiformis from Different Provenances.@Tropical, 21(2), p.73.@Yes$Punches, J. (2004).@Tree Growth, Forest Management, and Their Implications for Wood Quality.@PNW 576, pp. 8pages@No
<#LINE#>Species richness in community forestry and exploration of relationship among area, flora and fauna<#LINE#>Parbat Raj @Thani,Prashid @Kandel <#LINE#>32-43<#LINE#>5.ISCA-RJAFS-2020-045.pdf<#LINE#>United for Sustainable Development, Kathmandu, 44600, Nepal@Kathmandu Forestry College, Kathmandu, 1276, Nepal<#LINE#>4/12/2020<#LINE#>27/2/2021<#LINE#>Forest biodiversity is increasingly threatened as a result of human being, and to discourage its loss, urgent need to apply all the possible measures has been realized. Study of species richness has great importance to support in the conservation, resource management and sustainable development planning. However, its data deficiency and resulting unclear relationship among area, flora and fauna are major concerns. The purpose of this study was to study incorporation status of species richness into operational plans, and to identify relationships among area, flora and fauna through assessing species richness in the community forests of different geographical regions of Nepal. We observed trivial number of species mentioning in operational plans than they really existed. Furthermore, there was weak positive correlation between size of the area and species richness and we found comparatively good species richness even in the community forests with smaller areas. Similarly, the correlation between flora and fauna was moderately positive and we observed the number of flora greater than the number of fauna in most of the community forests of terai/siwalik and hill but fauna was higher in mid-mountain. Besides this, overall species richness was found to be highest in terai/siwalik and the least in mid-mountain.<#LINE#>Butler, C. D., & Oluoch-Kosura, W. (2006).@Linking Future Ecosystem Services and Future Human Well-being.@Ecology and Society, 11(1). https://www.jstor.org/stable/ 26267788.@Yes$Harrison, P. A., Vandewalle, M., Sykes, M. T., Berry, P. M., Bugter, R., de Bello, F., Feld, C. K., Grandin, U., Harrington, R., Haslett, J. R., Jongman, R. H. G., Luck, G. W., da Silva, P. M., Moora, M., Settele, J., Sousa, J. P., & Zobel, M. (2010).@Identifying and prioritising services in European terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems.@Biodiversity and Conservation, 19(10), 2791-2821. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-010-9789-x.@Yes$Costanza, R., de Groot, R., Sutton, P., van der Ploeg, S., Anderson, S. J., Kubiszewski, I., Farber, S., & Turner, R. K. (2014).@Changes in the global value of ecosystem services.@Global Environmental Change, 26, 152-158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2014.04.002@Yes$Díaz, S., Fargione, J., Iii, F. S. C., & Tilman, D. (2006).@Biodiversity Loss Threatens Human Well-Being.@PLOS Biology, 4(8), e277. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio. 0040277@No$Cardinale, B. J., Duffy, J. E., Gonzalez, A., Hooper, D. U., Perrings, C., Venail, P., Narwani, A., Mace, G. M., Tilman, D., Wardle, D. A., Kinzig, A. P., Daily, G. C., Loreau, M., Grace, J. B., Larigauderie, A., Srivastava, D. S., & Naeem, S. (2012).@Biodiversity loss and its impact on humanity.@Nature, 486(7401), 59-67. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature 11148@Yes$Chapin, F. S., Zavaleta, E. S., Eviner, V. T., Naylor, R. L., Vitousek, P. M., Reynolds, H. L., Hooper, D. U., Lavorel, S., Sala, O. E., Hobbie, S. E., Mack, M. C., & Díaz, S. (2000).@Consequences of changing biodiversity.@Nature, 405(6783), 234-242. https://doi.org/10.1038/35012241@Yes$McNeely, J. A., Miller, K. R., Reid, W. V., Mittermeier, R. A., & Werner, T. B. (1990).@Conserving the worlds biological diversity.@Conserving the Worlds Biological Diversity. https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abstract /199 11620843@Yes$Sayer, J. A., & Whitmore, T. C. (1991).@Tropical moist forests: Destruction and species extinction.@Biological Conservation, 55(2), 199-213. https://doi.org/10.1016/0006 -3207(91)90056-F@No$Turner, I. M. (1996).@Species Loss in Fragments of Tropical Rain Forest: A Review of the Evidence.@Journal of Applied Ecology, 33(2), 200-209. https://doi.org/10. 2307/2404743@Yes$Assessment (MEA), M. E. (2005).@Ecosystems and Human Well-Being: Wetlands and Water Synthesis.@Washington, D.C.: World Resources Institute. https://vtechworks.lib.vt.edu/handle/10919/65899@Yes$Drake, J. A. (1989).@Restoration Ecology: A Synthetic Approach to Ecological Research.@William R. Jordan III , Michael E. Gilpin , John D. Aber. The Quarterly Review of Biology, 64(4), 517-518. https://doi.org/10.1086/416533@Yes$UNEP/CBD/COP/8/29. (2014).@Report of the twelfth meeting of the conference of the parties to the convention on biological diversity.@293.@No$Heywood, V. H., & Watson, R. T. (1995).@Global biodiversity assessment.@Vol. 1140. Cambridge University press Cambridge.@Yes$Kremen, C., Colwell, R. K., Erwin, T. L., Murphy, D. D., Noss, R. F., & Sanjayan, M. A. (1993).@Terrestrial Arthropod Assemblages: Their Use in Conservation Planning.@Conservation Biology, 7(4), 796-808.@Yes$Lorimer, G. S. (2006).@Inventory and Assessment of Indigenous Flora and Fauna in Boroondara@491.@Yes$Innes, J. L., & Koch, B. (1998).@Forest biodiversity and its assessment by remote sensing.@Global Ecology & Biogeography Letters, 7(6), 397-419. https://doi.org/10. 1046/j.1466-822X.1998.00314.x@Yes$Franklin, J. F., Cromack, K. J., Denison, W., McKee, A., Maser, C., Sedell, J., Swanson, F., & Juday, G. (1981).@Ecological characteristics of old-growth Douglas-fir forests. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-118. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station.@48 p, 118. https://doi.org/10.2737/PNW-GTR-118@No$Noss, R. F. (1990).@Indicators for Monitoring Biodiversity: A Hierarchical Approach.@Conservation Biology, 4(4), 355-364.@Yes$Vermeulen, S., & Koziell, I. (2002).@Integrating Global and Local Values: A Review of Biodiversity Assessment.@IIED.@Yes$Gabel, V., Home, R., Stöckli, S., Meier, M., Stolze, M., & Köpke, U. (2018).@Evaluating On-Farm Biodiversity: A Comparison of Assessment Methods.@Sustainability, 10(12), 4812. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10124812@Yes$McIntosh, R. P. (1967).@An Index of Diversity and the Relation of Certain Concepts to Diversity.@Ecology, 48(3), 392-404. https://doi.org/10.2307/1932674@Yes$Tuomisto, H. (2010).@A consistent terminology for quantifying species diversity? Yes, it does exist.@Oecologia, 164(4), 853-860. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00 442-010-1812-0@No$Sanjit, L., & Bhatt, D. (2005).@How relevant are the concepts of species diversity and species richness?.@Journal of Biosciences, 30(5), 557-560. https://doi.org/10. 1007/BF02703552@Yes$McKinney, M. L. (2008).@Effects of urbanization on species richness: A review of plants and animals.@Urban Ecosystems, 11(2), 161-176. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11 252-007-0045-4@Yes$Tilman, D., & Pacala, S. (1993).@The maintenance of species richness in plant communities.@Unknown Journal, 13-25.