@Research Paper
<#LINE#>Phenological trend of tree species at Forest Research Institute Dehradun, India<#LINE#>Ramesh @Chhetri,Parmanand @Kumar,Megha@. <#LINE#>1-8<#LINE#>1.ISCA-RJAFS-2019-029.pdf<#LINE#>Forest Research Institute (deemed to be) University, Dehradun, India and Kali Gandaki polytechnic Institute, CTEVT, Ghiring 1, Tanahun 33900, Nepal@Forest Ecology and Climate Change Division, Forest Research Institute, Dehradun, India@Forest Research Institute (deemed to be) University, Dehradun, India <#LINE#>30/7/2019<#LINE#>21/12/2019<#LINE#>The study was primarily focused on 11 tree species which were selected as sample trees. Other trees were kept under observation for general perception. The observations were based on phenological behavior such as leaf emergence, leaf expansion, senescence, budding, ripening, etc. The results were presented in the pictorial and tabular forms. Phenological events in plants were highly affected by the seasonal climatic stress. Thus, monitoring and recording this phenological process of plants helps to know about the changing patterns of the season. The outcome of this study is expected to be relevant in the future for the comparative studies. Further, reviewing these biological events of different trees speciescan provide valuable inputs for identifying the long-term phenology trends.<#LINE#>Lieth, Helmut (1974).@In Phenology and seasonality modeling.@Purposes of a phenology book, pp.3-19. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.@No$Borchert, R. (1994).@Soil and stem water storage determine phenology and distribution of tropical dry forest trees.@Ecology, 75(5), 1437&#8722;1449.@No$Orsham, Gideon (2012).@Plant pheno-morphological studies in Mediterranean type ecosystems.@Vol.12, Springer Science & Business Media.@No$Parry, M., Parry, M. L., Canziani, O., Palutikof, J., Van der Linden, P., and Hanson, C. (Eds.). (2007).@Climate change 2007-impacts, adaptation and vulnerability: Working group II contribution to the fourth assessment report of the IPCC.@Vol. 4, Cambridge University Press.@No$Badeck, F.W., Bondeau, A., B&ouml;ttcher, K., Doktor, D. and Lucht, W. (2004).@Responses of spring phenology to climate change.@New Phytologist, 162(2), 295-309.@No$Parmesan, C. and Yohe, G., (2003). A globally coherent fingerprint of climate change impacts across natural sy7 stems. Nature, 421(6918), 37-42.@undefined@undefined@No$Davi, H., Gillmann, M., Ibanez, T., Cailleret, M., Bontemps, A., Fady, B. and Lef&egrave;vre, F. (2011).@Diversity of leaf unfolding dynamics among tree species: new insights from a study along an altitudinal gradient.@Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 151(12), 1504-1513.@No$Zerboni, R., Arrigoni, P. V., Manfredi, M., Rizzotto, M., Paoletti, L., and Ricceri, C. (1991).@Geobotanical and phenological monitoring of allergenic pollen grains in the Florence area.@Grana, 30(2), 357-363.@No$Reich, P.B. (1995).@Phenology of tropical forests: patterns, causes and consequences.@Canadian Journal of Botany, 73(2), 164&#8722;174.@No$Cleland, E. E., Chuine, I., Menzel, A., Mooney, H. A. and Schwartz, M. D (2007).@Shifting plant phenology in response to global change.@Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 22(7), 357-365.@No$Norby, R. J., Hartz-Rubin, J.S. and Verbrugge, M. J., (2003).@Phenological responses in maple to experimental atmospheric warming and CO2 enrichment.@Global Change Biology, 9(12), 1792-1801.@No$Asshoff, R., Zotz, G. and K&ouml;rner, C., (2006).@Growth and phenology of mature temperate forest trees in elevated CO2.@Global Change Biology, 12(5), 848-861.@No$Koptur, S., Haber, W. A., Frankie, G. W., and Baker, H. G. (1988).@Phenological studies of shrub and treelet species in tropical cloud forests of Costa Rica.@Journal of Tropical Ecology, 4(4), 323-346.@No$Heideman, P. D. (1989).@Temporal and spatial variation in the phenology of flowering and fruiting in a tropical rainforest.@The Journal of Ecology, 77(4), 1059-1079.@No$Bhat, D. M. (1992).@Phenology of tree species of tropical moist forest of Uttara Kannada district, Karnataka, India.@Journal of Biosciences, 17(3), 325-352.@No$Kaur, G., Singh, B. P., and Nagpal, A. K. (2013).@Phenology of some phanerogams (trees and shrubs) of Northwestern Punjab.@India. Journal of Botany, 1-10.@No$Chauhan, P. S., Manhas, R. K., Bhandari, D., and Negi, J. D. S. (2004).@Carbon stock assessment in old growth Pinusroxburghii Spreng. Plantation of forest research institute, new forest, Dehradun.@India. Indian Journal of Forestry, 27(1), 45-49.@No$Pilar, C. D. and Gabriel, M. M. (1998).@Phenological pattern of fifteen Mediterranean phanaerophytes from shape Quercus ilex communities of NE-Spain.@Plant Ecology, 139(1), 103-112.@No$Gu, L., Post, W. M., Baldocchi, D., Andy Black, T., Verma, S. B., Vesala, T. and Wofsy, S. C. (2003).@Phenology of vegetation photosynthesis.@In Phenology: An Integrative Environmental Science (Schwartz, M.D., ed.), pp. 467-485.@No$Nanda, A., Suresh, H. S., and Krishna Murthy, Y. L. (2015).@Leafing phenology of tropical forests of Bhadra wildlife sanctuary, Karnataka, India.@Applied Science Reports, 12(1), 33-40.@No$Singh, J. S. and Singh, V. K. (1992).@Phenology of seasonally dry tropical forest.@Current Science-Bangalore, 63(11), 684-684.@No$Menzel, A., Sparks, T. H., Estrella, N., Koch, E., Aasa, A., Ahas, R. and Chmielewski, F. M. (2006).@European phenological response to climate change matches the warming pattern.@Global change biology, 12(10), 1969-1976.@No
<#LINE#>Analysis of physicochemical parameters of soil samples around Bahir Dar Textile Industry, Northern Amhara, Ethiopia<#LINE#>Alemu @Talema,Alemayehu @Abebaw <#LINE#>9-14<#LINE#>2.ISCA-RJAFS-2019-038.pdf<#LINE#>Chemistry Department, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Ambo University, P.O. Box. 19, Ambo, Ethiopia and Chemistry Department, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Injibara University, P.O. Box. 40, Injibara, Ethiopia@Chemistry Department, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Injibara University, P.O. Box. 40, Injibara, Ethiopia<#LINE#>30/9/2019<#LINE#>2/2/2020<#LINE#>The levels of selected physicochemical properties in the soil sample collected in Bahir Dar Textile Factory were determined by several methods. Soil samples found in the Bahir Dar textile factory were investigated for several physicochemical parameters those parameters were mainly indicator of soil properties. Results that obtained from soil samples analyzed showed that the range of  the values of physicochemical properties (pH, EC(mS/cm), OM (%),OC(%), MC, CEC(cmol/kg) were 7.752-8.344, 0.130-0.214, 1.771-5.84-2, 1.027-3.389, 5.138-6.106 and 12.39-16.242 respectively.  From the result of EC that generated in soil samples, soil samples  that under investigated in the area of Bahir Dar textile factory were non saline and the value of pH was found vary from slightly alkaline to higher value of alkaline. Between the values of physicochemical properties as the statistical test of ANOVA there were significant differences (p<0.05) in the analyzed soil samples.<#LINE#>Borkar, A.D. (2015).@Study on some physicochemical parameters of soil samples in Katol Taluka District Nagpur (MS), India.@Research Journal of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, 3(1), 16-8.@No$Moor, C., Lymberopoulou, T., and Dietrich, V. J. (2001).@Determination of heavy metals in soils, sediments and geological materials by ICP-AES and ICP-MS.