@Research Paper
<#LINE#>Factors Influencing the Adoption of Large Cardamom-based Agro-forestry System in the Eastern Hills of Nepal<#LINE#>Binaya@Joshi,Ganesh R.@Joshi <#LINE#>1-10<#LINE#>1.ISCA-RJAFS-2016-029.pdf<#LINE#>Ministry of Population and Environment, Singh Durbar, Kathmandu, Nepal@Commission for the Investigation of Abuse of Authority, Tangal, Kathmandu, Nepal<#LINE#>6/9/2016<#LINE#>29/9/2016<#LINE#>The cardamom-based agroforestry is a traditional production system in the hills and mountains of eastern Nepal. Such system is believed to be ecologically sustainable, socially acceptable and economically viable. Using the agricultural census data of 2011/12, this paper aims to identify the factors influencing the adoption of cardamom-based agroforestry system in the eastern hills of Nepal. Being the censored type sample population, Tobit model has been used. On an average, the households experienced no food shortage for about 9 months, the cultivated land per household was 0.88 hectare and around 77 percent of the total land was under upland category. The results showed that the  proportion of the area under upland, age and education level of the household head, the male headed household and distance to road heads and markets were significant variables affecting the adoption of this type of  agroforestry system. Farmers might have utilized the upland area for this agroforestry system probably perceiving the economic, social and environmental benefits. For further increasing its adoption so as to get optimal benefits, there is a need to create awareness among the households through trainings, extension and other educational programs. Similarly, the households should be supported in both pre-production and post-harvest related activities. In addition, the constraints on adoption of female headed households should be identified and special programs need to be implemented for increasing the level of adoption.  In order to improve the access, the investment should be increased for developing physical infrastructures such as roads and markets.<#LINE#>Singh S.P. (2002).@Balancing the approaches of environmental conservation by considering ecosystem services as well as biodiversity.@Current Science, 82, 1331-1335.@Yes$ICRAF (2006).@World Agroforestry Centre.@Southeast Asia web site, http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/sea@Yes$Brandle J.R., Johnson B.B. and Akeson T. (1992).@Field Windbreaks: Are They Economical?.@Journal of Production Agriculture, 5, 393-398.@Yes$Clason T.R. (1995).@Economic Implications of Silvi-pastures on Southern pine Plantations.@Agroforestry System, 29, 227-238.@Yes$Kurtz W.B. (2000).@Economics and Policy of Agroforestry.@In: Agroforestry: An Integrated Science and Practice, Reitveld, W. and H.E. Garrett, eds., American Society of Agronomy, Madison, WI., 321-360.@Yes$Louise E., James P. and Buck L.E. (2000).@Development of Agroforestry as an Integrated Land Use Management Strategy.@Garrett N H E, Rietveld W.J and Fisher R F (eds.) North American agroforestry: An integrated science and practice, American Society of Agronomy, Madison, WI, 1-29.@Yes$Vaast  P. and Somarriba E. (2014).@Trade-offs Between Crop Intensification and Ecosystem Services:the Role of Agroforestry in Cocoa Cultivation.@Agroforestry Systems, 88, 947-956.@Yes$Nair P.K.R. (1993).@An Introduction to Agroforestry.@Kluwer Academic Publishers, The Netherlands.@Yes$Sayer J.A. and Maginnis S. (2005).@Forests in Landscapes: Expanding Horizons for Ecosystem Forestry.@J.A. Sayer & S. Maginnis, eds., Forests in landscapes. Ecosystems approaches to sustainability, London, Earthscan, 257.@No$Sinclair F.A. (1999).@A General Classification of Agroforestry Practice.@Agroforestry Systems, 46, 161-180.@Yes$Thapa G.B. and Paudel G.S. (2000).