@Yes$Waide, R. B., Willig, M. R., Steiner, C. F., Mittelbach, G., Gough, L., Dodson, S. I., Juday, G. P., & Parmenter, R. (1999).@The Relationship Between Productivity and Species Richness.@Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 30(1), 257-300. https://doi.org/10.1146/ annurev.ecolsys.30.1.257@Yes$Acharya, K. P. (2003).@Conserving biodiversity and improving livelihoods: The case of community forestry in Nepal.@22.@Yes$Lawbuary, J. (1999). Reclaiming the Forests? Peoples Participation in Forest Management, East India. https://www.ganesha.co.uk/JoPubWeb/Frontdiss.htm@undefined@undefined@Yes$Padma, T. V. (2007).@Community forestry: The regreening of the Himalayas.@SciDev.Net. http://www.scidev.net/ index.cfm?originalUrl=/global/livestock/feature/community-forestry-the-regreening-of-the-himalaya.html&@No$Thani, P. R., Kc, R., Sharma, B. K., Kandel, P., & Nepal, K. (2019).@Integrating biodiversity conservation and ecosystem services into operational plan of community forest in Nepal: Status and gaps.@Banko Janakari, 29(1), 3-11.@Yes$NHMRCC. (2015).@Draft Report: Study of Climate and Climatic Variation over Nepal.@41.@Yes$Stainton, J. D. A. (1972).@Forests of Nepal.@First Edition. J. Murray.@No$Redford, K. H., & Padoch, C. (Eds.) (1992).@Conservation of Neotropical Forests: Working from Traditional Resource Use.@p. 475 Pages. Columbia University Press.@Yes$Johnson-Gottesfeld, L. M., & Hargus, S. (1998).@Classification and nomenclature in witsuwiten ethnobotany: a preliminary examination.@33. Johnson-Gottesfeld, L. M., & Hargus, S. (1998). Classification and nomenclature in Witsuwit@Yes$Gaston, K. J., & May, R. M. (1992).@Taxonomy of taxonomists.@Nature, 356(6367), 281-282. https://doi.org/ 10.1038/356281a0@Yes$Arances, J. B., Amoroso, V. B., Gruezo, W. S., Ridsdale, C., Visser, L., Tan, B. C., Rufila, L. V., Galvezo, J. B., Opiso, G. S., Comilap, R., Lumaray, C., Comilap, C., Pacut, N., Montimar, B., & Sacal, S. (2004).@Development of a participatory methodology for inventory and assessment of floral resources and their characterization in the Montane Forests of Mt. Malindang [Philippines].@https://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?record ID= PH2004001437@Yes$Jinxiu, W., Hongmao, L., Huabin, H., & Lei, G. (2004).@Participatory Approach for Rapid Assessment of Plant Diversity through a Folk Classification System in a Tropical Rainforest: Case Study in Xishuangbanna, China.@Conservation Biology, 18(4), 1139-1142. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2004.00075.x@Yes$Puth, M.-T., Neuhäuser, M., & Ruxton, G. D. (2014).@Effective use of Pearsons product-moment correlation coefficient.@Animal Behaviour, 93, 183-189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2014.05.003@Yes$Benesty, J., Chen, J., Huang, Y., & Cohen, I. (2009).@Pearson Correlation Coefficient.@In I. Cohen, Y. Huang, J. Chen, & J. Benesty (Eds.), Noise Reduction in Speech Processing (pp. 1-4). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-00296-0_5@Yes$Oertli, B., Joye, D. A., Castella, E., Juge, R., Cambin, D., & Lachavanne, J.B. (2002).@Does size matter? The relationship between pond area and biodiversity.@Biological Conservation, 104(1), 59-70. https://doi.org/10. 1016/S0006-3207(01)00154-9@Yes$Panitsa, M., Trigas, P., Iatrou, G., & Sfenthourakis, S. (2010).@Factors affecting plant species richness and endemism on land-bridge islands - An example from the East Aegean archipelago.@Acta Oecologica, 36(4), 431-437. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actao.2010.04.004@Yes$Kagiampaki, A., Triantis, K., Vardinoyannis, K., & Mylonas, M. (2011).@Factors affecting plant species richness and endemism in the South Aegean (Greece).@Journal of Biological Research, 16, 282-295.@Yes$Deshaye, J., & Morisset, P. (1988).@Floristic Richness, Area, and Habitat Diversity in a Hemiarctic Archipelago.@Journal of Biogeography, 15(5/6), 747-757. https://doi.org/ 10.2307/2845337.@Yes$MacArthur, R. H., & Wilson, E. O. (2016). The theory of island biogeography. Princeton university press.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Haslett, J. R. (1997).@Insect Communities and the Spatial Complexity of Mountain Habitats.@Global Ecology and Biogeography Letters, 6(1), 49-56. https://doi.org/10. 2307/2997526@Yes$Brose, U. (2003).@Regional diversity of temporary wetland carabid beetle communities: A matter of landscape features or cultivation intensity?.@Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 98(1), 163-167. https://doi.org/10.1016/ S0167-8809(03)00078-1@Yes$Halaj, J., Ross, D. W., & Moldenke, A. R. (2000).@Importance of habitat structure to the arthropod food-web in Douglas-fir canopies.@Oikos, 90(1), 139-152. https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0706.2000.900114.x@Yes$Greenstone, M. H. (1984).@Determinants of web spider species diversity: Vegetation structural diversity vs. prey availability.@Oecologia, 62(3), 299-304. https://doi.org/10. 1007/BF00384260@Yes$Romero-Alcaraz, E., & Ávila, J. M. (2000).@Landscape heterogeneity in relation to variations in epigaeic beetle diversity of a Mediterranean ecosystem.@Implications for conservation. Biodiversity & Conservation, 9(7), 985-1005. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008958720008@Yes$Tanabe, S.-I., Toda, M. J., & Vinokurova, A. V. (2001).@Tree shape, forest structure and diversity of drosophilid community: Comparison between boreal and temperate birch forests.@Ecological Research, 16(3), 369-385. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-1703.2001.00402.x@Yes$Wiens, J. A., & Rotenberry, J. T. (1981).@Habitat Associations and Community Structure of Birds in Shrubsteppe Environments.@Ecological Monographs, 51(1), 21-42. https://doi.org/10.2307/2937305@Yes$Thiollay, J. M. (1990).@Comparative diversity of temperate and tropical forest bird communities: the influence of habitat heterogeneity.@Acta Oecologica, 11(6), 887-911.@Yes$Poulsen, B. O. (2002).@Avian richness and abundance in temperate Danish forests: Tree variables important to birds and their conservation.@Biodiversity & Conservation, 11(9), 1551-1566. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:10168395181 72.@Yes$Southwell, C. J., Cairns, S. C., Pople, A. R., & Delaney, R. (1999).@Gradient analysis of macropod distribution in open forest and woodland of eastern Australia.@Australian Journal of Ecology, 24(2), 132-143. https://doi.org/10. 1046/j.1442-9993.1999.241954.x@Yes$Williams, S. E., Marsh, H., & Winter, J. (2002).@Spatial Scale, Species Diversity, and Habitat Structure: Small Mammals in Australian Tropical Rain Forest.@Ecology, 83(5), 1317-1329. https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658 (2002)083[1317:SSSDAH]2.0.CO;2@Yes$Atauri, J. A., & de Lucio, J. V. (2001).@The role of landscape structure in species richness distribution of birds, amphibians, reptiles and lepidopterans in Mediterranean landscapes.@Landscape Ecology, 16(2), 147-159. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1011115921050@Yes$Pianka, E. R. (1967). On Lizard Species Diversity: North American Flatland Deserts. Ecology, 48(3), 333-351. https://doi.org/10.2307/1932670@undefined@undefined@Yes$Sullivan, T. P., & Sullivan, D. S. (2001).@Influence of variable retention harvests on forest ecosystems. II. Diversity and population dynamics of small mammals.