@Microchimica Acta. 136(3-4), 123-128.@No$Muniafu, M., and Otiato, E. (2010).@Solid Waste Management in Nairobi, Kenya. A case for emerging economies.@Journal of Language, Technology & Entrepreneurship in Africa, 2(1), 342-350.@No$Vr&scaron;&#269;aj, B. (2011).@Soil Protection Activities and Soil Quality Monitoring in South-Eastern Europe.@P. Panagos, V. Toma&zcaron;, & H. &#268;ustovi&#263; (Eds.). Publications Office.@No$Okoro, H.K., Orimolade, B.O., Adebayo, G.B., Akande, B.A., Ximba, B.J., Ngila, J.C. (2017).@An Assessment of Heavy Metals Contents in the Soil around a Cement Factory in Ewekoro, Nigeria Using Pollution Indices.@Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 26(1).@No$Ganorkar, R. P., Hole, H. A., & Pund, D. A. (2017). Assessment of Soil Nutrients and Physico-Chemical Parameters in the Region of Hiwarkhed Village of Amravati District (Maharashtra State), India.@Rasayan J. Chem., 10(2) 429-433.|@undefined@No$Mehari, A.K., Gebremedhin, S., and Ayele, B. (2015).@Effects of Bahir Dar textile factory effluents on the water quality of the headwaters of Blue Nile River, Ethiopia.@International Journal of Analytical Chemistry. 2015, 1-7.@No$Addis, W., & Abebaw, A. (2015).@Analysis of selected physicochemical parameters of soils used for the cultivation of garlic (Allium sativum L.).@Science, Technology and Arts Research Journal, 3(4), 29-35.@No$Joel, O. F., & Amajuoyi, C. A. (2009).@Determination of Selected Physicochemical Parameters and Heavy Metals in a Drilling Cutting Dump Site at Ezeogwu-Owaza, Nigeria.@Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management, 13(2).@No$Akan, J. C., Abdulrahman, F. I., Sodipo, O. A., & Lange, A. G. (2010).@Physicochemical parameters in soil and vegetable samples from Gongulon Agricultural site, Maiduguri, Borno state, Nigeria.@Journal of American Science, 6(12), 78-87.@No$Chaudhari, K.G. (2013).@Studies of the physicochemical parameters of soil samples.@Advances in Applied Science Research, 4(6), 246.@No$Wagh, G. S., Chavhan, D. M., & Sayyed, M. R. G. (2013).@Physicochemical Analysis of Soils from Eastern Part of Pune City.@Universal Journal of Environmental Research & Technology, 3(1).@No$Badmus, B. S., Ozebo, V. C., Idowu, O. A., Ganiyu, S. A., & Olurin, O. T. (2014).@Physico-chemical properties of soil samples and dumpsite environmental impact on groundwater quality in South Western Nigeria.@The African Review of Physics, 9.@No$Odoemelam, S. A., & Ajunwa, O. (2008).@Heavy metal status and physicochemical properties of agricultural soil amended by short term application of animal manure.@Current World Environment, 3(1), 21.@No$Inobeme, A., Ajai, A. I., Iyaka, Y. A., Ndamitso, M., & Uwem, B. (2014).@Determination of physicochemical and heavy metal content of soil around paint industries in Kaduna.@Int. J. Sci. Technol. Res, 3(8), 221-225.@No$Durak, A., Buyukguner, E. & Dogan, H.M. (2010).@Determination of physical and chemical properties of the soils under different land management.@Asian Journal of Chemistry, 22(8), 6375-86.@No$Tripathi, A, & Misra, D.R. (2012).@A study of physicochemical properties and heavy metals in contaminated soils of municipal waste dumpsites at Allahabad, India.@International Journal of Environmental Sciences, 2(4), 2024@No$Oyedele, D. J., Gasu, M. B., & Awotoye, O. O. (2008).@Changes in soil properties and plant uptake of heavy metals on selected municipal solid waste dump sites in Ile-Ife, Nigeria.@African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 2(5), 107-115.@No
<#LINE#>Growth analysis and carbon economy of Olea europaea L. raised at foothills of central Kumaon Himalaya<#LINE#>Mayank @Tripathi <#LINE#>15-20<#LINE#>3.ISCA-RJAFS-2019-043.pdf<#LINE#>Department of Functional Plant Biology, Kumaon University, Almora, Uttrakhand, India<#LINE#>2/10/2019<#LINE#>16/2/2020<#LINE#>In the present investigation, growth performance of Olea europaea L. was evaluated under natural conditions of day and night. Relative growth rate and other functional traits were evaluated in order to gain a more comprehensive knowledge about the morphological and physiological adjustments made by olive tree in response to a given set of natural environmental conditions at foothills of central Kumaon Himalaya.  The experimental plot was set in an experimental farm at Halduchaur, Haldwani. Growth analysis was performed for 2 years (24 months) and data was recorded bimonthly (i.e. 12 readings) under natural conditions. Low values of RGR, NAR, SLA, LAR and LMF were depicted while RMF was high. Linear regression revealed that NAR contributed to strong and positive correlation with RGR but SLA and LMF were never functionally correlated. Interestingly NAR had a positive correlation with SLA. Evergreen leaves (low SLA, thick leaves) has high construction cost per unit leaf area in an unproductive environment and a low NAR. Further analysis also revealed that low SLA species could be an adaptive feature in dry and evergreen habitats. Temporal variation in RGR was mainly due to NAR. Biomass allocation analysis revealed much of the biomass was invested into roots (RMF) during the study period. The dissection of underlying functional components revealed that NAR can be considered as the best indicator in determining RGR in O. europaea L. under natural conditions.<#LINE#>Tripathi M. and Joshi H. (2015).@Carbon flow in Delhi urban forest ecosystems.@Annals of Biological Research, 6(8), 13- 17.@No$Poorter, H. (1994). The fate of acquired carbon in plants: chemical composition and construction costs. Plant resource allocation, 39-72.@undefined@undefined@No$Shipley B. (2002).@Trade-offs between net assimilation rate and specific leaf area in determining relative growth rate: relationship with daily irradiance.@Functional Ecology, 16, 682- 689.@No$Grime J.P. and Hunt R. (1975).@Relative Growth Rate: its range and adaptive significance in a local flora.@Journal of Ecology, 63,393- 422.@No$Eddo, R., Rita, B., & Rosario, M. (2000).@Olive (Olea europaea var. sativa) transformation.@In Molecular biology of woody plants (pp. 245-279). Springer, Dordrecht.@No$Salunkhe D.K. and Desai B.B. (1986). Post harvest biotechnology of oilseed. CRC Press, Inc Boca Raton, Florida. ISBNO- 8493- 6289-X.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Singh R.P., Chadha T.R. and Singh J.M. (1986). Advances in researches on temperate fruits (eds. T.R. Chadha, V.P. Bhutani and J.L. Kaul), Dr. Y.S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Solan, pp 51- 54.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Mitra, S. K. (Ed.). (1997). Postharvest physiology and storage of tropical and subtropical fruits (No. 04; SB359, P6.). New York: CAB international.@undefined@undefined@No$Mahapatra S.K., Obi Reddy G.P., Nagdev R., Yadav R.P., Singh S.K. and Sharda V.N. (2018).@Assessment of soil erosion in the fragile Himalayan ecosystem of Uttrakhand, India using USLE and GIS sustainable productivity.@Current Science, 115(1), 108- 121.@No$West C., Briggs G.E. and Kidd F. (1920).@Methods and significant relations in the quantitative analysis of plant growth.@New Phytologist, 19, 200- 207.@No$Williams, R. F. (1946).@The physiology of plant growth with special reference to the concept of net assimilation rate.@Annals of Botany, 10(37), 41-72.@No$Kvet, J. (1971).@Methods of growth analysis.@Plant photosynthetic production manual of methods, 343-391.