@Evaluation of the Livestock Carrying Capacity of Land Resources in the Hills of Nepal Based on Total Digestive Nutrient Analysis.@Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment,78, 223-235.@Yes$Amatya S.M. (1999).@Opportunities for Agroforestry in Nepal.@Nepal Journal of Science and Technology, 1, 63-70.@Yes$Carson B. (1992).@The Land, the Farmer and the Future: A Soil Fertility Management Strategies for Nepal.@ICIMOD Occasional Paper, No. 2.1, ICIMOD, Kathmandu Nepal.@Yes$Yadav Y. (1992).@Farming-forestry-livestock Linkages: A Component of Mountain Farmers’ Strategies (Nepal).@Jodha N. S., Banskota  M., Partap  T. (eds.)  Sustainable Mountain Agriculture, Perspectives and Issues, 1, Oxford and IBH Publishing Co. Ltd, New Delhi.@Yes$Kang B.T. and Akinnifesi F.K. (2000).@Agroforestry as Alternative Land-use Production System for the Tropics.@Natural Resources Forum,  24, 137-151.@Yes$Benge M.D. (1987).@Multipurpose Use of Contour Hedgerows in the Highland Regions.@World Animal Review, 64, 31-39.@Yes$Young A. (1997).@The Effectiveness of Contour Hedgerows for Soil and Water Conservation.@Agroforestry Forum, 8 (4), 2–4.@Yes$Beer J., Ibrahim M. and Sinclair F. (2005).@The History of Future Agroforestry Research and Development: Policy Impacts and Needs.@Mery G, Alfaro R, Kanninen  M, Lobovikov M (eds.). Forests in the Global Balance - Changing Paradigms. IUFRO World Series, 17,  151-160.@Yes$Adhikari B., Williams F. and Lovett J.C. (2007).@Local Benefits from Community Forests in the Middle Hills of Nepal.@Forest Policy and Economics, 9, 464-478.@Yes$Dhakal B., Bigsby H.R. and Cullen R. (2007).@The Link Between Community Forestry Policies and Poverty and Unemployment in rRural Nepal.@Mountain Research and Development, 27, 32-39@Yes$Sharma R., Xu J. and Sharma G. (2007).@Traditional Agroforestry in the Eastern Himalayan  Region: Land Management System Supporting Ecosystem Services.@Tropical Ecology, 48(2), 189-200.@Yes$Sharma G., Sharma E., Sharma R. and Singh K.K. (2002).@Performance of an Age Series of Alnus–Cardamom Plantations in the Sikkim Himalaya: Productivity, Energetics and Efficiencies.@Annals of Botany, 89, 261-272.@Yes$Singh K.A., Rai R.N., Patiram and Bhutia D.T. (1989).@Large cardamom (Amomum subulatum Roxb.) Plantation — An Age Old Agroforestry System in Eastern Himalayas.@Agroforestry system, 9(3), 241-257.@Yes$Odum H.T. (2007).@Environment, Power, and Society for the Twenty-First Century : the hierarchy of energy.@NY: Columbia University Press, 418.@Yes$MoAD (2015).@Trade Flow Analysis of Cardamom in Eastern Region.@Ministry of Agricultural  Development, Singh Durbar, Kathmandu.@No$MoFSC (2000).@Forestry Sector Policy 2000.@Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation Singh Durbar, Kathmandu.@No$MoFSC (2015).@Forestry Policy 2015.@Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation, Singh Durbar, Kathmandu.@No$MoFSC (2016).@Forestry Sector Strategy.@Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation, Singh Durbar, Kathmandu.@No$ANSAB (2015).@Kathmandu Declaration on Agroforestry.@Asia Network on Sustainable Agricultural Bioresources (ANSAB), http://www.ansab.org/publication/kathmandu-declaration-on-agroforestry/@No$Rogers E.M. (1995).@Diffusion of Innovations.@4th ed., New York, USA: The Free Press.@Yes$Neupane  R.P.,  Sharma K.R. and  Thapa G.B. (2002).@Adoption of Agroforestry in the Hills of Nepal: A Logistic Regression Analysis.@Agricultural Systems, 72, 177-196.@Yes$Pattanayak S. and Mercer D.E. (1998).@Valuing Soil Conservation Benefits of Agroforestry: Contour Hedgerows in the Eastern Visayas, Philippines.@Agricultural Economics, 18, 31-46.@Yes$Pagdee A., Kim Y.S. and Daugherty P.J. (2006).@What Makes Community Forest Management Successful: A Meta-study from Community Forests Throughout the World.@Society and Natural  Resources, 19, 33-52.