@Journal of Applied Ecology, 38(6), 1234-1252. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.0021-8901.2001.00674.x@Yes$Ralph, C. J. (1985).@Habitat Association Patterns of Forest and Steppe Birds of Northern Patagonia, Argentina.@The Condor, 87(4), 471-483. https://doi.org/10.2307/1367943@Yes$Hill, J. K., Hamer, K. C., Lace, L. A., & Banham, W. M. T. (1995).@Effects of Selective Logging on Tropical Forest Butterflies on Buru, Indonesia.@Journal of Applied Ecology, 32(4), 754-760. https://doi.org/10.2307/2404815@Yes$Rohde, K. (1992).@Latitudinal Gradients in Species Diversity: The Search for the Primary Cause.@Oikos, 65(3), 514-527. https://doi.org/10.2307/3545569@Yes$Bhattarai, K. R., & Vetaas, O. R. (2003).@Variation in plant species richness of different life forms along a subtropical elevation gradient in the Himalayas, east Nepal.@Global Ecology and Biogeography, 12(4), 327-340. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1466-822X.2003.00044.x@Yes$Turner, J. R. G., Gatehouse, C. M., & Corey, C. A. (1987).@Does Solar Energy Control Organic Diversity? Butterflies, Moths and the British Climate.@Oikos, 48(2), 195-205. https://doi.org/10.2307/3565855@Yes$Grytnes, J. A., Birks, H. J. B., & Peglar, S. M. (1999).@Plant species richness in Fennoscandia: Evaluating the relative importance of climate and history.@Nordic Journal of Botany, 19(4), 489-503. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1756-1051.1999.tb01233.x@Yes$OBrien, Eileen M. (1993).@Climatic Gradients in Woody Plant Species Richness: Towards an Explanation Based on an Analysis of Southern Africas Woody Flora.@Journal of Biogeography, 20(2), 181-198. https://doi.org/10.2307/ 2845670@Yes$Maraun, M., Salamon, J.-A., Schneider, K., Schaefer, M., & Scheu, S. (2003).@Oribatid mite and collembolan diversity, density and community structure in a moder beech forest (Fagus sylvatica): Effects of mechanical perturbations.@Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 35(10), 1387-1394. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0038-0717(03)00218-9@Yes$Padhan, D., Kundu, R., Sen, A., Yadav, V., & Adhikary, S. (2019).@Current Research in Soil Fertility.@pp. 37-59. AkiNik Publications. https://doi.org/10.22271/ed.book.437@No$Vanbergen, A. J., Watt, A. D., Mitchell, R., Truscott, A.-M., Palmer, S. C. F., Ivits, E., Eggleton, P., Jones, T. H., & Sousa, J. P. (2007).@Scale-specific correlations between habitat heterogeneity and soil fauna diversity along a landscape structure gradient.@Oecologia, 153(3), 713-725. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-007-0766-3@Yes$Peak, R. G., & Thompson, F. R. (2006).@Factors Affecting Avian Species Richness and Density in Riparian Areas.@The Journal of Wildlife Management, 70(1), 173-179. https://doi.org/10.2193/0022-541X(2006)70[173:FAASRA ]2.0.CO;2@Yes$Wardlaw, T. J., Grove, S. J., Hingston, A. B., Balmer, J. M., Forster, L. G., Musk, R. A., & Read, S. M. (2018).@Responses of flora and fauna in wet eucalypt production forest to the intensity of disturbance in the surrounding landscape.@Forest Ecology and Management, 409, 694-706. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2017.11.060@Yes$Tews, J., Brose, U., Grimm, V., Tielbörger, K., Wichmann, M. C., Schwager, M., & Jeltsch, F. (2004).@Animal species diversity driven by habitat heterogeneity/diversity: The importance of keystone structures.@Journal of Biogeography, 31(1), 79-92. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.0305 -0270.2003.00994.x@Yes$Hunter, M. D. (1990).@Differential susceptibility to variable plant phenology and its role in competition between two insect herbivores on oak.@Ecological Entomology, 15(4), 401-408. https://doi.org/10.1111/j. 1365-2311.1990.tb00823.x@Yes$Alexander, G., & Hilliard, J. R. (1969).@Altitudinal and Seasonal Distribution of Orthoptera in the Rocky Mountains of Northern Colorado.@Ecological Monographs, 39(4), 385-432. https://doi.org/10.2307/ 1942354.@Yes$Hamilton, A. C. (1975).@A quantitative analysis of altitudinal zonation in Uganda forests.@Vegetatio, 30(2), 99-106. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02389611@Yes$Wolda, H. (1987).@Altitude, habitat and tropical insect diversity.@Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 30(4), 313-323. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8312.1987. tb00305.x@Yes$Gentry, A. H. (1988).@Changes in Plant Community Diversity and Floristic Composition on Environmental and Geographical Gradients.@Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, 75(1), 1-34. https://doi.org/10.2307/2399464@Yes$Navarro S, A. G. (1992).@Altitudinal distribution of birds in the Sierra Madre del Sur, Guerrero, Mexico.@The Condor, 94(1), 29-39. https://doi.org/10.2307/1368793@Yes$Austrheim, G. (2002).@Plant diversity patterns in semi-natural grasslands along an elevational gradient in southern Norway.@Plant Ecology, 161(2), 193-205. https://doi.org/ 10.1023/A:1020315718720@Yes$G., J. A. V., & Givnish, T. J. (1998).@Altitudinal Gradients in Tropical Forest Composition, Structure, and Diversity in the Sierra de Manantlan.@Journal of Ecology, 86(6), 999-1020.@Yes$Fleishman, E., Austin, G. T., & Weiss, A. D. (1998).@An Empirical Test of Rapoports Rule: Elevational Gradients in Montane Butterfly Communities.@Ecology, 79(7), 2482-2493. https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(1998)079[2482: AETORS]2.0.CO;2@Yes$Grytnes, J. A., & Vetaas, O. R. (2002).@Species Richness and Altitude: A Comparison between Null Models and Interpolated Plant Species Richness along the Himalayan Altitudinal Gradient, Nepal.@The American Naturalist, 159(3), 294-304. https://doi.org/10.1086/338542@Yes$Odland, A., & Birks, H. J. B. (1999).@The altitudinal gradient of vascular plant richness in Aurland, western Norway.@Ecography, 22(5), 548-566. https://doi.org/10. 1111/j.1600-0587.1999.tb01285.x@Yes$Lomolino, M. V. (2001).@Elevation gradients of species-density: Historical and prospective views.@Global Ecology and Biogeography, 10(1), 3-13. https://doi.org/10.1046/j. 1466-822x.2001.00229.x@Yes$Whittaker, R. J., Willis, K. J., & Field, R. (2001).@Scale and species richness: Towards a general, hierarchical theory of species diversity.@Journal of Biogeography, 28(4), 453-470. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2699.2001.00563.x@Yes$Brown, J. H. (2001).@Mammals on mountainsides: Elevational patterns of diversity.@Global Ecology and Biogeography, 10(1), 101-109. https://doi.org/10.1046/j. 1466-822x.2001.00228.x@Yes$Colwell, R. K., & Hurtt, G. C. (1994).@Nonbiological Gradients in Species Richness and a Spurious Rapoport Effect.@The American Naturalist, 144(4), 570-595. https://doi.org/10.1086/285695@Yes$Rahbek, C. (1997).@The Relationship among Area, Elevation, and Regional Species Richness in Neotropical Birds.@The American Naturalist, 149(5), 875-902. https://doi.org/10.1086/286028@Yes$Rahbek, C. (1995).@The elevational gradient of species richness: A uniform pattern?.@Ecography, 18(2), 200-205. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0587.1995.tb00341.x@Yes$Stevens, G. C. (1992).@The Elevational Gradient in Altitudinal Range: An Extension of Rapoports Latitudinal Rule to Altitude.