@No$Radford P.J. (1967).@Growth analysis formulae- their use and abuse.@Crop Science, Madison, 7, 171- 175.@No$Poorter H. and Nagel O. (2000).@The role of biomass allocation in the growth response of plants to different levels of light, CO2, nutrients and water: a quantitative review.@Australian Journal of Plant Physiology, 27, 595- 607.@No$Chapin F.S. (1980).@The mineral nutrition of wild plants.@Annual Review Ecol. Sys., 11, 233-260.@No$Tilman G.D. (1984).@Plant dominance along an experimental nutrient gradient.@Ecology, 65, 1445- 1453.@No$Grime, J. P., Crick, J. C., & Rincon, J. E. (1986).@The ecological significance of plasticity.@In Symposia of the Society for Experimental Biology, Vol. 40, 5-30.@No$Achakzai A.A.K., Achakzai P., Masood A., Kayani S.A. and Tareen R.B. (2009).@Response of plant parts and age of the distribution of secondary metabolites of plants found in Quetta.@Pak. Journal of Botany, 41(5), 2129- 2135.@No$Poorter H. (1991).@Interspecific variations in the relative growth rate of plants: the underlying mechanisms.@PhD thesis, Utrecht University, The Netherlands.@No$Cornelissen J.H.C, Werger M.J.A., Castro- Diez P., Van Rheenen J.W.A. and Rowland A.P. (1997).@Foliar nutrients in relation to growth, allocation and leaf traits in seedlings of a wide range of woody plant species and types.@Oecologia, 111, 460- 469.@No$Sobrado M.A. (1994).@Leaf age effects on photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate and nitrogen content in a tropical dry forest.@Physiol. Plant., 90, 210- 215.@No$Reich P.B., Walters M.B. and Ellsworth D.S. (1997).@From tropics to tundra: global convergence in plants functioning.@Proc. Natl Acad. Sci., USA, 94: 13730- 13734.@No$Poorter H. and Remkes C. (1990).@Leaf area ratio and net assimilation rate of 24 wild species differing in relative growth rate.@Oecologia, 83: 553- 559.@No$Castro- Diez P., Puyravaud J.P. and Cornellssen J.H.C. (2000).@Leaf structure and anatomy as related to leaf mass per area variation in seedlings of a wide range of woody plant species and types.@Oecologia, 124, 476- 486.@No$Lillis M. (1991).@An ecomorphological study of the evergreen leaf.@Braum- Blanquetia. Dipt. di Botanica ed Ecologia dell@No$Monk C.D. (1966).@An ecological significance of evergreenness.@Ecology, 47, 504- 505.@No
<#LINE#>Feasibility studies on finger jointing of plywood sections<#LINE#>Asharam @Nagar,Navneet Singh @Sirswal,D.P. @Khali,N. @Ismita,V.S. Kishan @Kumar,Sachin @Gupta <#LINE#>21-26<#LINE#>4.ISCA-RJAFS-2019-046.pdf<#LINE#>Forest Products Division, Forest research Institute, Dehradun, 248006, India@Forest Products Division, Forest research Institute, Dehradun, 248006, India@Forest Products Division, Forest research Institute, Dehradun, 248006, India@Forest Products Division, Forest research Institute, Dehradun, 248006, India@Forest Products Division, Forest research Institute, Dehradun, 248006, India@Forest Products Division, Forest research Institute, Dehradun, 248006, India<#LINE#>29/10/2019<#LINE#>6/12/2019<#LINE#>This study explores the feasibility of end joining short pieces of commercial plywood through finger joints. The joints were glued with urea formaldehyde and   poly vinyl acetate (PVAc) adhesives. It was observed that both the adhesives resulted in similar bending strengths of around 25N/mm2 showing no glue effect. This was attributed to the absence of glue penetration into individual veneers which already had exposure to enough adhesives during manufacture of the plywood. The bending strength efficiency was in the 53%-61% range depending on the direction of face veneers. All jointed samples resulted in very high MoE efficiencies in the range of 84% to 97% as is seen in solid woods usually. The actual values ranged between 4440 N/mm2 and 6240 N/mm2 in two directions.  Overall, the study demonstrated the potential of using finger joints for saving plywood offcuts that are wasted by the furniture manufacture industry to make longer sections with more than half of bending strength and very high elasticity compared to original unjointed plywood.<#LINE#>G&uuml;neri A. (2005). Handbook of Polymers in Construction. Smithers Rappa, Shrewbury.@undefined@undefined@No$Top Y. (2015).@Waste generation and utilisation in micro-sized furniture-manufacturing enterprises in Turkey.@Waste Management, 35: 3-11.@Yes$Daian G. and Ozarska B. (2009).@Wood waste management practices and strategies to increase sustainability standards in the Australian wooden furniture manufacturing sector.@Journal of Cleaner Production, 17 (17), 1594-1602. doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2009.07.008@Yes$Eckelman C.A., Erdil Y.Z. and Zhang J. (2002).@Withdrawal and bending strength of dowel joints constructed of plywood and oriented strandboard.@Forest Products Journal, 52 (9), 66-74.@Yes$Nazerian M., Moazami V., Farokhpayam S. and Gargari R.M. (2018).@Production of blockboard from small athel slats end-glued by different type of joint.@Maderas. Ciencia y tecnolog&iacute;a, 20 (2), 277-286. DOI: 10.4067/S0718-221X2018005021101@Yes$Deo R. (2015). Upcycle waste plywood into trendy home furniture. https://www.homify.in/ideabooks/274945/upcycle-waste-plywood-into-trendy-home-furniture (accessed on 22 June 2018)@undefined@undefined@No$Ogawa K., Harada M., Shibusawa T. and Miyamoto K. (2019).@Method for measuring the resistances produced on parallel and perpendicular veneers in plywood under nail embedment loading.@Journal of Wood Science, 65, 1 doi.org/10.1186/s10086-019-1786-4@Yes$Bro&zcaron;ek M. (2016).@Bonding of plywood.@Research in Agricultural Engineering, 62(4), 198-204. doi:10.17221/ 39/2015-RAE@Yes$Frolovs G., Rocens K. and Sliseris J. (2017).@Shear and tensile strength of narrow glued joint depending on the grain direction of plywood plies.@Procedia Engineering, 172, 292-299. doi: 10.1016/j.proeng.2017.02.117@Yes$Zhang J., Erdil Y.Z. and Eckelman C.A. (2002b).@Lateral Holding Strength of Dowel Joints Constructed of Plywood and Oriented strand Board.@Forest Products Journal, 52 (7/8): 83-89.@Yes$Zhang J., Quin F., Tackett B. And Park S.H. (2002a).@Direct withdrawal strength of single-staple joints in pine plywood.@Forest Products Journal, 52 (2), 86-91.@Yes$Zhang J., Yu Y. and Quin F. (2016).@Bending fatigue life of metal plate connected joints in furniture grade pine plywood.@Forest Products Journal, 56 (11), 62-66.@Yes$Jensen J.L., Sasaki T. and Koizumi A. (2002).@Plywood frame corner joints with glued in hardwood dowels.@Journal of Wood Science, 48 (4), 289-294.@Yes$Lavalette A., Cointe A., Poimmier R. and Legrand G. (2016).@Experimental design to determine the manufacturing parameters of a green glued plywood panel.@Holz als Roh-und Werkstoff 74 (4), 543-551.@Yes$Shibusawa T., Toda J. and Tanikawa N. (2016).@The effect of scarf jointed veneer on Mechanical performance of thick plywood.@Mokuzai Gakkaishi, 62 (3), 73-79.@Yes$Ayarkwa, J., Hirashima, Y., Sasaki, Y. and Ando, K. (2000b).@Effect of glue type on flexural and tensile properties of finger-jointed tropical African hardwoods.@Forest Products Journal, 50 (10), 59-68.@Yes$Ayarkwa, J., Hirashima, Y., and Sasaki, Y. (2000a).@Effect of finger geometry and end pressure on the flexural properties of finger jointed tropical African hardwoods.@Forest Products Journal, 50 (11/12): 53-63.@Yes$Kishan Kumar V.S., Sharma, C.M. and Gupta S. (2013).@Role of finger tip area on flexural strength properties of finger-jointed sections.