@Yes$Thangata P.H. and Alavalapati J.R.R. (2003).@Agroforestry Adoption in Southern Malawi: The Case of Mixed Intercropping of Gliricidia sepium and Maize.@Agricultural Systems, 78, 57-71.@Yes$Sanchez P.A. and Jama B.A. (2002).@Soil Fertility Replenishment Takes off in East and Southern Africa.@Vanlauwe B, Diels J, Sanginga N,  Merckx R (eds.), Integrated Plant Nutrient Management in Sub-Saharan Africa, CAB International, Wallingford, UK., 23-45.@Yes$Place F. and Dewees P. (1999).@Policies and Incentives for the Adoption of Improved Fallows.@Agroforestry Systems, 47, 323-343.@Yes$Phiri et. al. (2004).@Who is Using the New Technology? The Association of Wealth Status and Gender with the Planting of Improved Tree Fallows in Eastern Province, Zambia.@Agricultural Systems, 79(2), 131-144.@Yes$Keil A, Zeller M. and Franzel S. (2005).@Improved Tree Fallows in Smallholder Maize Production in Zambia: Do Initial Testers Adopt the Technology?.@Agroforestry Systems, 64, 225-236.@Yes$Mutambara J.,  Dube I.V. and Mvumi B.M. (2012).@Agroforestry Technologies Involving Fodder Production and Implication on Livelihood of Smallholder Livestock Farmers in Zimbabwe. A Case Study of Goromonzi District.@Livestock Research for Rural Development, 24(11), http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd24/11/muta24210.html.@Yes$Gibreel T.M. (2013).@Crop Commercialization and Adoption of Gum-arabic Agroforestry and Their Effect on Farming System in Western Sudan.@Agroforestry Systems, 87(2), 311-318.@Yes$Dhakal A., Cockfield  G. and Maraseni T.N. (2015).@Deriving an index of adoption rate and assessing factors affecting adoption of an agroforestry-based farming system  in Dhanusha District, Nepal.@Agroforestry Systems, 89(4), 645-661.@Yes$Basamba et. al. (2016).@Enhancing  Adoption of Agroforestry in the Eastern  Agro-ecological Zone of Uganda.@International Journal of Ecological Science and Environmental Engineering, 3(1), 20-30.@No$CBS (2013).@National sample census of agriculture Nepal 2011/12.@Central Bureau of Statistics, Kathmandu.@No$MoCS (2010).@Nepal Trade Integration Strategy.@Background Report, Ministry of Commerce and Supplies, Singh Durbar Kathmandu.@No$NSCDP (2009).@Annual Report.@National Spice Crop Development Program, Khumaltar, Lalitpur, Nepal.@No$MoAD (2015).@Statistical Information on Nepalese Agriculture 2013/14.@Ministry of Agricultural Development,@No$Singh Durbar Kathmandu. CBS (2011).@Population Monograph of Nepal 2010.@Central Bureau of Statistics, Kathmandu Nepal.@No
<#LINE#>Evaluation of Adopted Agro Forestry Models in Haridwar, India<#LINE#>Himshikha@. <#LINE#>11-16<#LINE#>2.ISCA-RJAFS-2016-030.pdf<#LINE#>Forest Extension Division, Forest Research Institute, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India<#LINE#>20/9/2016<#LINE#>30/9/2016<#LINE#>Cultivation of tree species with agricultural crops in different combinations is practiced by farmers around the world since ancient time. One of main aspects to analyze status of agro forestry in any region is to evaluate agro forestry models of that region. The main objective of this article is to produce a framework of adopted agro forestry models in Haridwar, India. A number of agricultural crop species like wheat and other crop species like sugarcane, Chari etc. were reported with tree species like Poplar, Eucalyptus, and Other/mixed tree species adopted by the farmers.  