@The American Naturalist, 140(6), 893-911. https://doi.org/10.1086/285447@Yes$Patterson, B. D., Stotz, D. F., Solari, S., Fitzpatrick, J. W., & Pacheco, V. (1998).@Contrasting patterns of elevational zonation for birds and mammals in the Andes of southeastern Peru.@Journal of Biogeography, 25(3), 593-607. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2699.1998.2530593.x@Yes$Chettri, B., Bhupathy, S., & Acharya, B. K. (2010).@Distribution pattern of reptiles along an eastern Himalayan elevation gradient, India.@Acta Oecologica, 36(1), 16-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actao.2009.09.004@Yes$OBrien, E. M., Whittaker, R. J., & Field, R. (1998).@Climate and woody plant diversity in southern Africa: Relationships at species, genus and family levels.@Ecography, 21(5), 495-509. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0587.1998.tb00441.x@Yes$Zobel, M. (1997).@The relative of species pools in determining plant species richness: An alternative explanation of species coexistence?.@Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 12(7), 266-269. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-5347(97)01096-3@Yes$Eriksson, O. (1993).@The Species-Pool Hypothesis and Plant Community Diversity.@Oikos, 68(2), 371-374. https://doi.org/10.2307/3544854@Yes
@Review Paper
<#LINE#>The effects of major pests of banana in Tanzania and their managements in relation to climate change<#LINE#>Shija S. @Lucas,Kennedy E. @Jomanga <#LINE#>44-51<#LINE#>6.ISCA-RJAFS-2019-005.pdf<#LINE#>Nelson Mandela African Institute of Science and Technology, 447 Arusha, Tanzania@International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), 447 Arusha, Tanzania<#LINE#>31/1/2019<#LINE#>5/7/2020<#LINE#>Pests have played a major role in reducing banana yields in Tanzania. Despite the fact that banana is important as staple food and cash crop, a 30 to 100% yield decline has been reported in the country due to weevil and parasitic nematodes. This review aimed at discussing the effects and management options for major banana pests in relation to climate change using online resources. The review identified the consequences due to climate change as increased pest\'s development and range alteration, interference of the temporal and geographical pest harmonization, increased damage potential from alien species, promotion of minor pest to major pest, loss of host-plant resistance and failure of biological control, these affects agricultural production. This suggests that, management options should be altered depending on the changes occurring in agricultural systems, in order to ensure sustainable solution to both weevils and parasitic nematodes challenges.<#LINE#>Swennen, R., Blomme, G., VanAsten, P., Lepoint, P., Karamura, E., Njukwe, E., Tinzaara, W., Viljoen, A., Karangwa, P., Coyne, D. and Lorenzen, J. (2013).@Pages 85-104 in: Agroecological intensification of farming systems in the East and Central African Highlands.@Eds: B. Vanlauwe, P. van Asten and G. Blomme. Routledge Publishers, Oxon, UK and New York, USA. ISBN: 978041553273-0 (2013).@No$Treverrow, N., Peasley, D. and Ireland, G. (1992).@Banana weevil borer, a pest management handbook for banana growers.@Banana Industry Committee, New South Wales Agriculture, NSW, Australia.@Yes$Kilimo Trust (2012).@Analysis of the Banana Value Chains in Tanzania and Uganda. Consumption, Productivity and Challenges.@VCA report in improving the banana value chain in the EAC Region.@No$Spilsbury, J., Jagwe, J., Wanda, K., Nkuba, J., & Ferris, R. S. B. (2004).@Evaluating the marketing opportunities for banana and its products in the principal banana growing countries of ASARECA.@ASARECA monograph, No. 7.@Yes$SAGCOT (2014).@Integrated Pest Management Plan (IPMP). Southern Agricultural Growth Corridor of Tanzania (SAGCOT) Investment Project.@Prime Ministers Office, Government of Tanzania.@No$Makundi, R. H. and Massawe, W.A. (2010).@@Community-Based Rodent Pest Management in Kilimanjaro Region, Tanzania.@Yes$Nayar, N. M. (2010).@The Bananas: Botany, Origin, Dispersal.@Horticultural reviews, 36(3), 117-164.  .@Yes$Simmonds, N.W. (1966).@Bananas. 2nd edition. Longmans, London.@undefined@No$Maruo, S. (2007).@Development of the plantain-based culture of the Nyakyusa of Southern Tanzania.@African Study Monographs, 34, 21-38.@Yes$Maruo, S. (2002).@Differentiation of subsistence farming patterns among the Haya banana growers in northwestern Tanzania.@African Study Monographs, 23(4), 147-175.@Yes$Kilimo Trust (2012).@Analysis of the Banana Value Chains in Tanzania and Uganda. Consumption, Productivity and Challenges.@VCA report in improving the banana value chain in the EAC Region.@No$Numbeo, (2018).@Food Prices in Tanzania.@https://www.numbeo.com/cost-of-living/country_result.jsp? country=Tanzania. Newsletter.@No$Bujulu, J., Uronu, B. and Cumming, C.N.C., (1983).@The Control of Banana Weevils and Parasitic Nematodes in Tanzania.@East African Agricultural and Forestry Journal, 49(1-4), 1-13. doi:10.1080/00128325.1983.11663418.@Yes$FAOSTAT (2014).@Food and Agricultural Commodities Production/Countries by Commodity.@Accessed date; 31 October, 2018.@No$Nkuba, J., Tinzaara, W., Night, G., Niko, N., Jogo, W., Ndyetabula, I., Mukandala, L., Privat, N., Niyongere, C., Gaidashova, S., Ivan, R., Opio, F. and Karamura, E. (2015).@Adverse impact of Banana Xanthomonas Wilt on farmers livelihoods in Eastern and Central Africa.@African Journal of Plant Science, 9, 279-286.@Yes$Gold, C.S., Pena, J.E., and Karamura, E.B. (2001).@Biology and integrated pest management for the banana weevil Cosmopolites sordidus (Germar) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae).@Integrated Pest Management Reviews, 6, 79-155.@Yes$Makundi, R.H. and Massawe, W.A. (2010).@Community-Based Rodent Pest Management in Kilimanjaro Region, Tanzania.@Technical Report. December 2010. Pest Management Centre, Sokoine University of Agriculture & National Rodent Control Centre-Ministry of Agriculture, FoodSecurity and Cooperatives.@Yes$Dobson, A., Kutz, S., Pascal, M. and Winfree, R. (2003).@Pathogens and parasites in a changing climate.@In: Hannah L and Lovejoy T, Eds. Climate change and biodiversity: synergistic impacts. Advances in applied biodiversity science. Center for Applied Biodiversity Science, Conservation International Washington, DC; 4: 33-38.@Yes$Hoberg, E.P. (2005).@Coevolution and biogeography among Nematodirinae (Nematoda: Trichostrongylina) Lagomorpha and Artiodactyla (Mammalia): exploring determinants of history and structure for the northern fauna across the Holarctic.@Journal of Parasitology, 91, 358-69.@Yes$Walther, G.R., Post, E., Convey, P., Menzel, A., Parmesan, C., Beebee, T.J.C., Fromentin, J.M., Hoegh-Guldberg, O. and Bairlein, F. (2002).@Ecological responses to recent climate change.@Nature, 416, 389-395. doi:10.1038/416 389a.@Yes$Parmesan, C. and Yohe, G. (2003).@A globally coherent fingerprint of climate change impacts across natural systems.@Nature; 421, 37-42@No$McSorley, R., Wang, K.H. and Church, G. (2007).@Suppression of root-knot nematodes in natural and agricultural soils.@Applied Soil Ecology; 39, 291-298.@No$Chemura, A., Kutywayo, D., Mahlatini, P., Nyatondo, U. and Rwasoka, D. (2013).