@International Wood Products Journal, 4 (2), 101-106.@Yes$Uday N.D., Mathews K.C., Mohandas K.K., Jagadish H.N. and Bansal A.K. (2005).@Finger jointed timber from plantation species using indigenous machines.@Indian Forester, 131 (4): 535-542.@Yes$Kishan Kumar V.S., Gupta S. and l Kothiyal V. (2011).@Elasticity and rupture of finger jointed mango wood joined with two adhesives.@Indian Forester, 137 (1), 88-93.@Yes$BIS (2005). IS: 1734 (Parts 11) - 1983 Methods of Test for Plywood (Second Revision). Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi, pp. 7.@undefined@undefined@No$Siim K., Kask R., Lille H. and T&auml;kker E. (2012).@Study of Physical and Mechanical Properties of Birch Plywood Depending on Moisture Content.@8th International DAAAM Conference, Industrial Engineering&quot;, 19-21 April, Tallinn, 735-740.@Yes$Bal B.C. and Bekta&#351; I. (2014).@Some mechanical properties of plywood produced from eucalyptus, beech, and poplar veneer.@Maderas. Ciencia y tecnolog&iacute;a, 16 (1),  99-108. DOI 10.4067/S0718-221X2014005000009.@Yes$https://www.duroply.in/pdf/sarda-corporate-brochure.pdf  The World of Duro, Vol. 2017. (accessed on 19 September 2019)@undefined@undefined@No$http://www.robbins.co.uk/pdf%20files/mar_plywood_technical.pdf (accessed on 09 March 2018)@undefined@undefined@No$Makowski A. (2019).@Analytical Analysis of Distribution of Bending Stresses in Layers of Plywood with Numerical Verification.@Drvna Industrija, 70 (1), 77-88. https://doi.org/10.5552/drvind.2019.1823@Yes$Khali D.P., Kumar, A., Shrivastava P., Chand V., Mehta N.S. and Kumar S. (2017). Boiling water resistant (BWR) grade general purpose plywood of selected different progenies of Melia composita Benth. J. Timber Development Association of India, 62-63, 7-18.@undefined@undefined@No$Kilic M.  (2011).@The effects of the force loading direction on bending strength and modulus of elasticity in Laminated Veneer Lumber (LVL).@BioResources, 6 (3), 2805-2817.@Yes$Follrich J., Vay O., Veigel S. and M&uuml;ller U. (2010).@Bond strength of end-grain joints and its dependence on surface roughness and adhesive spread.@Journal of Wood Science, 56, 429-434. DOI 10.1007/s10086-010-1118-1@Yes$Kishan Kumar V.S., Sharma C.M. and Gupta S. (2015).@Compression and flexural properties of finger jointed Mango wood sections.@Maderas.Ciencia y tecnolog&iacute;a, 17 (1), 151-160. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0718-221X201500 5000015.@Yes$Ranjan M., Khali D.P., Ismita N., KishanKumar V.S. and Gupta S. (2019). Effect of adding Urea Formaldehyde in Polyvinyl acetate on the bending properties of Finger jointed Wood sections. International Archive of Applied Sciences and Technology 10 (1): 160-165. DOI: 10.15515/iaast.0976-4828.10.1.160165@undefined@undefined@No$Frihart C.R. (2005). Wood adhesion and adhesives. In: Rowell, R.M. (Ed.), Handbook of wood chemistry and wood composites, Boca Raton, Fla.  CRC Press, 2005: 215-278.@undefined@undefined@No$Barboutis I. and Vasileiou V. (2013).@Strength of finger - jointed beech wood (Fagus sylvatica) constructed with small finger lengths and bonded with PU and PVAc adhesives.@PRO LIGNO, 9(4), 359-364. www.proligno.ro@Yes$Singh C.P., Gupta S. and Kishan Kumar V.S. (2018). Role of different gluing areas in deciding the bending strength of finger jointed timber. Research Journal of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, 6 (12): 15-20.@undefined@undefined@No
<#LINE#>Germination of Aeschynomene Elaphroxylon (Guill. & Per.)Taub  seeds under different dormancy breaking treatments and its storability<#LINE#>Shiferaw @Alem <#LINE#>27-31<#LINE#>5.ISCA-RJAFS-2019-048.pdf<#LINE#>Central Ethiopia Environment and Forest Research Centre, Addis Abeba, P.O.Box24536 Code 1000, Ethiopia<#LINE#>13/11/2019<#LINE#>27/2/2020<#LINE#>The objectives of this study paper are 1) to evaluate the potential of different seed dormancy breaking treatments in improving the germination of Aeschynomene elaphroxylon 2) to assess the seed longevity behavior of A.  elaphroxylon. To achieve the objectives, seeds of the species were collected and their germination with different seed pre-sowing treatments such as; cold water treatment for 12 and 24 hours; and hot water treatments for 5, 10 and 15 minutes were assessed in a greenhouse. For the evaluation of seed longevity, the seeds stored for one year in a cold room and then their germination was evaluated. One- way ANOVA and t-test were used for the data analysis. Mean separation was performed using Fisher\'s least significance difference (LSD) test with a significance level of p=0.05. The result indicated significance differences in the mean germination index and mean germination time of the different seed dormancy breaking treatments (P<0.05). There was also a significance difference in the mean germination index of A. elaphroxylon seeds sown soon after collection and seeds sown after storing it for a year period of time (P<0.05). Overall, the findings indicated that, hot water treatment resulted in relatively higher germination index than the other seed dormancy breaking treatments. It is also found that the seed of the species has poor viability as the storage time increases.<#LINE#>Michel Arbonnier (2004).@Trees, Shrubs and Lianas of West African Dry Zones.@Cirad,  Paris, pp 1 - 573. ISBN: 2-85653-571-2@Yes$Burkill, H. M. (1994).@The useful plants of west tropical Africa. Volume 2: Families EI. (Edn 2).@Royal Botanic Garden, Kew, pp 1 - 648. ISBN: 10-0947643567@Yes$Burkill Humphrey Morrison (1995).@The Useful Plants of West Tropical Africa.@Volume 1-3, Families J-L, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, pp 1 -868. ISBN:0-947643-64-8@Yes$Kassaye, Y.A., Lindis, S., Einset, J. and Salbu, B. (2016).@Aquatic Macrophytes in Ethiopian Rift Valley Lakes; Their Trace Elements Concentration and Use as Pollution Indicators.@Aquat. Bot., 134, 18-25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquabot.2016.06.004@Yes$Michel Arbonnier (2004).@Trees, Shrubs and Lianas of West African Dry Zones.@CIRAD, Margraf Publishers, pp 1 -573.ISBN : 2-85653-571-2@Yes$Nielsen, I. (2003). Du Puy, DJ, Labat, J.-N., Rabevohitra, R., Villiers, J.-F., Bosser, J. & Moat, J.@The Leguminosae of Madagascar.@Kew Bulletin, 58. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.2307/4119359@Yes$Becker, M. (2001).@Potential and Limitations of Green Manure Technology in Lowland Rice.@J. Agr.Rural. Dev. Trop., 102 (2), 91 -108.@Yes$Nguyen, T.P., Keizer, P., van Eeuwijk, F., Smeekens, S. and Bentsink, L. (2012). Natural Variation for Seed Longevity and Seed Dormancy are Negatively Correlated in Arabidopsis. J. Plant Physiol., 160, 2083-2092. http://dx.doi.org/10.1104/pp.112.206649@undefined@undefined@No$Benech-Arnold, R.I., Sanches, R.A., Forcella, F., Kruk, B.C.andGhersa, C.M. (2000).@Environmental Control of Dormancy in Weed Seed Bank in Soil.@Field Crops Res., 67, 105-122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0378-4290(00)000 87-3@Yes$Baskin, J.M., Baskin, C.C. (2004).@A Classification System for Seed Dormancy.@Seed Sci. Res.,14, 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1079/SSR2003150@Yes$Hartmann Hudson,   Kester Dale,   Davies Fred, Geneve Robert  (2011).  Plant Propagation Principles and Practices, 8th Edition, Pearson, Prentice Hall, pp 1 - 928. ISBN: 0-13-5014492@undefined@undefined@No$Yuningsih, A. F., & Sri, W. (2016).