@Research Paper
<#LINE#>Soil quality assessment in Aquilaria malaccensis Lamk. (Agar) growing localities of three districts in upper Assam, India with respect to natural infection<#LINE#>Sabi @Gogoi <#LINE#>1-8<#LINE#>1.ISCA-RJAFS-2020-025.pdf<#LINE#>Rain Forest Research Institute, P. Box-136, Jorhat-785001, Assam, India<#LINE#>29/6/2020<#LINE#>3/10/2020<#LINE#>A total of six pedons were studied from the Aquilaria malaccensis Lamk. (Agar) growing areas of upper Assam and in these areas natural infection of agar trees occur. The objective of research work was to study the relationship of soil quality with natural infection of agar trees. Pedon 1 and 2 are in Nahorani, Golaghat district of Assam. Pedon 3 and 4 are in Sotai and in Jorhat district, Pedon 5 and 6 are from Namti, Sibsagar district. Available soil nitrogen was recorded within low (102.42 kg ha-1) to medium (326.41 kg ha-1) range in all the six pedons and variations are found to be statistically insignificant. Available phosphorous was ranged low (15.12 kg ha-1) to high (75.71 kg ha-1 ) in Nahorani soils, low (21.40 kg ha-1) to medium (48.10 kg ha-1) for Sotai soils and also low (15. 23 kg ha-1) to medium (46. 37 kg ha-1) for Namti soils. Available K was within the range of low (56.11 kg ha-1) to medium (336.00 kg ha-1). Secondary soil nutrients such as Ca and Mg are found low for all the studied sites. Wide variation was observed in soil textural class, soil pH and soil organic carbon content among the three sites. Presence of clay fractions differ significantly between the pedons in all the depths. Soil pH was strongly acidic in Namti (4.4-5.2) and Nahorani ((4.3-4.9) soils. Soil pH was found moderately acidic in Sotai soils (5.0-5.6). Soil organic carbon was recorded low in Sotai soils whereas it was in medium range in both Nahorani and Namti soils and it showed a significant difference among the pedons. This study reveals that there is a strong relationship between the natural infections of agar trees with soil parameters. Maximum natural infection was found in soils with pH between 4.3-5.2, finer soil texture class particularly clay loam to loam and medium to high soil organic carbon.<#LINE#>Gogoi, P. and Mitra, J. (1999). Fungus responsible for the formation and development of Agaru in Aquilaria agallocha Roxb. In: Proc. National Seminar on Recent Advances in Life Science. Dibrugarh University, Assam. Feb 21-23, 1999, Abstract No. 49.@undefined@undefined@No$Gibson, I. A. S. (1977). The role of fungi in the origin of oleoresin deposits (Agaru) in the wood of Aquilaria agallocha Roxb. Bano Biggyan Patrika, Jan/77,6 (1),16-26.@undefined@undefined@Yes$CITES (1994). CITES: Resolution In: Proceedings of the 9th meeting of the conference of the parties (COP 94), Fort Lauderdale, Fla, USA, 1994.@undefined@undefined@No$IUCN (2009). The IUCN Red list of Threatened species, Copenhagen, 2009.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Hegde, D. Savyasachi, Mahabala and Prasanna (2015). Agriculture and industrialization of agarwood in south India, In: Abstract book of National seminar on recent advances on agarwood research in India 10-11 March, OP: IV-34, 58.@undefined@undefined@No$Walkley, A.  and Black, I. A. (1934). An examination of the Degtijareff method for determining soil organic matter and a proposed modification of the chromic acid titration method, Soil Sci. 34, 29-38.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Chopra, S. L. and Kanwar, J. S. (1976). Analytical Agricultural Chemistry, Kalyani Publishers, Ludhiana.@undefined@undefined@No$Bray, R. H. and Kurtz, L. T. (1945). Determination of total, organic and available forms of phosphorus in soil. Soil Sci. 59, 39-45.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Jackson, M. L. (1973). Soil Chemical Analysis. Prentice Hall, New Delhi.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Tabin, T., Shrivastava, K. and Shukla, A. K. (2014). Distribution and diversity of AM fungi in the rhizosphere soils of naturally and artificially growing Aquilaria malaccensis Lamk. trees in Arunachal Pradesh and Assam state of north east India, Indian Journal of Hill Farming, 27 (2), 41-48.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Ali, S. and Kashem, M.A. (2019). An overview on growth and development of Agar plant (Aquilaria malaccensis Roxb.) through management practices in Bangladesh. International Journal of Research in Agriculture and Forestry.  6 (7), 6-11.