@Assessing the impact of climate change on the suitability of rainfedflu-cured tobacco (Nicotianatobacum) production in Zimbabwe.@1st Climate Science Symposium of Zimbabwe. Cresta Lodge, Harare: MSD/UNDP/UNOCHA; pp. 1-14.@Yes$Kambrekar, D.N., Guledgudda, S.S., Katti, A. and Mohankumar, (2005).@Impact of climate change on insect pests and their natural enemies.@Karnataka J. Agric. Sci; 28(5), 814-816.@No$Burdon, J.J., Thrall, P.H. and Ericson, L. (2006).@The current and future dynamics of disease in plant communities.@Annual Review of Phytopathology; 44, 19-39.@Yes$Garrett, K.A., Dendy, S.P., Frank, E.E., Rouse, M.N. and Travers, S.E. (2016).@Climate change effects on plant disease: genomes to ecosystems.@Annual Review of Phytopathology; 44, 201-21.@Yes$World Bank (2009).@Agricultural Development under a Changing Climate: opportunities and Challenges for Adaptation.@Agriculture and Rural Development & Environment Department. Joint Discussion Paper.@Yes$Jacobsen, K. (2009). Host status of twelve commonly cultivated crops in the Cameroon Highlands for the nematode Pratylenchusgoodeyi. International Journal of Pest Management; 55(4), 293-298. DOI: 10.1080/09670 870902890140.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Berge, J.B., and Ricroch, A.E., (2010).@Emergence of minor pests becoming major pests in GE cotton in China: What are the reasons? What are the alternatives practices to this change of status?.@GM Crops, 1(4), 214-219.@Yes$War, A.R., Taggar, G.K., War, M.Y. and Hussain, B. (2016).@Impact of climate change on insect pests, plant chemical ecology, tritrophic interactions and food production.@International Journal of Clinical and Biological Sciences, 1(2), 16-29.@Yes$Mbwana, A.A.S. and Rukazambuga, N.D.T.M. (1999).@Banana IPM in Tanzania.@Pp. 237-245 in Mobilizing IPM for sustainable banana production in Africa. (E. Frison, C.S. Gold, E.B. Karamura and R.A. Sikora, eds). Proceedings of a workshop on banana IPM, Nelspruit, South Africa, 23-28 November 1998, INIBAP, Montpellier, France.@Yes$Sikora, R.A., Bafokuzara, N.D., Mbwana, A.S.S., Oloo, G.W., Uronu, B., Sheshu, and Reddy, K.V. (1989).@Interrelationship between banana weevil, root lesion nematode and agronomic practices, and their importance for banana decline in the United Republic of Tanzania.@FAO Plant Protection Bulletin No., 37(4), 151-157.@Yes$Sengooba, T. (1986).@Survey of banana pest problem complex in Rakai and Masaka Districts in Uganda.@Namulonge, Uganda: Namulonge Research Station; August 1986: Preliminary trip report.@No$Koppenhofer, A.M., Seshu, Reddy, K.V., and Sikora, R.A. (1994).@Reduction of banana weevil populations with pseudostem traps.@International Journal of Pest Management; 40, 300-304.@Yes$Speijer, P.R., KaJumba, C. and Ssango, F. (1999).@East African highland banana production as influenced by nematodes and crop management in Uganda.@International Journal of Pest Management; 45, 41-49.@Yes$Wairegi, L.W.I., Van Asten, P.J.A., Tenywa,M.M. and Bekunda, M.A. (2010).@Abiotic constraints override biotic constraints in East African highland banana systems.@Field Crops Research, 117, 146-153@Yes$Makundi, R.H. and Massawe, W.A. (2010).@Community-Based Rodent Pest Management in Kilimanjaro Region, Tanzania., Technical Report. December 2010. Pest Management Centre, Sokoine University of Agriculture & National Rodent Control Centre- Ministry of Agriculture, FoodSecurity and Cooperatives.@undefined@Yes$Naughton, T.L. (1998).@Predicting patterns of crop damage by wildlife around Kibale National Park, Uganda.@Conservation Biology; 12, 156-169.@Yes$Zimmerman, E.C. (1968).@Rhynchophorinae of southeastern Polynesia.@Pac. Insects; 10, 47-77.@Yes$Clausen, C. P., Bartlett, B. R., De Bach, P., Goeden, R. D., Legner, E. F., McMurtry, J. A., ... & Rosen, D. (1978).@Introduced parasites and predators of arthropod pests and weeds: a world review [Biological control, economic plants].@Agriculture Handbook-US Dept. of Agriculture (USA). no. 480.@Yes$Mwaitulo, S., Haukeland, S., Sæthre, M.G., Laudisoit, A. and Maerere, A.P. (2011).@First report of entomopathogenic nematodes from Tanzania and their virulence against larvae and adults of the banana weevil Cosmopolites sordidus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae).@International Journal of Tropical Insect Science; 31(03), 154-161. doi:10.1017/s1742758411000294.@Yes$Cerda, H., Lopez, A., Sanoja, O., Sanchez, P., and Jaffe, K. (1996).@Atracccionolfactiva de Cosmopolites sordidus Germar (1824) estmuladopor volatiles originados en Musaceas de distintasedades y variedadesgenomicas.@Agronomia Tropica; 46: 413-429.@Yes$Gold, C.S., Night, G., Ragama, P.E., Kagezi, G.H., Tinzaara, W. and Abera, A.M.K. (2004).@Field distribution of banana weevil (Cosmopolites sordidus (Germar)) adults in cooking banana stands in Uganda.@Insect Science and its Application; 24, 242-248.@Yes$Bale, J.S., Masters, G.J., Hodkinson, I.D., Awmack, C., Bezemer, T.M., Brown, V.K. and Whittaker, J.B., (2002).@Herbivory in global climate change research: direct effects of rising temperature on insect herbivores.@Global Change Biology, 8(1), 1-16 doi:10.1046/j.1365-2486. 2002.00451.x@Yes$Agrios G. (1997).@Plant Pathology.@4th Edition. California, USA, Academic Press.@Yes$Njau, N., Mwangi, M., Gathu, R., Mbaka, J. and Muasya, R. (2011).@Banana weevil (Cosmopolites sordidus) reduces availability of corms for seedling production through macropropagation technology.@Journal of Animal & Plant Sciences; 12(1), 1537-1542.@Yes$Rannestad, O.T., Sæthre, M. and Maerere, A.P. (2011).@Migration potential of the banana weevil Cosmopolites sordidus.@Agricultural and Forest Entomology; 13, 405-412.@Yes$Mwaitulo, S., Haukeland, S., Sæthre, M.G., Laudisoit, A. and Maerere, A.P. (2011).@First report of entomopathogenic nematodes from Tanzania and their virulence against larvae and adults of the banana weevil Cosmopolites sordidus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae).@International Journal of Tropical Insect Science; 31(03). 154-161. doi:10.1017/s1742758411000294.@Yes$Were, E., Nakato, G.V., Ocimati, W., Ramathani, I., Olal, S. and Beed, F. (2015).@The banana weevil, Cosmopolites sordidus (Germar) is a potential vector of Xanthomonas campestrispv.@Musacearum in bananas. Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology; 37, 1-8.@Yes$Inward, D.J., Wainhouse, D. and Peace, A. (2012). The effect of temperature on the development and life cycle regulation of the pine weevil Hylobiusabietis and the potential impacts of climate change.@Agricultural and Forest Entomology; 14(4), 348-357. doi:10.1111/j.1461-9563.2012.00575.x.@undefined@Yes$Tonnang, E.Z.H., Carhuapoma, P., Juarez, H., Gonzales, J.C., Sporleder, M., Simon, R. and Kroschel, J. (2013).@Insect Life Cycle Modeling: A Software Package for Developing Temperature-Based Insect Phenology Models with Applications for Regional and Global Analysis of Insect Population and Mapping.@International Potato Center, Lima, Peru; 193.@Yes$Inward, D.J. (2018).@The influence of a changing climate on development and life cycle in the pine weevil, Hylobiusabietis.@Newsletter forest research. https://www. forestresearch.gov.uk.@No$FAO (2016).@Ecuadors Banana Sector under Climate Change. An economic and biophysical assessment to promote a sustainable and climate-compatible strategy.@Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Rome.@Yes$Bale, J.S., Masters, G.J., Hodkinson, I.D., Awmack, C., Bezemer, T.M., Brown, V.K. and Whittaker, J.B. (2002).@Herbivory in global climate change research: direct effects of rising temperature on insect herbivores.@Global Change Biology, 8(1), 1-16 doi:10.1046/j.1365-2486. 2002.00451.x@Yes$Dassou, A.G., Carval, D., Depigny, S., Fansi, G. and Tixier, P. (2015).@Ant abundance and Cosmopolites sordidus damage in plantain fields as affected by intercropping.@Biological Control; 81, 51-57. doi:10.1016/j.biocontrol.2014.11.008.@Yes$Rukazambuga, N.D.T.M., Gold, C.S. and Gowen, S.R. (1998).@Yield loss in East African highland banana (Musa spp., AAA-EA group) caused by the banana weevil, Cosmopolites sordidus Germar.@Crop Protection; 7, 581-589.@Yes$Masanza, M., Gold, C.S., Van Huis, A., Ragama, P.E. and Okech, S.H.O. (2005).@Effect of crop sanitation on banana weevil Cosmopolites sordidus (Germar) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) populations and crop damage in farmers fields in Uganda.@Crop Protection; 24, 275-283.@No$Gold, C. S., & Messiaen, S. (2000).@The banana weevil Cosmopolites sordidus Musa pest fact sheet No 4 INIBAP.@Montpellier, France.@Yes$Treverrow, N., Peasley, D. and Ireland, G. (1992).@Banana weevil borer, a pest management handbook for banana growers.@Banana Industry Committee, New South Wales Agriculture, NSW, Australia.@Yes$Masanza, M. (2003).@Effect of crop sanaitation on banana weevil Cosmopolites sordidus (Germar) populations and associated damage.@Ph.D Thesis, Wagenigen University; pp 164.@Yes$Budenberg, W.J., Ndiege, J.O. and Karago, F.W. (1993).@Evidence for volatile male produced pheromone in banana weevil Cosmopolites sordidus.@Journal of Chemical Ecology; 19, 1905-1916.@Yes$Mitchell, G.A. (1978).@The Estimation of Banana Borer Population and Resistance Levels.@Windward Banana Research and Development Technical Bulletin 2.@Yes$Tinzaara, W., Gold, C.S., Kagezi, G.H., Dicke, M., Van Huis, A., Nankinga, C.M., Tushemereirwe, W. and Ragama, P.E. (2005).@Effects of two pheromone trap densities against banana weevil, Cosmopolites sordidus, populations and their impact on plant damage in Uganda.@Journal of Applied Entomology; 129, 265-271.@Yes$Abera, A.M.K. (1997).@Oviposition preferences and timing of attack by the banana weevil (Cosmopolites sordidus Germar) in East African highland banana (Musa spp.).@M.Sc. thesis, Makerere University. Kampala, Uganda.@Yes$Gold, C.S., Night, G., Abera, A. and Speijer, P.R. (1998a).@Hot-water treatment for control of banana weevil, Cosmopolites sordidus Germar (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in Uganda.@African Entomology; 6, 215-221.@Yes$Seshu, Reddy, K.V., Koppenhöfer, A.M. and Uronu, B. (1993).@Cultural practises for the control of the banana weevil.@In Gold, C.S. & Gemmil, B. (Eds.) Biological and Integrated Control of Highland Banana and Plantain Pests and Diseases. Proceedings of a Research Coordination Meeting in Cotonou, Benin: IITA; 140-146.@Yes$Ssali, H., Mcintyre, B.D., Gold, C.S., Kashaija, I.N. and Kizito, F. (2003).@Effects of mulch and mineral fertiliser on crop, weevil and soil quality parameters in highland banana.@Nutrient Cycling in Agro-ecosystems; 65, 141-150.@Yes$McIntyre, B.D., Gold, C.S., Ssali, H. and Riha, S.J. (2003).@Effects of mulch location on banana weevil, soil and plant nutrients, soil water and biomass in banana fields.@Biology and Fertility of Soils; 39, 74-79.@Yes$Kiggundu, A., Vuylsteke, D. and Gold, C.S. (1999).@Recent advances in host plant resistance to banana weevil, Cosmopolites sordidus Germar.@Pp 87-96 in Mobilizing IPM for sustainable banana production in Africa. Proceedings of a workshop on banana IPM held in Nelspruit, South Africa;  23-28 (E. Frison, C.S. Gold, E.B. Karamura and R.A. Sikora, eds.). INIBAP. Montpellier, France.@Yes$Kiggundu, A. (2000).@Host plant reactions and resistance mechanisms to banana weevil, Cosmopolites sordidus (Germar) in Ugandan Musa germplasm.@Unpublished M.Sc. thesis. Orange Free State U. South Africa; pp 98.@Yes$Bridge, J., Fogain, R. and Speijer, P. (1997).@The Root Lesion Nematodes of Banana, Musa Pest Fact Sheet No. 2.@undefined@No$Pests and Diseases of American Samoa, Banana Nematodes (2004).@American Samoa Community College Community & Natural Resources Cooperative Research & Extension.@Pests and Diseases of American Samoa Number 9.@No$Coyne, D.L., Nicol, J.M. and Claudius-Cole B. (2014).@Practical plant nematology: a field and laboratory guide. 2nd edition.@SP-IPM Secretariat, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Cotonou, Benin.@Yes$Mitiku, M. (2018).@Plant-Parasitic Nematodes and their Management: A Review.@Journal of Agricultural research and technology; DOI: 10.19080/ARTOAJ.2018. 16.555980.@No$Gowen, S.R., Fogain, R. and Queneherve, P. (2005).@Nematode parasites of bananas, plantains and abaca.@Pp 431-460 in Luc, M., R.A. Sikora, and J. Bridge (eds). Plant- Parasitic Nematodes in Subtropical and Tropical Agriculture, 2nd Edition. C.A.B. International, Wallingford, UK.@Yes$Rajab, K., Salim, S. and Speijer, P. (1999).@Plant-parasitic nematodes associated with musa in zanzibar.@Afr. Plant Protect; 5, 105-110.@Yes$Wuyts, N., Lognay, G., Verscheure, M., Marlier, M., De Waele, D. and Swennen, R. (2007).@Potential physical and chemical barriers to infection by the burrowing nematode Radopholussimilis in roots of susceptible and resistant banana (Musa spp.). Plant Pathology; 56, 878-890.@undefined@Yes$Nelson, S.C., Ploetz, R.C. and Kepler, A.K. (2006).@Species profiles for Pacific Island Agroforestry: Musa species (banana and plantain).@www. traditionaltree.org.@No$Gowen, S.R. and Queneherve, P. (1990).@Nematode parasites of bananas, plantains and abaca.@Plant Parasitic Nematodes in Subtropical and Tropical Agriculture. Pp. 431-460. M. Luc, R.A Sikora and J. Bridge (eds). CAB International.@Yes$Stirling, G. R., & Pattison, A. B. (2008).@Beyond chemical dependency for managing plant-parasitic nematodes: examples from the banana, pineapple and vegetable industries of tropical and subtropical Australia.@Australasian Plant Pathology, 37(3), 254-267.@Yes$Osei, K., Mintah, P., Dzomeku, B.M., Braimah, H., Adomako, J., Mochiah, M.B., Asiedu, E., Darkey, S. and Danso, Y. (2013).@Nematode pests of plantain: A case study of Ashanti and Brong Ahafo regions of Ghana.@Journal of Soil Science and Environmental Management; 4(1), 6-10.@Yes$Daneel, M.S. and De Waele, D. (2017).@Nematode Pests of Banana.@Book chapter 16 in Fourie et al. (eds.), Nematology in South Africa: A View from the 21st Century, Springer International Publishing Switzerland; DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-44210-5_16.@Yes$Colagiero, M., & Ciancio, A. (2012).@Climate changes and nematodes: expected effects and perspectives for plant protection.@Redia Journal of Zoology, 94, 113-118.@Yes$Kamira, M., Hauser, S., Van Asten, P., Coyne, D. and Talwana, H.L. (2013).@Plant parasitic nematodes associated with banana and plantain in eastern and western Democratic Republic of Congo.@Nematropica; 43, 216-225.@Yes$Chitwood, D.J. (2003).