@Effective methods for dormancy breaking of 15 new-improved rice varieties to enhance the validity of germination test.@From International Seminar on Promoting Local Resources for Food and Health. Bengkulu, Indonesia, 12th-13th Oct. pp 166-173.@Yes$Nonogaki, H. (2017).@Seed Biology Updates: Highlights and New Discoveries in Seed Dormancy and Germination Research.@Front. Plant Sci., 8, 1-16. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2017.00524@Yes$Sideman B. (2017). Starting Plants Indoors from Seed: Factsheet. Hhttps://extension.unh.edu/resource/starting-plants-seed-fact-sheet. Accessed on 10.12.2019.@undefined@undefined@No$Nwoboshi L. C. (1982).@Tropical Silviculture: Principles and Techniques, Ibadan University press.@Nigeria, pp 1- 333. ISBN: 9781210982 9789781210983@Yes$Amusa, T. O. (2011).@Effects of three pre-treatment techniques on dormancy and germination of seeds of Afzelia africana (Sm. Ex pers).@Journal of Horticulture and forestry, 3(4), 96-103.@Yes$Rajjou, L., & Debeaujon, I. (2008).@Seed longevity: survival and maintenance of high germination ability of dry seeds.@Comptes rendus biologies, 331(10), 796-805. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crvi.2008.07.021.@Yes
<#LINE#>Volume estimation model of forty-five years Nauclea diderrichii Plantation in Area J4, Omo Forest Reserve, Nigeria<#LINE#>Oladoye @A.O.,Dauda @T.O.,Ige @P.O.,Faniseyi @A.S.,Olusola @A.E.,Baruwa @N. <#LINE#>32-39<#LINE#>6.ISCA-RJAFS-2019-050.pdf<#LINE#>Department of Forestry and Wildlife Management, Federal University of Agriculture, PMB 2240 Abeokuta, Ogun State Nigeria@Institute of Agriculture Research and Training, Obafemi Awolowo University, Moor Plantation Ibadan, Nigeria@Dept. of Environmental Modeling and Biometrics, Forestry Research Institute of Nigeria, P.M.B. 5054, Jericho, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria@Department of Forestry and wood Technology, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria@Department of Forestry and Wildlife Management, Federal University of Agriculture, PMB 2240 Abeokuta, Ogun State Nigeria@Department of Forestry and Wildlife Management, Federal University of Agriculture, PMB 2240 Abeokuta, Ogun State Nigeria<#LINE#>24/11/2019<#LINE#>13/1/2020<#LINE#>This study was carried out to determine volume estimation model for Nauclea diderrichii stands in Area J4, Omo forest reserve, Ogun State using fifteen temporary sample plots. Data acquired were analyzed using summary statistics and ordinary least regression analysis (using linear, quadratic, power, exponential and reciprocal model). The results revealed that trees/hectare was 235/ha; the Basal Area was 23.78/ha while mean Dbh (cm) and mean total height were 35cm and 19.32m respectively.  Volume was directly correlated with all other parameter in the order; volume &#61537; height (0.934) > dbh (0.878) > Basal area (0.872). The results of the regression analysis indicated that the power model gave the most parsimonious model to predict volume of Nauclea didderichi in a plantation. The Durbin-Watson statistics in addition returned for the power model were also about the most preferable (1.804 - 1.329). The volume - height relationship model of the power form was equally the best among others of the power form.<#LINE#>Cailliez, F., & Alder, D. (1980).@Forest volume estimation and yield prediction (Vol. 1).@Food and agriculture Organization of the United Nations. P. 108.@Yes$Mugasha, W.A., Mwakalukwa, E.E., Luoga, E., Malimbwi, R.E., Zahabu, E., Silayo, D.S., Sola, G., Crete, P., Henry, M. and Kashindye, A. (2016).@Allometric Models for Estimating Tree Volume and Aboveground Biomass in Lowland Forests of Tanzania.@International Journal of Forestry Research, Article ID 8076271: http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/8076271,13pp.@Yes$Avery and Burkhart (2001).@Forest measurements.@New York U.S.A: Mc Graw Hill. 5th Edition 456pp.@No$Bienert, A., Hess, C., Maas, H. G., & Von Oheimb, G. (2014).@A Voxel-Based Technique to Estimate the Volume of Trees from Terrestrial Laser Scanner Data.@International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing & Spatial Information Sciences, 45.@Yes$Kelly, J. F. (1987).@A comparison of tree volume estimation models for forest inventory (Vol. 233).@United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station. US Government Printing Office, 987 -761 -0 86/ 60 0 32@Yes$Husch, B., Beers, T.W. and Kershaw Jr., J.A. (2003).@Forest Mensuration.@4th Edn. New Jersey: John Wiley and Sons Inc., USA., 949 pp@No$Ader, H.J. (2008). Modelling in Ader, H.J. and Mellenberg, G.J. (eds).@Advising on Research method: A consultant&acute;s companion.@Huzen, the Netherland: Johannes Van Kessel Publishing, pp 271 - 304.@Yes$Alder, D. and Abayomi, J.O. (1994).@Assessment of data requirement for sustained yield calculations.@A consultancy report prepared for the Nigerian Tropical Action Plan. FORMECU, Federal Department of Forestry, Ibadan, 105 pp.@Yes$McCullagh, P., & Nelder, J. A. (1989).@Generalized linear models.@Routledge. London: Chapman and Hall, 592 pp.@Yes$McCullagh, P. (2002).@What is Statistical Model?@Annals of Statistics, 30(5), 1225 - 1310.@Yes$Subasinghe, Upul. (2016).@Attempts of modelling forest tree volume and biomass in Sri Lanka.@Indian Forester. 142. 68.@Yes$Giri, K., Pandey, R., Jayaraj, R. S. C., Nainamalai, R., & Ashutosh, S. (2019).@Regression equations for estimating tree volume and biomass of important timber species in Meghalaya, India.@Current Science, 116(1), 75-81.@Yes$Lumbres, R.I.C., Young, J.L., Yeon, O.S., Sung, H.K. Jung, K.C. and Woo, K.L. (2011).@Development and Validation of Nonlinear Height-DBH models for Major coniferous tree Species in Korea.@Forest Science and Technology, 7(3), 117 - 125.@Yes$Shamaki S. B. Akindele, S. O., Isah, A. D and Mohammed I. (2016).@Height-diameter Relationship Models for Teak (Tectona grandis) Plantation in Nimbia Forest Reserve, Nigeria.@Asian Journal of Environment & Ecology, 1(1): 1-7, 2016; Article no.AJEE.30635@Yes$Farebrother, R. W. (1980).@Algorithm AS 153: Pan@Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series C (Applied Statistics), 29(2), 224-227.@Yes$Breusch, T. S., & Pagan, A. R. (1979).@A simple test for heteroscedasticity and random coefficient variation.@Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society, 1287-1294.@Yes$Adekunle, V. A. J. (2007).@Non-linear regression models for timber volume estimation in natural forest ecosystem, southwest Nigeria.@Research Journal of Forestry, 1(2), 40-54.@Yes$Abayomi, J. A. (1983).@Volume tables for Nauclea diderrichii in Omo forest reserve, Nigeria.@Nigerian Journal of Forestry, 13(1-2), 56-62.@Yes$Mugasha, W. A., Bollands&aring;s, O. M., & Eid, T. (2013).@Relationships between diameter and height of trees in natural tropical forest in Tanzania.@Southern Forests: a Journal of Forest Science, 75(4), 221-237.@Yes$Adegbehin, J. O. (1985).@Growth prediction in some plantations of exotic tree species in the Northern Guinea and Derived savanna zones of Nigeria (Doctoral dissertation).@@Yes$Nokoe. E. (1980): Demonstrating the Flexibility of Gompertz function as a yield in Man and Biosphere series Volume 6, 181-207.@undefined@undefined@No$Laiho, O., E. A. Lahde, Y. Norokorpi and T. Saksa (1995):@Stand structure and the associated terminologies.@In: Recent advances in forest mensuration and growth and yield research. Proceedings from 3 sessions of subject group S4-01, 20th World congress of IUFRO, Tampere, Finland (Editors: J. P. Skovsgaard and H. E . Burkhart) p88-96 Lanly, J.P. (1982): Tropical Forest Resources. FAO Forestry Paper No. 30 (FAO Rome).@Yes
