@Research Paper
<#LINE#>Ability of Carissa edulis Guill. & Perr., 1832 to reproduce vegetatively by aerial layering in the high savannas of Guinea (Adamaoua, Cameroon)<#LINE#>APANA EWODO Joseph @Hervé,OUMAROU HAMAN @Zephirin,DANGAI @Youhana,HAMAYA @YOUGOUDA,BINWE @Jean-baptiste,MADI Ameti Damba @Rodrigue,WAMBITCHING Jean @Dedieu,MAPONGMETSEM Pierre @Marie <#LINE#>1-9<#LINE#>1.ISCA-RJAFS-2025-011.pdf<#LINE#>Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Ngaoundéré, P.O. Box 454 Ngaoundéré, Cameroon@Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Bamenda, P.0. Box 39 Bambili, Cameroon@Laboratory of Agroecology and Agricultural Sciences, Department of Plant Production, Higher Institute of Agriculture, Forestry, Water and Environment of University of Bertoua, P.O. Box 416 Bertoua, Cameroun@University of Maroua, Maroua Polytechnic School, P.O. Box 46 Maroua, Cameroon@Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Ngaoundéré, P.O. Box 454 Ngaoundéré, Cameroon@Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Ngaoundéré, P.O. Box 454 Ngaoundéré, Cameroon@Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Ngaoundéré, P.O. Box 454 Ngaoundéré, Cameroon@Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Ngaoundéré, P.O. Box 454 Ngaoundéré, Cameroon<#LINE#>7/8/2025<#LINE#>28/9/2025<#LINE#>The Sudano-Sahelian zone of Cameroon is rich in many species of high socio-economic value. Carissa edulis is one of the fruit species highly valued by local populations. Despite its importance in the farming community, it still grows in the wild. The objective of this study is to contribute to the domestication of this species by aerial layering. Two trials were conducted. The first aimed to test three substrates (black soil, sawdust, and a mixture of black soil and sawdust in equal proportions) on branches ranging in diameter from 0-1.5cm and 1.6-3cm. The experimental design used was a split-plot with three replicates. The substrate was the primary treatment and the diameter was the secondary treatment. The second trial focused on the influence of covering with aluminum foil and the orientation of the branches on the rooting of the layers. The experimental design used was a split-plot with three replicates. The first factor was covering and the second factor was branch orientation. The results showed 67% callogenesis with 53.33+13.66% rooting in black soil substrate, 73.33±16.32% in sawdust, and 75±18.40% in a mixture of black soil and decomposed sawdust. Diameter significantly influences the rooting of layering. This rooting rate ranges from 55.55+10.13% for the range 0-1.5cm to 78.88±17.63% for the range 1.6-3cm. Uncovered layering rooted at a rate of 73.33±8.16% compared to 93.33±8.16% for covered layering. East and west orientations of the layering resulted in rooting rates of 88.33±9.83% and 78.33±14.71%, respectively. During acclimatization, a survival rate of 99% and a recovery rate of 88% were observed. These results are important for the domestication process of this species of socioeconomic interest.<#LINE#>Mapongmetsem, P. M. & Laissou, M. (2010). Contribution to the domestication of native fruit trees in the Guinean-Sudanese savannah: influence of substrate and growth substances on the rooting of layering. Allada, Benin, 12p.@undefined@undefined@No$Chen, I. C., Hill, J. K., Ohlemuller, R.D.B. and Thomas C. D. (2011). Rapid range shift of species associated with levels of climate warming. Science, 333(6045), 1024-1026.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Orwa C., Mutua A., Kindt R., Jamnadass R. and Anthony S. (2009). Agroforestry Database:a tree reference and selection guide version 4.0.@undefined@undefined@No$Arbonnier, M. (2000). Trees, shrubs, and vines of the dry zones of West Africa. CIRAD- MNHN-IUCN, France, 541p.@undefined@undefined@No$Olou, B. A., Bio, A., Deleke, K. E. I. K., Djego, G. J. and Sinsin A. B. (2018). Ethnobotanical knowledge and utilization of two antihypertensive plants (Carissa edulis L. and Cravetaadansonii DC) in southern and central Benin (West Africa). International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences, 12(6), 2602-2614.