@Research on plant-parasitic nematode biology conducted by the United States. Department of Agriculture-Agriculture Research Service.@Pest Manag Sci; 59, 748-753.@Yes$Talwana, H., Sibanda, Z., Wanjohi, W., Kimenju, W., Luambano, N., Massawe, C., Davies, K.G. and Manzanilla-López, R.H. (2016).@Agricultural nematology in East and Southern Africa: problems, management strategies and stakeholder linkages.@Pest Management Science; 72 (2): 226-245. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10. 1002/ps.4104.@Yes$Coyne, D.L., Cortada, L., Dalzell, J.J., Claudius-Cole, A.O., Haukeland, S., Luambano, N. and Talwana, H. (2018).@Plant-Parasitic Nematodes and Food Security in Sub-Saharan Africa.@Annual Review of Phytopathology, 56, 381-403.@Yes$Song, Z., Zhang, B., Tian, Y., Deng, A., Zheng, C., Islam, M.N, …and Zhang, W. (2014).@Impacts of Nighttime Warming on the Soil Nematode Community in a Winter Wheat Field of Yangtze Delta Plain, China.@Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 13(7), 1477-1485. doi:10.1016/s 2095-3119(14)60807-8.@Yes$Bakonyi, G., Nagy, P., Kovacs-Lang, E., Kovacs, E., Barabas, S., Repasia, V. and Seres, A. (2007).@Soil nematode community structure as affected by temperature and moisture in a temperate semiarid shrubland.@Applied Soil Ecology, 37, 31-41.@Yes$Lee, J.H., Dillman, A.R., and Hallem, E.A. (2016).@Temperature-dependent changes in the host-seeking behaviors of parasitic nematodes.@BMC Biology, 14(1), 1-17. doi:10.1186/s12915-016-0259-0.@Yes$Tzortzakakis, E.A. and Trudgill, D.L. (2005).@A comparative study of the thermal time requirements for embryogenesis in Meloidogynejavanica and M. incognita.@Nematology; 7(2), 313-315.@Yes$Thompson, J.P., Clewett, T.G. and OReilly, M.M. (2015).@Temperature response of root-lesion nematodes (Pratylenchus thornei) reproduction on wheat cultivars has implication for resistance screening and wheat production.@Annuals of Applied Biology; 167(1), 1-10.@Yes$Hajihassani, A. (2016).@Studies of Plant Host Preferences of The Stem Nematodes, Ditylenchus Weischeri and D. Dipsaci.@A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies of The University of Manitoba in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Department of Soil Science University of Manitoba Winnipeg, Manitoba.@Yes$McSorley, R., Wang, K.H. and Church, G. (2007).@Suppression of root-knot nematodes in natural and agricultural soils.@Applied Soil Ecology; 39, 291-298.@No$Wang, K.H. and Hooks, C.R.R. (2009).@Plant-parasitic nematodes and their associated natural enemies within banana (Musa spp.) plantings in Hawaii.@Nematropica; 39, 57-74.@Yes$Kardol, P., Cregger, M.A., Campany, C.E. and Classen, A.T. (2010).@Soil ecosystem functioning under climate change: plant species and community effects.@Ecology; 91(3), 767-781.@Yes$De Villiers, E.A., Daneel, M.S. and Schoeman, P.S. (2007). Pests. In: Robinson JC, De Villiers EA (eds).@The cultivation of banana.@Ingwe Print, Nelspruit; pp 194-219.@No$Moens, T.A.S., Araya, M. and De Waele, D. (2001).@Correlations between nematode numbers and damage to banana (Musa AAA) roots under commercial conditions.@Nematropica, 31, 55-66.@Yes$Dobson, A., Kutz, S., Pascal, M., and Winfree, R. (2003).@Pathogens and parasites in a changing climate. In: Hannah L and Lovejoy T, Eds. Climate change and biodiversity: synergistic impacts. Advances in applied biodiversity science.@Center for Applied Biodiversity Science, Conservation International Washington, DC; 4: 33-38.@Yes$Walther, G.R., Post, E., Convey, P., Menzel, A., Parmesan, C., Beebee, T.J.C., Fromentin, J.M., Hoegh-Guldberg, O. and Bairlein, F. (2002).@Ecological responses to recent climate change.@Nature; 416, 389-395. doi:10.1038/ 416389a.@Yes$Inward, D.J., Wainhouse, D. and Peace, A. (2012).@The effect of temperature on the development and life cycle regulation of the pine weevil Hylobiusabietis and the potential impacts of climate change.@Agricultural and Forest Entomology; 14(4), 348-357. doi:10.1111/j.1461-9563.2012.00575.x.@Yes
<#LINE#>Wild edible plants consumed by different ethnic groups of Nepal- A review<#LINE#>Mahamad Sayab @Miya,Amit @Adhikari,Apeksha @Chhetri <#LINE#>52-64<#LINE#>7.ISCA-RJAFS-2020-030.pdf<#LINE#>Institute of Forestry, Tribhuvan University, Pokhara, Nepal@Institute of Forestry, Tribhuvan University, Pokhara, Nepal@Institute of Forestry, Tribhuvan University, Pokhara, Nepal<#LINE#>13/8/2020<#LINE#>15/12/2020<#LINE#>Nepal is rich in floral and ethnic diversity although it is a small country. Wild plants are collected and used for edible purposes by ethnic groups of Nepal for a long period. Wild edible plants have a noteworthy role in food security and income generation for the rural ethnic peoples of developing countries.  Very few researches have been carried out on wild edible plants of Nepal. Our study attempts to review and compile research articles on wild edible plants consumed by different ethnic groups of Nepal. Altogether 36 published articles accessed through Research Gate and Google Scholar were studied. A total of 261 wild edible plant species from 101 families were found to be consumed by 23 ethnic groups of Nepal. The maximum numbers of plants (154 species) from 72 families were used for vegetables. Ethnic knowledge of most of the ethnic groups on wild edible plants is still unexplored in Nepal. Traditional knowledge on uses of wild edible plants is degrading because of the modernization and socio-cultural changes; hence proper documentation of ethnobotanical knowledge on wild edible plants is required.<#LINE#>GoN/MoFSC. (2014).@National biodiversity strategy and action plan 2014-2020.@Government of Nepal, Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation, Singhadurbar, Kathmandu, Nepal.@No$CBS (2012).@National population and housing census 2011, National Report.@Kathmandu, National Planning Commission2012.@No$Schultes, R. E., & von Reis, S. E. (1995).@Evolution of a Discipline.@Vol. 414, Portland, Ore: Dioscorides Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.34-0297@Yes$Uprety, Y., Poudel, R. C., Shrestha, K. K., Rajbhandary, S., Tiwari, N. N., Shrestha, U. B. and Asselin, H. (2012).@Diversity of use and local knowledge of wild edible plant resources in Nepal.@Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine, 8(1), 16.  DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/ 1746-4269-8-16@Yes$Schippmann, U., Leaman, D. J. and Cunningham, A. B. (2002).@Impact of cultivation and gathering of medicinal plants on biodiversity: global trends and issues.@Biodiversity and the ecosystem approach in agriculture, forestry and fisheries. FAO, Rome, Italy, pp. 1-21.@Yes$Dangol, D. R., Maharjan, K. L., Maharjan, S. K. and Acharya, A. K. (2017).@Wild edible plants of Nepal. In Conservation and Utilization of Agricultural Plant Genetic Resources in Nepal.@Kathmandu: Proceedings of 2nd National Workshop, 22nd May. pp. 22-23.@Yes$Reyes-García, V., Menendez-Baceta, G., Aceituno-Mata, L., Acosta-Naranjo, R., Calvet-Mir, L., Domínguez, P. and Rodríguez-Franco, R. (2015).@From famine foods to delicatessen: Interpreting trends in the use of wild edible plants through cultural ecosystem services.@Ecological Economics, 120, 303-311. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.ecolecon.2015.11.003.@Yes$Joshi, N. (2014).