@Short Communication
<#LINE#>Possible consequences of recent Supreme Court Eviction order on folk medicinal knowledge-A statistical analysis<#LINE#>Rathore @M.S.,Meenakshi @Amarawat <#LINE#>40-44<#LINE#>7.ISCA-RJAFS-2019-040.pdf<#LINE#>Department of Botany, Bhupal Noble&acute;s University Udaipur 313001, India@Department of Botany, Bhupal Noble&acute;s University Udaipur 313001, India<#LINE#>23/7/2019<#LINE#>18/1/2020<#LINE#>In this work, we have presented the significance of the socio-cultural association of tribes with the forest. The 13th February 2019 Supreme Court(SC) order addressing the eviction of ~ 11 lakh of tribes and other forest dwellers under the Forest rights act (FRA) 2006 spread threat to the lives and health of these communities. Since, tribes/forest dwellers manage, protect, and nurture the forests where they reside for ages; they are the better and prime entity to look after their environments and have knowledge and motivations to protect forests than anyone else. This order may detriment the traditional knowledge of folk medicine and may disrupt well-established socio-cultural-ecological bonding. We have also given a statistical overview of total forest land, rural tribal population, and claim rejections under FRA-2006 along with quantitative descriptions of traditional medicinal knowledge hold by indigenous people in different sectors of India.<#LINE#>Report of Survival International (2019).@Down to Earth.@https://www.downtoearth.org.in dated 10/05/2019.@No$Brockington, D. (2002).@Fortress Conservation: The Preservation of the Mkomazi Game Reserve, Tanzania.@Bloomington, U.S. Indiana University Press., xviii, 163-190.@Yes$Blackbuck (2019).@Conservation in Ganjam: Great Efforts in Conservation.@Indian Cultural Forum. https://indianculturalforum.in 22/07/2019.@No$Report on tribal (2019).@Revisiting the tigers versus tribal Revisiting the tigers versus tribal strope. https://scroll.inhttps://tribal.nic.in 22/07/2019.@undefined@No$Report on tribal (2019).@Strope.@https://scroll.inhttps://tribal.nic.in 22/07/2019.@No$Mao, A. A., Hynniewta, T. M., & Sanjappa, M. (2009).@Plant wealth of Northeast India with reference to ethnobotany.@Indian J Trad Knowled., 8(1), 96-103.@Yes$Debbarma, M., Pala, N. A., Kumar, M., & Bussmann, R. W. (2017).@Traditional knowledge of medicinal plants in tribes of Tripura in northeast, India.@African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines, 14(4), 156-168.@Yes$Das, P.K.  (1995).@Some medicinal plants used by the tribal of Koraput, Orissa.@Anc Sci Life., XIV(3), 191-196.@Yes$Chandra, R. Mahato, M. Mandal, S.C. Kumar, K. and Kumar J. (2007).@Ethnomedicinal formulations used by traditional herbal practitioners of Ranchi, Jharkhand.@Indian J Trad Knowled., 6(4), 599-601.@Yes$Panda, A. Mishra, M.K. (2011).@Ethnomedicinal survey of some wetland plants of South Orissa and their conservation.@Indian J Trad Knowled., 10(2). 296-303.@Yes$Rahaman, C.H. and Karmakar, S. (2015).@Ethnomedicine of Santal tribe living around Susunia hill of Bankura district, West Bengal, India: The quantitative approach.@Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science, 5(2), 127-136.@Yes$Uniyal, B., & Shiva, V. (2005). Traditional knowledge on medicinal plants among rural women of the Garhwal Himalaya, Uttaranchal. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge, 04(3), 259-266.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Sanjeev, M. Gaurav, N. and Virendra, K. (2013).@Ethnomedicinal Study of Some Medicinal Plants Used by Rural Communities of district Jhansi, Uttar Pradesh.@International Journal of Bio solution., 2(4), 106-109.@No$Kumar, A. Kumar, R. Sharma, M. Kumar, U.Gajula, M.N. V. P., and Singh, K.P. (2018).@Uttarakhand Medicinal Plants Database (UMPDB): A Platform for Exploring Genomic, Chemical, and Traditional Knowledge article.@Data., 3(1), 7.@Yes$Harsha, V.H., Shripathi, V. and Hegde, G.R. (2005).@Ethno veterinary practices in Uttara Kannada district of Karnataka.@Indian J Trad Knowled., 4(3), 253-258.@Yes$Mahishi, P., Srinivasa, B.H., & Shivanna, M.B. (2005).@Medicinal plant wealth of local communities in some villages in Shimoga District of Karnataka, India.@J Ethnopharmacol., 98(3), 307-312.@Yes$Vedavathy, S. (2002),@Tribal medicine - the real alternative.@Indian J Trad Knowled., 1(1), 25-31.@Yes$Sekhar J. Penchala, P.G. and Sudarsanam, G.  (2011).@Data on herbal remedies from the tribes of Chittoor District, Andhra Pradesh in India.@Life sciences Leaflets., 17, 621-630.@Yes$Roy, S.  Harsha, V. Bhattacharya, H.D. Upadhya, V. and Kholkute, S.D. (2015).@Tribes in Karnataka: Status of health research.@Indian J Med Res., 141(5), 673-687.@Yes$Rajalakshmi, S., Vijayakumar, S., & Arulmozhi, P. (2019).@Ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants in Thanjavur and its surrounding (Tamil Nadu-India).@Acta Ecologica Sinica, 39(5), 380-397.@Yes$Parthiban, R., Vijayakumar, S., Prabhu, S., & Yabesh, J. G. E. M. (2016).@Quantitative traditional knowledge of medicinal plants used to treat livestock diseases from Kudavasal taluk of Thiruvarur district, Tamil Nadu, India.@Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia, 26(1), 109-121.@No$Jadhav D. (2006).@Ethno medicinal plants used by Bhil tribe of Bibdod, Madhay Pradesh.@Indian J Trad Knowled., 5(2), 263-267.@Yes$Sharma, V.K., Diwan, R.K., Saxena, R.C., Shrivastava, P.N.  and Saxena R. (2010).@Survey report of medicinal plant used in folk medicine in tribal areas of Pandhurna, District Chhindwara (Madhya Pradesh).@Biomedical & Pharmacology Journal., 3(2), 403-408.@Yes$Madharia, P., & Jahan, A. (2015).@Ethnomedicinal plants and their conservation in Chhattisgarh State: Review and Perspectives.@Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology, 1(4), 46-50.@Yes$Katewa, S.S. & Arora A. (1997).@Some plants in folk medicines of Udaipur district, Rajasthan.@Ethnobotany, 9(1/2), 48-51.@Yes$Jagtap, S. D., Deokule, S. S., & Bhosle, S. V. (2006).@Some unique ethnomedicinal uses of plants used by the Korku tribe of Amravati district of Maharashtra, India.@Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 107(3), 463-469.@Yes$Jain, D. L., Baheti, A. M., Jain, S. R., & Khandelwal, K. R. (2010). Use of medicinal plants among tribes in Satpuda region of Dhule and Jalgaon districts of Maharashtra-an ethnobotanical survey.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Galav, P. Jain, A.and Katewa S.S. (2013).@Traditional veterinary medicine used by livestock owner of Rajasthan., India.@Indian J Trad Knowled., 12(1), 47-55.@Yes$Bhatt, P. R., Patel, U. D., Patel, H. B., & Modi, C. M. (2019). Survey on Ethnoveterinary Practices around Junagadh, Gujarat, India. Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 81(1), 161-167.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Usha, S., Rajasekaran, C., & Siva, R. (2016).@Ethnoveterinary medicine of the Shervaroy Hills of Eastern Ghats, India as alternative medicine for animals.@Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine, 6(1), 118-125.@Yes
@Review Paper