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Alexander, M. (1961). Introduction to soil microbiology, John Willy and Sons, New York. 21.@undefined@undefined@No$Chhipa, H. and Kaushik, N. (2017). Fungal and bacterial diversity isolated from Aquilaria malaccensis tree and soil, Induces agarospirol formation within 3 months after artificial infection, Front. Microbiol. 8,1286.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Gogoi, Sabi, Bhuyan, M. K. and Karmakar, R. M. (2003). Dynamics of microbial population in tea ecosystem. Journal of Indian Society of  Soil Science, 51 (3), 252-257.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Mohamed, R., Jong, P.L. and Kamziah, A.K. (2014). Fungal Induces Agarwood in Young Aquilaria malaccensis trees in the nursery, Journal of Forestry Research, 25.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Ridwanti, B., Surjanto, T. Hanum, I, Handika, A. and Affandi, O. (2020). The screening of phytochemical and antioxidant activity of agarwood leaves (Aquilaria malaccensis) from two sites in North Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiversitas.  21 (40), 1588-1596.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Mochahari, D., Kharnaior, S., Sen, S. and Thomas, S. C. (2020). Isolation of endophytic fungi from juvenile Aquilaria malaccensis and their antimicrobial properties. Journal of Tropical Forest Science 32 (1), 97-103.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Hemraj, C. and Nutan, K. (2020). Combine effect of biological and physical stress on artificial production of agarwood oleoresin in Aquilaria malaccensis. Doi:https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.19.103671.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Kalita, J., Bhattacharyya, P. R., Lekhak, H. and Nath, S. C. (2015). Zeuzera conferta Walker: An important bio-catalyst for formation of agar in Aquilaria malaccensis Lamk. Souvenir cum abstract book National seminar on recent advances on agarwood research in India March 10-11, 2015, OP: II-14.@undefined@undefined@Yes
<#LINE#>Bioassay guided study of the flowers of Hagenia abyssinica against potato wilt disease<#LINE#>Zelalem @Gizachew,Melaku @Alemu <#LINE#>9-14<#LINE#>2.ISCA-RJAFS-2020-036.pdf<#LINE#>Ethiopian Biotechnology Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia@Ethiopian institute of Agricultural Research, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia<#LINE#>21/9/2020<#LINE#>22/12/2020<#LINE#>Bacteria wilt disease, which is caused by the bacterium Ralstonia solanacearum, mainly attacks potato, tomato and zinger. In Ethiopia, there is no effective controlling strategy yet. This disease has become the second constraint for potato production next to late blight. Therefore, to develop eco-friendly antibacterial compound, three medicinal plant extracts namely flowers of H. abyssinica, bark of C. macroschyus and fruit of P. dodecandra were screened against this disease. In vitro antibacterial tests of the ethanol extract of H. abyssinica flowers was found to be the most effective of the three plant extracts. A minimum inhibition zone of 20 mm was observed, this being more active than the commercial anti wilt substance known as kocide, which had only 15 mm inhibition zone. Kocide is the commercial anti-wilt preparation which is made up of Cu(OH)2. Five batches of flowers of H. abyssinica were separately extracted with hexane, diethyl ether, ethyl acetate, ethanol and water. Only the ethanol and water extracts were active. From the ethanol extract, the most active anti-wilt substance was isolated and characterized as the known compound quercetin-3-O-glucoside.<#LINE#>Alvarez, B., Biosca, E. G. andLopez, M.M. (2010). On the life of Ralstoniasolanacearum, a destructive bacterial plant pathogen, Formatics, 267-269.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Alka, G., Abhinav, G., Chakrabarti, S. K., Azmi, W., Sundar, D. andKhurana, S. P. (2011). Identification of Ralstoniasolanacearum using conserved genomic regions, International Journal for Biotechnology and Molecular Biology Research, 2, 23-30.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Salanoubat, M, Genin, S. and Artiguenave, F. (2002). Genome sequence of the plant pathogen Ralstoniasolanacearum, Nature, 415, 497-502.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Castillo, J.A. and Greenberg, J.T. (2007). Evolutionary Dynamics of Ralstoniasolanacearum, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 73, 1225-1238.