A total of 700 models were reported and studied in the sampled study area. Out of which 83.57% models (585) were poplar based, 12 % models (84) were eucalyptus based and rest 4.43 % (31) models were other/mixed tree species based. Poplar based tree-crop combinations were mostly planted by farmers. Poplar tree species was planted in 544.68 ha. (86.83%), Eucalyptus was planted in 57.72 ha. (9.20%) of land and other/mixed species were reported in 24.88 ha. (3.97%). It shows that Poplar is dominant tree species in agro forestry plantation (crop combination and land ratio wise). Most of the models (69.05%) were arranged in boundary, 25.96% in blocks and (4.99%) in scattered forms. Poplar based models are preferred in boundary patterns (70.61%), Eucalyptus based models are preferred in block patterns (63.09%) and Other /mixed tree species based models are preferred by farmers in Scattered forms (66.66%). A number of tree crop combinations were described under three major agro forestry model categories. It was also concluded that although different types of tree-crop combinations were reported in agroforestry models, the farmers purposely preferred those models which were suitable for domestic or commercial purpose therefore compromising between these two purposes. It is important to study each component of agro forestry appropriately while describing agro forestry models, tree-crop combinations, their adoption rate, plantation pattern, covered land, as well as percentage of adopters under such combinations.<#LINE#>Nair P.K.R. (1993).@Introduction to Agro forestry.@Kluwer Acadmic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands.@Yes$Bandopadhyay A.K. (2001).@A text book of agro forestry with applications.@Vikas publisher, India.@No$Nair P.K.R. (2007).@The coming of age of agroforestry.@J. Sci. Food Agric., 87, 1613-1619.@Yes$Tolunay A., Alkan H., Korkmaz M. and Fīlīzbīlgīn S. (2007).@Classification of traditional agroforestry practices in turkey.@International journal of Natural and Engineering science, 1(3), 41-48.@Yes$Chauhan S.K., Brar M.S. and Sharma R. (2012).@Performance of poplar (populus deltoides bartr.) and its effect on wheat yield under agro forestry system in irrigated agro-ecosystem, India.@Caspian J. Env. Sci., 10(1), 53-60.@Yes$Irshad M., Ashraf M. and Sher H. et. al. (2011).@Identifying factors affecting agro forestry systems in Swat, Pakistan.@African journal of agricultural research, 6(11), 2586-2593.@Yes$Singh V.S. and Pandey D.N. (2011).@Multi functional agroforestry systems in India: Science based policy options.@Climate Change and CDM Cell Rajasthan State Pollution Control Board, Jaipur, RSPCB Occasional Paper No. 4/2011.@Yes$Ungei P.K., Cheserek G.J., Arusei E.J., Chedotum K. and Mining P.J. (2013).@Socio-economic factors affecting farmers’ in Turbo division, Usain Gishu County, Kenya.@Journal of emerging trends in economics and management sciences, 4(1), 8-14.@Yes$Sood K.K., Najiar C. and Singh K.A. (2012).@Household level domestic fuel wood consumption, need hypothesis and agroforestry adoption: lesions from Eastern Himalaya.@Indian journal of agroforestry, 14(2), 67-72.@No$Abdrabo M.A. and Hassaan M.A. (2003).@From river catchment to the sea: comparative and integrated approach to the ecology of Mediterranean coastal zones for sustainable management (MEDCORE). A manual for socioeconomic study.@Centre for environment and development for the Arab region and Europe, Cadare.@No$Pandey K., Bargali S.S. and Kolhe S.S. (2011).@Adoption of technology by rural women in rice based agro ecosystem.@International Rice Research Notes, 36, 1-4.@Yes$Safa M.S. (2005).@Socio-economic factors affecting the income of small scale agroforestry farms in Hill Country areas in Yemen: A comparison of OLS and WLS determinant.@Small scale forest economics, management and policy, 4(1), 117-134.@Yes$Bisht I.S., Pandravada S.R., Rana J.C., Malik S.K., Singh A., Singh P.B., Ahmed F. and Bansal K.C. (2014).@Subsistence Farming, Agrobiodiversity, and Sustainable Agriculture: A Case Study\".@Agroecology and Sustainable Food Systems, 38(8), 890-912.@Yes$Molua E.L. (2005).@The economics of tropical agro forestry systems: the case of agro forestry farms in Cameroon.@Forest policy and economics, 7, 199-211.@Yes