<#LINE#>Participatory Integrated Pest Management (PIPM) Approach: An Overview<#LINE#>Deepak @Bhandari <#LINE#>45-52<#LINE#>8.ISCA-RJAFS-2019-031.pdf<#LINE#>Nepal Agricultural Research Council (NARC), Kathmandu, Nepal<#LINE#>12/8/2019<#LINE#>15/12/2019<#LINE#>The combined use of chemical and biological measures, use of tactical mixture of many measures and use of pesticide only when it is inevitable were the major components of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) technologies of different time periods. All these concepts of IPM have been derailed from its core theme and was unable to reduce the pesticide use. Therefore, a new approach known as Participatory Integrated Pest Management (PIPM) consists of new principle of IPM with several novel extension approaches of farmer empowerment and education has been emerged. The objectives of this study is to update available information on various aspects of Participatory Integrated Pest Management (PIPM) strategy against major pests and diseases of different crops by reviewing the available materials. The study was conducted with data and information collected from several journals, proceedings and books. The new concept of IPM was derived from the natural agro-ecosystem of ancient time in which the pest population and the population of their natural enemies were naturally adjusted by ecosystem. The notion of PIMP was to enhance the knowledge of farmers on underlying ecological principles of their crop fields through non-formal education. The approach is popularly known as IPM farmers&acute; field school, which provides practical knowledge to farmers on ecosystem of their crop field and focuses on empowerment of the farmers for their multi-dimensional development. PIPM conduct farmers lead practical sessions, which include planning, training and education on field ecosystem analysis, special topics on agriculture production, practical observation of interaction of pest and predators in insect zoo, group dynamic activities and self-evaluation of the experience and outcomes of FFS. The previous approach of IPM was heavily centralized and followed the top down approach. The approach was research driven instead of farmers driven, so farmers couldn&acute;t feel affection on the IPM technology generated on research station and brought directly to their field. In addition, the technology developed in a specific environment of research station was not compatible to diverse agro-ecosystem of their field and was inappropriate for varied socio-economic condition of farmers. The experience of FFS conducted so far in several countries of Asia indicates the sustainable nature of this approach; however, several factors such as institutional, socio-economical, technical and educational factor influence on the sustainability of the approach. The extent of influence of these factors may differ among countries and communities. Many of these factors could be manage in few countries, where as it is difficult to cope up with these factors in the other countries. The weak linkages among the various institution and lack of experts in under developed countries hinder the adoption of PIMP. The higher percentage of marginal farmers for whom agriculture is the only source of livelihood is the limitation as well as a prospect for extension of the PIPM approach in countries like Nepal. PIPM is a unique and appropriate approach of pest management which has been tested and adopted by several countries of Asia. PIMP could reduce the injudicious use of pesticides in agriculture sectors, if precise and sincere attempts of researchers, extension staffs, government and other stake holders are readily and constantly available.<#LINE#>Ooi, P.A.C. (1986).@Insecticides Disrupt Natural Control of Nilaparvata lugens in Sekinchan, Malaysia.@In: Hussein, M. Y. and Ibrahim, A. G. (eds.). Biological Control in the Tropics. pp. 109-120, University Pertanian, Malaysia, Serdang.@No$Stern, V.M., Smith, R.F., Vanden, B. R. and Hagen, K.S. (1959).@The integrated control concept.@Hilgardia. 29, 81-101.@No$Waterhouse, D.F. (1992).@Biological Control: a viable strategy for the tropics.@In: Ooi, P.A.C., Guan-Soon, L. and Paul, S. T. (eds.), Biological control: Issue in the tropics. Proceedings of the biological control session 3rd. International Conference on Plant Protection in the Tropics held in Genting Highlands, Malaysia, 20-23 March, 1990 Pp: 1-13.@Yes$Chin, H., Othman, Y., Loke, W. H. and Rahman, S. A. (1991).@National Integrated Pest Management in Malaysia.@In: Ooi, P.A.C. (ed.), Proceedings of the Conference on Integrated Pest Management in Asia Pacific Region, pp. 191-209, Commonwealth Agriculture Bureau International (CABI), Kuala Lumpur.@Yes$Syed, A. R., Sivapragasam, A., Loke, W. H. and Fauziah, I. (1997).@Classical Biological Control of Diamondback Moth: The Malaysian Experience.@In: Sivapragasam, A. (ed.), Proceedings of the Third International Workshop on the Management of Diamondback Moth and Other Crucifer Pests, pp. 71-77, MARDI, Kuala Lumpur.@Yes$Mah, S. Y., Mohamad, M. N. R. and Jamaludin, S. (2001).@An Integrated Pest Management Package for Chili.@MARDI Occasional Paper 1/2001, MARDI, Serdang, 7 pp.@No$Ooi, P.A.C. (2000).@Present status of IPM in the Asian region.@In: Ooi, P.A.C. (ed.), Farmer led Integrated Pest management. Report of the APO seminar on Integrated Pest management held in Bangkok from 20 - 24 April, 1998. Asian Productivity Organization, Tokyo.@Yes$Weel, P. and Harry, V. W. (1999).@Participatory integrated pest management. Netherlands Ministry of Foreign Affairs.@Development Corporation. 67 P.@Yes$Wagge, J. (1992).@Quantifying the impact of pesticides on natural enemies.@In: Ooi, P.A.C., Guan-Soon, L. and Paul, S. T. (eds.), Biological control: Issue in the tropics. Proceedings of the Biological control session 3rd. International Conference on Plant Protection in the Tropics held in Genting Highlands, Malaysia, 20-23, March. 1990. pp: 23-30.@Yes$Way, M.J. and Emden, H. F.V. (2000).@Integrated pest management in practice: Pathways towards successful application.@Crop Protection, 19 (2), 81-103.@No$Ooi, P.A.C. (2005).@Some non-pesticide methods for managing crop insect pests- present status, issues and strategies.@In: Ooi, P.A.C. (ed.), Non pesticide methods for controlling Diseases and Insect pests. Report of the APO Seminar on non-pesticide methods for controlling Diseases and Insect Pests held in Japan, 10-17 April, 2002. Asian Productivity Organization. Tokyo.@No$Kenmore, P.E. (1996).@Integrated pest management in rice.@In: Parsley, G. J.(ed.), Biotechnology and Integrated Pest Management. Cab International, Wallingford, UK. pp:76-97@Yes$Ooi, P.A.C., Walter-Echols, G., Dai, W. D., Morales-Abubakar, A.L., Lim, G.S., Soomro, M.H., Galvan, C., Mancini, F., Petersen, R. and Kamp, K. (2004).@Environmental Education for Poor Farmers.@FAO-EU IPM Programs for Cotton in Asia. FAO Regional Office, Asia and Pacific, Bangkok, Thailand. 62 pp.@Yes$Ooi, P.A.C. (1996).@Experiences in educating rice farmers to understand biological control.@Entomophaga, 41, 375-385.@Yes$Dilts, R. and Pontius, J. (2000).@IPM and Farmer-led Development: Lessons from Indonesia.@In: Ooi, P. A. C.  (ed.), Farmer-led Integrated Pest Management. pp. 34-42, Asian Productivity Organization, Tokyo, Japan.@No$Soejirno, J. (1992).@Integrated pest management in rice in Indonesia; A success story.@APAARI publication. Pp: 68.@No$Bijlmakers, H. (2005).@Farmers Field Schools for IPM- Refresh your memory.@IPM, DANIDA. 59 pp.@Yes$Pontius, J., Russell, D. and Andrew, B. (eds). (2002).@Ten Years of IPM Training in Asia; from Farmer Field Schools to Community IPM.@FAO, RAP, Bangkok. 106 pp.@No$Kenmore, P.E., Heong, K.L. and Putter, C.A. (1985).@Political, social and perceptual aspects of integrated pest management programs.@In: Lee, B.S., Loke, W.H. and Heong, K.L. (eds.), Integrated Pest Management in Asia. Malaysian Plant Protection Society, Kuala Lumpur, pp. 47-66.@Yes$Peter, S., Stiefel, J. and Hurlimann, M. (1997).@Extension of complex issues; successes factors in integrated pest management.@Swiss agency for development and cooperation. 100 pp.@Yes$Henk, V. B., Ooi, P. A.C., Arief, L. 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@Short Review Paper