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Coutinho, T. A., Roux, J., Riedel, K -H., Terblanche, J. and Wingfield, M. J. (2000). First report of bacterial wilt caused by Ralstoniasolanacearumon eucalypts in South Africa, Path., 30, 205-210.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Narasimha, M.  K. andSrinivas, C. (2012). Invitro screening of bio antagonistic agents and plant extracts to control bacterial wilt (Ralstonia solanacearum) of tomato (Lycopersiconesculentum) Journal of Agricultural Technology, 3, 999-1015.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Champoiseau, P.G. (2008). Ralstoniasolanacearum race 3 biovar 2: detection, exclusion and analysis of a Select Agent Educational module, USDA-NRI Project,1-17.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Yao, J.and Allen, C. (2006). Chemotaxis Is Required for Virulence and Competitive Fitness of the Bacterial Wilt Pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum, Journal of Bacteriology, 188, 3697-3708.@undefined@undefined@Yes$European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization (2004). Diagnostic protocols for regulated pests: Ralstonia solanacearum,EPPO, Bulletin, 34,173 -178.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Chandrashekara, K. N.,Prasannakumar, M. K., Deepa, M., Vani, A.and Khan, A.N. A. (2012). Prevalence of races and biotypes of Ralstonia solanacearum in India, Journal of Plant Protection Research, 52, 53-58.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Martin, C. and French, E. R. (1985). Bacterial wilt of potato Ralstoniasolanacearum, bulletin, 13, 1-8.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Brown, D. G. and Allen, C. (2004). Ralstoniasolana-cearumgenes induced during growth in tomato: an inside view of bacterial wilt, Molecular Microbiology, 53, 1641-1660.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Champoiseau, P. G., Jones, J. B. and Allen, C. (2009). Ralstoniasolanacearum race 3 biovar 2 causes tropical losses and temperate anxieties. Online. Plant Health Progress, 1-17. doi: 10.1094/PHP-2009-0313-01-RV.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Thoquet, P., Olivier, J., Sperisen, S., Rogowsky, P., Prior, P., Anais, G., Mangen, B., Bazin, B., Nazer, R. andGrimsley, N. (1996). Polygenic Resistance of Tomato Plants to Bacterial Wilt in the French West Indies, Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions (MPMI), 9, 837-842.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Deslandes, L., Olivier, J., Theulieres, F., Hirsch, J., Feng, F., Bittner-Eddy, P., Beynon, J.and Marco, Y. (2002). Resistance to Ralstonia solanacearum in Arabidopsis thaliana is conferred by the recessive RRS1-R gene, a member of a novel family of resistance genes, PNAS, 99, 2404-2409.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Mugo, H. M.andKimemia, J. K. (2009). The Coffee berry borer, Hypothenemushampei Ferrari (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) in Eastern Africa region: the extent of spread, damage and management systems. Coffee Research Foundation (crf@undefined@undefined@Yes$kenyaweb.com), 1-9.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Lemessa, F. and Zeller, W.  (2007). Screening rhizobacteria for biological control of Ralstonia solanacearum in Ethiopia, Biological Control, 42, 336-344.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Amsalu, A., Fikre, L. andDiriba, M. (2011) Antifungal activities of some medicinal plants against coffee berry disease caused by colletotrichumkahawae, International Journal of Agricultural Research, 6, 268-279.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Clark, H. W. and Gage, S.  D. (I904). The bactericidal action of copper, U. S. Dept. Agri. Bureau Plant Industry, Bull., 64, 175- 204.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Xianling, J., Guobing, L., Yingping,G., Chengchao, Z. andZhimei,M. (2008).Biological control against bacterial wilt and colonization of mulberry by an endophytic Bacillus subtilisstrain, FEMS Microbiol. Ecol., 65, 565-573.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Zhao, X., Mei, W., Gong, M., Zuo, W., Bai H.and Dai H. (2011). Antibacterial Activity of the Flavonoids from Dalbergiaodorifera on Ralstoniasolanacearum, Molecules, 16, 9775-9782.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Sukanya, S. L., Sudisha, J., Prakash, H. S. andFathima, S. K. (2011). Isolation and characterization of antimicrobial compound from Chromolaenaodorata, Journal of Phytology, 10, 26-32.