@Utilization pattern and conservation status of plant resources of Makawanpur district, central Nepal.@Ph. D. thesis. Central Department of Botany, Tribhuvan University, Nepal.@Yes$Odhav, B., Beekrum, S., Akula, U. S. and Baijnath, H. (2007).@Preliminary assessment of nutritional value of traditional leafy vegetables in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.@Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 20(5), 430-435.DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2006.04.015@Yes$You-Kai, X., Guo-Da, T., Hong-Mao, L., Kang-La, Y. and Xiang-Sheng, D. (2004).@Wild vegetable resources and market survey in Xishuangbanna, Southwest China.@Economic Botany, 58(4), 647-667. DOI: https://doi.org/ 10.1663/0013-0001(2004)058[0647:WVRA MS]2.0.CO;2@Yes$Thapa, L. B., Dhakal, T. M. and Chaudhary, R. (2014).@Wild edible plants used by endangered & indigenous Raji Tribe in Western Nepal.@International Journal of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, 2(3), 243-252. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3126/ijasbt.v2i3.10969@Yes$Bhattarai, S., Chaudhary, R. P. and Taylor, R. S. (2009).@Wild edible plants used by the people of Manang district, central Nepal.@Ecology of Food and Nutrition, 48(1), 1-20. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/03670240802034996@Yes$Benz, B. F., Cevallos, J., Santana, F., Rosales, J. and Graf, S. (2000).@Losing knowledge about plant use in the Sierra de Manantlan biosphere reserve, Mexico.@Economic Botany, 54(2), 183-191. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02 907821@Yes$Joshi, N., Kehlenbeck, K. and Maass, B. L. (2007).@Traditional, neglected vegetables of Nepal: Their sustainable utilization for meeting human needs.@In Conference on International Agricultural Research for Development, Tropentag. 9th-10th Oct. pp.1-10.@Yes$Malla, B. and Chhetri, R. B. (2009).@Indigenous knowledge on ethnobotanical plants of Kavrepalanchowk district.@Kathmandu University Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology, 5(2), 96-109.@Yes$Rijal, A. (2011).@Surviving on Knowledge: Ethnobotany of Chepang community from mid-hills of Nepal.@Ethnobotany Research and Applications, 9, 181-215. www.ethnobotanyjournal.org/vol9/i1547-3465-09-181@Yes$Sigdel, S. R., Rokaya, M. B. and Timsina, B. (2013).@Plant inventory and ethnobotanical study of Khimti hydropower project, central Nepal.@Scientific World, 11(11), 105-112. https://www.nepjol.info/index.php/SW/article/view/8563/6960@Yes$Giri, A. and Rana, R. (2008).@Ethnomycological knowledge and nutritional analysis of some wild edible mushrooms of Sagarmatha National Park (SNP), Nepal.@Journal of Natural History Museum, 23, 65-77. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3126/jnhm.v23i0.1841@Yes$Ambu, G., Chaudhary, R. P., Mariotti, M. and Cornara, L. (2020).@Traditional Uses of Medicinal Plants by Ethnic People in the Kavrepalanchok District, Central Nepal.@Plants, 9(6), 759. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9060 759@Yes$Singh, S. (2015).@Ethno botanical study of some wild herb species Parsa District Forest of Nepal.@Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 4(1), 32-40. www.phytojournal.com@Yes$Kunwar, R. M. (2003).@Ethnobotanical notes on flora of Khaptad National Park (KNP), far-western Nepal.@Himalayan Journal of Sciences, 1(1), 25-30. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3126/hjs.v1i1.182@Yes$Aryal, K., Berg, A., and Ogle, B. (2009).@Uncultivated plants and livelihood support-A case study from the Chepang people of Nepal.@Ethnobotany Research and Applications, 7, 409-422. http://ethnobotanyjournal.org/ index.php/era/article/view/255@Yes$Adhikari, M. K., Devkota, S. and Tiwari, R. D. (2005).@Ethnomycolgical knowledge on uses of wild mushrooms in western and central Nepal.@Our Nature, 3(1), 13-19. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3126/on.v3i1.329@Yes$Bhatta, L. R. (1999).@Ethnobotanical study in a village at Rukum district, Nepal.@Banko Janakari, 9(2), 40-43. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3126/banko.v9i2.17665@Yes$Sigdel, S. R. and Rokaya, M. B. (2011).@Utilization of plant resources in Dang district, West Nepal.@Banko janakari, 21(2), 45-54. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3126/ banko.v21i2.9143@Yes$Budhathoki, A. and Manandhar, B. (2019).@An Assessment of NTFPs Contribution to the Livelihoods of Rural People: A Case Study from Kalika Community Forest of Surkhet District, Nepal.@In International Conference on Natural Resources, Agriculture and Society in Changing Climate. 17th-19th Aug. pp.34.@Yes$Kunwar, R. M., Shrestha, K. P. and Bussmann, R. W. (2010).@Traditional herbal medicine in Far-west Nepal: A pharmacological appraisal.@Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine, 6(1), 35. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/ 1746-4269-6-35@Yes$Gurung, L. J., Rajbhandary, S. and Ranjitkar, S. (2008).@Indigenous Knowledge on Medicinal Plants in Midhills of Nepal: A Case Study of Sikles of Kaski District, Nepal.@Medicinal Plants in Nepal: An Anthology of Contemporary Research. Ecological Society of Nepal, Kathmandu, pp.152-163.@Yes$Bishokarma, B. K., Kinsey, C. K., Dangol, D. R. and Chaudhary, P. (2005).@Folk use of plant resource at Madi valley of Chitwan District, Nepal.@Banko Janakari, 15(2), 28-33. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3126/banko.v15i2.348@Yes$Kunwar, R. M., Adhikari, N. and Devkota, M. P. (2005).@Indigenous use of mistletoes in tropical and temperate region of Nepal.@Banko Janakari, 15(2), 38-42. https://www.nepjol.info/index.php/banko/article/view/350@Yes$ONeill, A. R. and Rana, S. K. (2016).@An ethnobotanical analysis of parasitic plants (Parijibi) in the Nepal Himalaya.@Journal of ethnobiology and ethnomedicine, 12(1), 14. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13002-016-0086-y@Yes$Pandey, B. P., Chaudhary, R. P., Sigdel, S. and Pradhan, S. P. (2020).@Ethnobotanical Knowledge of Khandadevi and Gokulganga Rural Municipality of Ramechhap District of Nepal.@Ethnobotany Research and Applications, 20, 1-32. http://www.ethnobotanyjournal.org/index.php/era/article/view/2027@Yes$Ghimire, S. K. and Aumeeruddy-Thomas, Y. (2009).@Ethnobotanical classification and plant nomenclature system of high altitude agro-pastoralists in Dolpo, Nepal.@Botanica Orientalis: Journal of Plant Science, 6(1), 56-68. http://www.cdbtu.edu.np/botanica-orientalis@Yes$Nepal, R. C. (2006).@Status, Use and Management of Jimbu (Allium spp.): A Case Study from Upper Mustang, Nepal. (Unpublished masters thesis).@Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Norway.@Yes$Ray, A., Ray, R. and Sreevidya, E. A. (2020).@How many wild edible plants do we eat—Their diversity, use, and implications for sustainable food system: An exploratory analysis in India.@Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems. 4, 56. DOI: http://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2020.0056@Yes$Gautam, D., Basnet, S., Karki, P., Thapa, B., Ojha, P. and Poudel, U. (2020).@A Review on Dendrochronological Potentiality of the Major Tree Species of Nepal.@Journal of Forest Research, 9(2), 227. DOI:  https://doi.org/ 10.35248/2168-9776.20.9.227@Yes