<#LINE#>Vermicompost: a raw material in sustainability of tropical soils and food security<#LINE#>Akingbola @O.O.,Dayo-Olagbende @G.O.,Niyonsenga, @P. <#LINE#>53-56<#LINE#>9.ISCA-RJAFS-2019-037.pdf<#LINE#>Department of Crop, Soil and Pest Management, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria@Department of Crop, Soil and Pest Management, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria@Ministry of Agriculture and Animal Resources, Kigali, Rwanda<#LINE#>25/9/2019<#LINE#>15/1/2020<#LINE#>Turning food waste in every home into vermicompost for application on agricultural lands is a step towards enhancing food security; while concurrently sequestrating carbon in the soil. The degraded and depleted tropical soils are high with carbon sink capacity but with low rate of sequestration resulting in low soil quality causing poor crop yields. Soil restorative measures are needed to mitigate soil degradation trends. In this review work, the potentials of the use of vermicompost are examined to propose sustainable pathway, with a view to achieve among other things, improved household waste management, soil productivity, food security and rural household economy.<#LINE#>Akinbile, C.O., (2012).@Environmental impact of landfill on groundwater quality and agricultural soils in Nigeria.@Soil and Water Res., 7(1), 18-26.@Yes$Lisk, D.J., (1991).@Environmental effects of landfills.@The Science of the Total Environment, 100, 415- 468.@Yes$Olanrewaju, O. O. and Ilemobade, O.A., (2009).@Waste to wealth; A case study of the Ondo State Integrated waste recycling and treatment project, Nigeria.@European J. of Soc. Sci., 8, 7-14.@Yes$Losses, F. G. F., and Waste, F. (2011).@Extent, causes and prevention.@Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. http://www.fao.org/docrep/014/ mb060e/mb060e00.pdf.@Yes$Daniel, O., and Anderson, J. M. 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J., (1992).@Influence of vermicompost application on the available macronutrients and selected microbial populations in a paddy field.@Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 24, 1317-1320.@Yes$Ayodele O. J. and Shittu O. S. (2014).@Fertilizer, Lime and Manure Amendments for Ultisols Formed on Coastal Plain Sands of Southern Nigeria.@Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, 3(6), 481-488. doi: 10.11648/j.aff.20140306.17@Yes$Nweke I. A. (2016).@Influence of different leguminous crop on the ultisol that had been continuously cropped to cassava /maize for over six years.@J. Soil Sci. Environ. Manage. 7(12), 222-229.@Yes$Akingbola, O.O., Adeyemo, A.J., Oladele, S.O. and Ojeniyi, S.O. (2017).@Physical Status and Infiltration Dynamics of Tropical Alfisol of South- Western Nigeria as Affected by Poultry Manure.@Applied Tropical Agriculture, 21(3), 102-111.@Yes$Kamalu, O.J., Ugwa, I.K. and Omenihu, A.A. 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(2003).@Effects of earthworm casts and compost on soil microbial activity and plant nutrient availability.@Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 35, 295-302.@Yes$Borowski E, (1995).@Response of tomatoes to NO3-N or NH4-N applied to sandy loam, and soil substrate.@Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie Sklodowska, 3, 111-118.@Yes$Kale, R.D. and Bano, K. (1986).@Field trials with vermi-compost, an organic fertilizer.@Proceeding of National Seminar on &grave;Organic Waste Utilization by Vermicom-posting, GKVK Agricultural University, Bangalore@Yes$Rose, C. J., and Wood, A. W. (1980).@Some environmental factors affecting earthworm populations and sweet potato production in the Tari Basin, Papua New Guinea highlands.@Papua New Guinea Agricultural Journal, 31(1/4), 1-13.@Yes$Levy, G.R., (2000).@Sodicity. In: Handbook of Soil Science (Sumner, M.E., Ed.).@CRC press, Boca Raton, Florida, pp: 29-63.@Yes$Mahmoud, E.K. and M.M. Ibrahim (2012).@Effect of vermicompost and its mixtures with water treatment residuals on soil chemical properties and barley growth.@Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 12(3), 431-440.@Yes$Weber J., Karczewska A., Licznar M., Drozd J., Jamroz E., and Kocowicz A., (2007).@Agricultural and ecological aspects of a sandy soil as affected by the application of municipal solid waste composts.@Soil Biology Biochem., 39, 1294-1302.@Yes$Zebarth, B. J., Neilsen, G. H., Hogue, E., and Neilsen, D. (1999).@Influence des amendements faits de dechets organiques surcertains proprietes physiques et chimiques due sol.@Canadian Journal Soil Sciences, 79, 501-504.@Yes$Azarmi, R., Giglou, M.T. and Taleshmikail, R.D., (2008).@Influence of vermicompost on soil chemical and physical properties in tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum) field.@African Journal of Biotechnology, 7(14), 2397-2401.@Yes$Atiyeh, R.M., Lee, S., Edwards, C.A., Arancon, N. Q and Metzger, J.D., (2002).@The influence of humic acids derived from earthworms processed organic wastes on plant growth.@Bioresource Technology, 84, 7-14.@Yes$Edwards, C.A. (1998).@The use of earthworms in the breakdown and management of organic wastes.@In: Earthworm Ecology. CRC press LLC, Boca Raton, Fl, pp. 327-354.@Yes$Schindler-Wessells, M.L., Bohlen, P.F., McCartney, D.A., Subler, S. and Edwards, C.A. (1996).@Earthworm effects on soil respiration in agro-ecosystems receiving different nitrogen inputs.@Soil Bio Biochem, 29, 409.@No$Wolters, V. and Joergensen, R.G. (1992).@Microbial carbon turnover in soils worked by Apporeclodea ca, (Sav.).@Soil Bio. Biochem, 24, 71-177.@Yes$Albiach, R., Cancet, R., Pomares, F., and Ingelmo, F. (2000).@Microbial biomass content and enzymatic activities after the application of organic amendments to a horticultural soil.@Bioresour. Technol., 75, 43-48.@Yes$Vasanthi D., and Kumaraswamy K., (1999).@Efficacy of Vermicompost to Improve Soil Fertility and Rice Yield.@Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science, 47(2), 268-272.@Yes$Marinari, S., Masciandaro, G., Ceccanti, B., and Grego, S. (2000).@Influence of organic and mineral fertilizers on soil biological and physical properties.@Bioresour. Technol., 72, 9-17.@Yes$Arancon, N.Q., Edwards, C.E., Atiyeh, R.M. and Metzger, J.D. (2004).@Effects of vermicompost produced from food waste on the growth and yields of greenhouse peppers.@Bioresource Technology., 93, 139-144.@Yes$Kaushik, P. and Garg, V.K. (2003).@Vermicomposting of mixed textile mill sludge and cow dung with epigeic earthworm Eisenia foetida.@Biores. Technol., 90(3), 311-316.@Yes$Sulber, S., C.A. Edwards and J. Metzger, (1998).@Comparing vermicomposts and composts.@Biocycle, 39, 63-66.@Yes$Wilson, D.P. and Carlile, W.R., (1989).@Plant growth in potting media containing worm-worked duck waste.@Acta Hortic., 238, 205-220.@Yes