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Mapongmetsem, (2025). Personal communication.@undefined@undefined@No$Ya@undefined@undefined@Yes$Nampewo, N. (2013). Saving Mabira Rainforest: Using Public Interest Litigation in Uganda toSave Mabira and Other Rainforests. Boston College. Environmental Affairs Law Review, 40(2), 523–553.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Meunier, Q., Bellefontaine R. and Monteuuis O. (2008). Vegetative propagation of medicinal trees and shrubs for the benefit of rural communities in Uganda. Woodand Tropical Forest, 295(2), 71-82.@undefined@undefined@No$Muok, B. O., Khumalo S. G., Tadesse W. and Alem S. (2011). Conservation and sustainable use of genetic resources of priority woody food species in sub-Saharan Africa, SAFORGEN. Sclerocaryabirrea African plum in: Bioversity International (Rome, Italy), 12 p.@undefined@undefined@No$Ouédraogo, A. A., Thiombiano, K. Hahn-Hadjali and Guinko, S. (2006). Diagnosis of the state of degradation of stands of four woody species in the Sudanian zone of Burkina Faso. Drougth, 17 (4), 485-91.@undefined@undefined@No$Bellefontaine R., Q. Meunier, A. Ichaou, and Le-Bouler, H. (2015-a). Low-cost vegetative propagation for the benefit of farmers and livestock breeders in tropical and Mediterranean areas. VertigO electronic journal of environmental sciences, Regards / Terrain, 2015, posted online on October 5, 2015.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Richard, A. and Léonard G. (1993). Gabon. Vanves, France, Edig/Edicef, 287 p.@undefined@undefined@No$Letouzey R. (1968). Phytogeographical study of Cameroon. Le Chevalier (Ed.), Paris, 551 p.@undefined@undefined@No$MINEPAT (2002). Adamaoua Province: regional master plan for land use and sustainable development. Helvetas Cameroon. 16p.@undefined@undefined@No$Mbete, P., Sachka, M., Bernard L., Chevelin, D. and Christophe, N. (2011). Trial of vegetative propagation of Colatier (Cola nitida) using the layering technique in Congo Brazzaville. Journal of Applied Biosciences, 37, 2485 – 2490.@undefined@undefined@No$Moupela, C., Doucet, J., Kasso, D., Meunier, Q. and Vermeulen, C. (2013). Trials of propagation by seed and aerial layering of Cola edulis Baill. and prospects for its domestication. Woodand Tropical Forest, 318(4), 3–4.@undefined@undefined@No$Zida, W. A., Bationo, B. A., Somé, A. N. and Bellefontaine, R. (2018). Vegetative propagation by cuttings and air layering of three agroforestry species in Burkina Faso. Vertig0, 18(2).@undefined@undefined@Yes$Fawa, G., Mapongmetsem, P.M. and Bellefontaine, R. (2023). Air layering of three agroforestry species in the Guinean savanah highlands of Adamaoua in Cameroon. Nature and Technology Journal, 15(2), 47-55. http://www.asip.cerist. dz/en/Articles/47.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Beyo, J.D., Baye-Niwah, C., Fawa, G. and Oumarou H. Z. (2023). Effect of Covering Mode and Substrate on the Rooting of Marcots of Anacardiumoccidentale L. in the Sahelian Zone (Maroua, Cameroon). Plant. 11(1), 21-26. doi: 10.11648/j.plant.2023 1 101.13.@undefined@undefined@Yes$LE Bouler H. and Meunier Q. (2012). Vegetative propagation of argan trees by grafting, suckers, and root segment cuttings. 379–388. In: Proceedings of the 1st International Argan Tree Congress, Agadir, December 15–17, 2011, INRAANDZOA Ed., Agadir, 516 p.@undefined@undefined@No$Paluku, A., Marcel, B., Albert, O., and Patrick, V.D. (2018). Vegetative propagation of Cola acuminata(Pal. de Beauv.) Schott &Endlicher by layering in Kisangani, Democratic Republic of Congo, International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences, 12(3): 1l141-1150, June 2018.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Mialoundama, P., Avana, M.L., Youmbi, E., Mapouya, P.C., Tchoundjeu, Z., Mbeuyo, M., Galamo G.R., Bell, J.M., Kopguep, F., Tsobeng, A.C. and Abega, J. (2002). Vegetative propagation of Dacryodesedulis (G.Don) H.J. Lam by marcots, cuttings, and micropropagation. Forests, Trees and Livelihoods, 1285-96.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Tchoundjeu, Z., Kengeu, J. and Leakey R.R.B. (2002). Domestication of Dacryodesedulis: State-of the-Art. Forests, Trees and Livelihoods, 12, 3-13. https://doi.org/10.1080/14728028.2002,9752407.