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Lwin, M. and Ranamukhaarachchi, S.L. (2006). Development of Biological Control of Ralstoniasolanacearum through Antagonistic Microbial Populations, International Journal of Agriculture and Biology, 5, 657-660.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Ji, P., Momol, M. T., Olson, S.M.andPradhanang, P.M. (2005). Evaluation of Thymol as biofumigant for control of bacterial Wilt of Tomato under Field Conditions. Plant Disease, 89(5), 497-500.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Zhao, X., Mei, W., Gong, M., Zuo, W., Bai H.and Dai H. (2011). Antibacterial Activity of the Flavonoids from Dalbergiaodorifera on Ralstoniasolanacearum, Molecules, 16, 9775-9782.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Sunder, J., Jeyakumar, S., Kundu, A., Srivastava, R. C. and De, A. K. (2011). Effect of Moringacitrifolia extracts on in-vitro growth of Ralstoniasolanacearum, Archives of Applied Science Research, 3 (3), 394-402.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Thomsen, H., franke, K., Wessjohann, L. A., Keiser, J., Dagne, E., Arnold, N. (2012). Characterization of Constituents and Anthelmintic Properties of Hageniaabyssinica, Sci.Pharm.8, 1-14.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Tsimogiannis, D., Samiotaki, M., Panayotou, G.andOreopoulou, V. (2007). Characterization of Flavonoid Subgroups and Hydroxy Substitution by HPLC-MS/MS, Molecules, 12, 593-606.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Lim,   S., Hwang, J. Yoon, H. and Paik, Y. (2007). Antioxidative Phenolics from the Petals of Carthamustinctorius, J. Appl. Biol. Chem. , 50(4), 304-307.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Abebe, G., Dawson, L. J., Detweiler, G., T. Gipson, A. and Sahlu, T. (2000). Hagenia abyssinica (kosso) for internal parasite control in goats, 190-195.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Githiori, J. B., Glund, J. H., Waller, P. J. and Baker, R. L. (2004). Evaluation of anthelmintic properties of some plants used as livestock dewormers against Haemonchuscontortus infections in sheep Parasitology, 129, 245-253.@undefined@undefined@Yes
@Short Communication
<#LINE#>Production practices, marketing and economics of cucumber production in Ichchhakamana Rural Municipality, Chitwan, Nepal<#LINE#>Bibek @Gautam,Preeya @Neupane,Sushma @Adhikari <#LINE#>15-17<#LINE#>3.ISCA-RJAFS-2020-023.pdf<#LINE#>Prithu Technical College, Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science, Tribhuwan University, Kathmandu, Nepal@Himalayan College of Agricultural Science and Technology (HICAST), Purbanchal University, Kirtipur, Nepal@Himalayan College of Agricultural Science and Technology (HICAST), Purbanchal University, Kirtipur, Nepal<#LINE#>23/5/2020<#LINE#>22/9/2020<#LINE#>The study entitled Production practices, marketing and economics of Cucumber production in Ichchhakamana Rural Municipality, Chitwan was carried during July to September, 2019. Altogether 50 cauliflower producers was selected randomly. Interview using questionnaire, observation, focus group discussion, was major Primary data collection methodology. Secondary data was collected using various Journals, reports from different Organizations. It was revealed that58% male and 42% female responded the survey. Majority of the respondents (46%) was from 25 to 40 years old. The average land holding was 8.3 Kattha and average area under cucumber production 2.4 Kattha. It was observed that major variety used is the Bhaktapur Local (82%) and the seed rate is 100-120 gram per Kattha. 52% of the respondents performed line sowing on nursery beds for seasonal crop while 78% of the respondents are using polybags for growing Nursery in offseason. 50 % of the respondents transplanted the seedlings in between 15-20 days and 56% were following the spacing of 100 cm*100 cm. 90% of respondents reported using both organic manure and chemical fertilizer. 92% of the respondents reported the practice of weeding manually. 80% of the respondents revealed the use of chemical method for managing pests and diseases. 100% of the respondents perform sorting, mainly based on the size and Shape of the fruits. Similarly 84 % of respondents were practicing grading. Lack of irrigation (34%) Insect pest and Climate Change (28%), Labor availability (24%) were the major problem faced by farmers. It was also observed that 54% follow channel 2 (Whole sellers- Retailers- Consumers). Likewise from Economic analysis it was observed that Benefit Cost ratio was 3.056. It was concluded that cucumber have been profitable enterprise for the farmers of Ichchhakamana Rural Municipality.