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Kengue, J. and Tchio, F. (1994). Cuttings and layering trials of Safoutier (Dacryoidesedulis). In: Le Safoutier the African Pear, Kegu J, Nya Ngatchou J (eds). Proceedings of the Regional Seminar on the Valorization of Safoutier, Douala, 80–98p.@undefined@undefined@No$Burbach, C., Markus, K., Zhang, Y., Schlicht, M., and Baluska, F.(2012). Photophobic behavior of corn roots. Plant Signaling and Behavior, 7,  874–878.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Degrande, A., Facheux, C., Mfoumou, C., Mbile, P., Tchoundjeu, Z. and Asaah, E. (2006). Feasibility of farmer-managed vegetative propagation nurseries in Cameroon, Forests. Trees and Livelihoods, 16, 181-190.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Ofori, D.A., Asomaning, J.M., Peprah, T., Agyeman, V.K., Anjarwalla, P., Tchoundjeu, Z., Mowo, J.G. and Jamnadass, R. (2015). Addressing constraints in propagation of Allanblackia spp. through seed sectioning and air layering. Journal of Experimental Biology and Agricultural Sciences, 3(1), 89-96.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Hougnon, A. (2014). Community-based actions to benefit a threatened plant species: Case study of Bequaertiodendron oblanceolatum in Ewe-Adapklamey Remnant Forests in Benin. Rufford Foundation, Project Update: December 2014, 6 p., http:/www.rufford.org/files/14542 1%20Dec%20update.pdf@undefined@undefined@No$Raut, U.A., Jadhav, G.G., Bhogave, A.F. and Deshmukh, M.S. (2015). Effect of different IBA levels on airlayering of karonda (Carissa carandas L.). Research on Crops, 16, 3, pp. 537-541, DOI: 10.5958/2348-7542. 2015. 00076.5.@undefined@undefined@Yes
<#LINE#>Water absorption properties of Hollow Concrete Blocks incorporating Wood Sawdust as a partial replacement for Sand<#LINE#>Timitimi @P.E.,David-Sarogoro @N.,Chukunda @F.A.,Aleru @K.K. <#LINE#>10-16<#LINE#>2.ISCA-RJAFS-2025-013.pdf<#LINE#>Department of Forestry and Environment, Rivers State University, Nkpolu-Oroworukwo Port Harcourt, Nigeria@Department of Forestry and Environment, Rivers State University, Nkpolu-Oroworukwo Port Harcourt, Nigeria@Department of Forestry and Environment, Rivers State University, Nkpolu-Oroworukwo Port Harcourt, Nigeria@Department of Forestry and Environment, Rivers State University, Nkpolu-Oroworukwo Port Harcourt, Nigeria<#LINE#>8/9/2025<#LINE#>25/9/2025<#LINE#>This study investigated the water absorption properties of hollow concrete blocks incorporating wood sawdust as a partial replacement for sand at levels of 0%, 5%, 10%, and 15% across four mix ratios (cement: sand: water): 1:2:0.3, 1:1.5:0.4, 1:1:0.5, and 1:0.5:0.7. Blocks were produced using standard molds (150 × 225 × 450 mm) and cured for 28 days. Water absorption was measured after 24-hour and 48-hour immersion following modified ASTM C140 and BS 1881 protocols. Results showed significant variations (p < 0.05) with replacement levels and mix ratios. After 24 hours, absorption ranged from 0.60 ± 0.20% (1:2:0.3 mix at 5%) to 14.00 ± 1.40% (1:2:0.3 mix at 15%), with the 1:1:0.5 mix exhibiting the lowest overall values (1.10–6.20%). After 48 hours, absorption increased, ranging from 0.70 ± 0.50% (1:1.5:0.4 mix at 15%) to 24.60 ± 2.60% (1:2:0.3 mix at 15%), with most mixes at 5% replacement staying below 4%. ANOVA and Duncan's Multiple Range Test confirmed that low sawdust levels (≤5%) generally reduced absorption due to improved matrix densification, while higher levels increased porosity. Findings suggest optimal sawdust incorporation at 5–10% for sustainable, durable blocks in low-moisture applications, balancing waste valorization with performance.<#LINE#>Nwiisuator, D., Emerhi, E.A., Ariwaodo, J.O. &Aleru, K. (2011).@Wood waste generation andlumber conversion efficiency of selected sawmills in Port Harcourt, Nigeria.@Acta Agronomica Nigeriana, 11(1&2), 8-14.@Yes$Eludoyin, O. S, Oladele, A. T., & Iyanda O.M. (2015).@Mapping and assessment of Etho- medical trees on built up areas university of Port Harcourt, Nigeria.@South East Eur.For., 6(1), 129-140.@Yes$Adedeji, G. A., Aiyeloja, A. A., & Nwosu, U. J. (2016).@Ergonomic evaluation and labour inspection in cluster-sawmill in Port Harcourt, Nigeria.