<#LINE#>Khan, Z.A., Shah, A.H., Gul, R., Majid, A., Khan, U., & Ahmad, H.A. (2015). Morpho-agronomic characterization of cucumber germplasm for yield and yield associated traits. International Journal of Agronomy and Agricultural Research, 6(1):204-207.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Sebastian, P., Schaefer, H., Telford I.R. andRenner, S.S. 2010. Cucumber (Cucumis sativus) and melon (C. melo) have numerous wild relatives in Asia and Australia, and the sister species of melon is from Australia.Proc Natl AcadSci U.S.A. 107(32):14269-73.@undefined@undefined@Yes$MOALD, 2018. Statistical Information on Nepalese Agriculture. Singhadurbar, Kathmandu: Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock.@undefined@undefined@No
@Review Paper
<#LINE#>Development opportunities for livestock and dairy cattle production in Uganda: a Review<#LINE#>Denis @Waiswa,Aytekin @Gunlu,Burak @Mat <#LINE#>18-24<#LINE#>4.ISCA-RJAFS-2020-029.pdf<#LINE#>Department of Livestock Health Economics and Management, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Selcuk University, Turkey@Department of Livestock Health Economics and Management, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Selcuk University, Turkey@Department of Livestock Health Economics and Management, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Selcuk University, Turkey<#LINE#>6/8/2020<#LINE#>18/11/2020<#LINE#>On addition to promoting food security and nutrition, creating employment opportunities and alleviating rural poverty, livestock production also contributes to the growth and development of Ugandas economy. The current status of livestock production in Uganda was reviewed, constraints to its development were identified and possible solutions to these constraints so as to enable increased productivity of the sector were suggested in this article. Factors such as high poverty levels, unequal income distribution, Ugandas demographic structure, limited statistics on the sectors performance and low productivity of animals among others were identified as those hindering Ugandas livestock sector development and performance. Research and development, increased government and NGOs funding in the sector, infrastructural development, creation of cooperatives, adherence to and implementation of policies, implementation of vaccination and veterinary drugs subsidy programs are some of the recommendations for the development of Ugandas livestock sector.<#LINE#>UBOS. (2016). The National Population and Housing Census 2014 - Main Report.@undefined@undefined@Yes$World Bank. The World Bank Data. https://data.worldbank.org/country/uganda. Retrieved 25 July, 2020.@undefined@undefined@No$UN. World Population Prospects 2019, Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Dynamics. https://population.un.org/wpp/. Retrieved 28 November, 2019.@undefined@undefined@No$UBOS. (2019). Statistical Abstract.@undefined@undefined@No$MAAIF, and UBOS. (2009). The National Livestock Census Report 2008.@undefined@undefined@No$Tijjani, K.I., and Yeti&#351;emiyen, A. (2015). Dairy Cattle and Dairy Industry in Uganda: Trends and Challenges. Research Journal of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, 3(10), 14-18.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Balikowa, D. (2011). Dairy development in Uganda. A review of Ugandas dairy industry. Dairy Dev. Authority Uganda.  3202(1).@undefined@undefined@No$Behnke, R., and Nakirya, M. (2012). The contribution of livestock to the Ugandan economy.@undefined@undefined@Yes$FAO. (2019). The future of livestock in Uganda. Opportunities and challenges in the face of uncertainty.@undefined@undefined@No$Agriterra. (2012). Identification of livestock investment opportunities in Uganda.@undefined@undefined@No$OECD, and FAO. (2016). Agriculture in sub-Saharan Africa: Prospects and challenges for the next decade. OECD-FAO agricultural outlook 2016-2025.@undefined@undefined@No$Godber, O.F., and Wall, R. (2014). Livestock and food security: vulnerability to population growth and climate change. Global change biology, 20(10), 3092-3102.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Azzarri, C., Cross, E., Haile, B., and Zezza, A. (2014). Does livestock ownership affect animal source foods consumption and child nutritional status? Evidence from rural Uganda. The World Bank.  1813-9450.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Okello, W.O., Muhanguzi, D., MacLeod, E.T., Welburn, S.C., Waiswa, C., and Shaw, A.P. (2015). Contribution of draft cattle to rural livelihoods in a district of southeastern Uganda endemic for bovine parasitic diseases: an economic evaluation. Parasites & vectors, 8(1), 571.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Herrero, M., Grace, D., Njuki, J., Johnson, N., Enahoro, D., Silvestri, S., and Rufino, M.C. (2013). The roles of livestock in developing countries. Animal, 7(1), 3-18.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Upton, M. (2004). The role of livestock in economic development and poverty reduction.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Ellis, F., and Bahiigwa, G. (2003). Livelihoods and rural poverty reduction in Uganda. World development, 31(6), 997-1013.@undefined@undefined@No$Ellis, F., and Freeman, H.A. (2004). Rural livelihoods and poverty reduction strategies in four African countries. Journal of development studies, 40(4), 1-30.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Worldometer. Uganda Demographics. https://www. worldometers.info/demographics/uganda-demographics/@urb. Retrieved 21 June, 2020.@undefined@No$Swanepoel, F., Stroebel, A., and Moyo, S. (2010). The role of livestock in developing communities: Enhancing multifunctionality. University of the Free State/CTA.@undefined@undefined@Yes$MAAIF. (2016). Ministry of Agriculture Animal Industry and Fisheries@undefined@undefined@No$World Bank. The World Bank Data. https:// data.worldbank.org/ zcountry/uganda?view=chart. Retrieved 24 June, 2020.@undefined@undefined@No$UBOS. Uganda Data Portal, Uganda Population By Age Groups. https://uganda.opendataforafrica.org/ jejnncg/ uganda-population-by-age-groups. Retrieved 21 June, 2020@undefined@undefined@No$Wozemba, D., and Nsanja, R. (2008). Dairy investment opportunities in Uganda-report.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Garcia, O., Balikowa, D., Kiconco, D., Ndambi, A., and Hemme, T. (2008). Milk production in Uganda: dairy farming economics and development policy impacts.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Mwebaze, T., and Kjaer, A.M. (2013). Growth and performance of the Ugandan dairy sector: elites, conflict, and bargaining. International Journal of Agriculture Innovations and Research, 2(3), 287-298.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Ecel, A., and Ecel, R.A. (2013). The structure and competitiveness of Ugandas dairy exports.  3(7).@undefined@undefined@Yes$Abdallah, H. (2019, June 19). Uganda dairy sector performing below full potential. The EastAfrican,@undefined@undefined@No$Mbowa, S., and Shinyekwa, I. (2012). Dairy sector reforms and transformation in Uganda since the 1990s.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Herrero, M., Havlik, P., McIntire, J., Palazzo, A., and Valin, H. (2014). African Livestock Futures: Realizing the potential of livestock for food security, poverty reduction and the environment in Sub-Saharan Africa.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Nakiganda, A., Mohamed, A., Ojangole, S., and Kaukha, R. (2017). Price incentives to milk producers: a case of Uganda. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 29.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Tumushabe, A. (2020, March 17). Dairy farmers struggle to find market for their milk. Daily Monitor,@undefined@undefined@No$Mwesigwa, A. (2019, November 14). Milk prices test resilience of Ugandas dairy sector. The Observer,@undefined@undefined@Yes$Ekou, J. (2014). Dairy production and marketing in Uganda: current status, constraints and way forward. Afr J Agric Res, 9(10), 881-888.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Nakiganda, A., and Ahmed, M. (2019). Analysis of price incentives for milk in Uganda for the time period 2005-2013. Gates Open Res, 3.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Knight-Jones, T., and Rushton, J. (2013). The economic impacts of foot and mouth disease-What are they, how big are they and where do they occur? Preventive veterinary medicine, 112(3-4), 161-173.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Nin, A., Ehui, S., and Benin, S. (2007). Livestock productivity in developing countries: an assessment. Handbook of agricultural economics, 32461-2532.@undefined@undefined@No