@Pro Ligno, 12(2), 38-50.@Yes$Adhikari, S. & Ozarska, B. (2018).@Minimizing environmental impacts of timber products through the production process “From Sawmill to Final Products”.@Environmental Systems Research, 7(1), 6.@Yes$Udokpoh, U. & Nnaji, C. (2023).@Reuse of sawdust in developing countries in the light of sustainable development goals.@Recent Progress in Materials, 5(1), 1-33.@Yes$Agyemang, E., Ofori-Dua, K., Dwumah, P., &Forkuor, J. B. (2024).@Towards responsible resource utilization: A review of sustainable vs. unsustainable reuse of wood waste.@PloS one, 19(12), e0312527.@Yes$Obianyo, I. I. (2020).@Valorization of agro-waste for mechanical properties’ improvement of lateritic soil for sustainable construction (Doctoral dissertation).@African University of Science and Technology, Abuja, Nigeria.@Yes$Olaiya, B.C., Lawan, M.M., & Olonade, K.A. (2023).@Utilization of sawdust composites in construction—a review.@SN Applied Sciences, 5(140).Raheem, A. A., Oriola, K. O., & Ismail, A. (2015).@Yes$concrete as a potential construction material.@LAUTECH Journal of Engineering and Technology, 9(2), 102-111.@undefined@Yes$Robert, U. W., Etuk, S. E., Agbasi, O. E., & Ambrose, P. D. (2024).@Development of lightweight sawdust-based composite panels for building purposes.@International Journal of Lightweight Materials and Manufacture, 7(5), 631-640.@Yes$Alwan N.T., Tarish A.L., Yaqoob S.J., Bajaj M. and Zaitsev I. (2025).@Enhancing energy efficiency in buildings using sawdust-based insulation in hot arid climates.@Scientific Reports, 15(1), 8349.@Yes$Ferede, E. (2020).@Evaluation of mechanical and water absorption properties of alkaline-treated sawdust-reinforced polypropylene composite.@Journal of Engineering, Article 3706176. https://doi.org/10.1155/ 2020/3706176@Yes$Sala, C. M., Robles, E., Gumowska, A., Wronka, A., and Kowaluk, G. (2020).@Influence of moisture content on the mechanical properties of selected wood-based composites.@BioRes., 15(3), 5503-5513.@Yes$El Hamri, A., Mouhib, Y., Ourmiche, A., Chigr, M., & El Mansouri, N. E. (2024).@Study of the effect of cedar sawdust content on physical and mechanical properties of cement boards.@Molecules, 29(18), 4399. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29184399@Yes$Cheng, Y., Liu, J., Wang, W., Jin, L., & Yan, S. (2024). Preparation and property study of sawdust-modified cement mortar. Frontiers in Materials, 11, 1457167. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmats.2024.1457167@undefined@undefined@Yes$Fadele, O. A., & Ata, O. (2018).@Water absorption properties of sawdust lignin stabilised compressed laterite bricks.@Case Studies in Construction Materials, 9, e00187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2018.e00187@Yes$Adenaiya, O. A., Ugochukwu, R. U., & Oyewole, A. M. (2020).@Experimental research of saw dust as partial replacement for fine aggregate in production of sandcrete hollow blocks in Nigeria.@International Journal of Research in Engineering and Science, 8(7), 1–7.@No$Shantveerayya, K., Kumar, C. L. M., Shwetha, K. G., Jima, F., &Fufa, K. (2022).@Performance evaluation of hollow concrete blocks made with sawdust replacement of sand: Case study of Adama, Ethiopia.@International Journal of Engineering, Transactions C: Aspects, 35(6), 1119–1126. https://doi.org/10.5829/ije.2022.35.06c.03@Yes$David-Sarogoro, N. (2019).@Combustion potentials of briquettes produce sawdust: alternative energy source.@Global Scientific, 7(11), 770-786.@Yes$The Tide (2017).@Timber dealers seek support on sawdust use. The Tide Newspaper Corporation.@https://www.thetidenewsonline.com/2017/04/05/timber-dealers-seek-support-on-sawdust-use/@No$Larinde, S.L., Erakhrumen, A.A. & Ojoh, D. (2018).@Utilisation of wood residues from a cluster of sawmills at illabuchi by inhabitants of some adjoining communities in Port Harcourt, Nigeria.@Journal of Research in Forestry, Wildlife & Environment, 10(4),V118-125.@Yes$Ugwoha, E., Momoh, Y., & Arusuraire, F.E. (2016).@Assessment of noise pollution in selected sawmills in Port Harcourt.@International Journal of Engineering Research and Application, 6(11), 20-25.@Yes$Akankali, J. A., Davies, I. C.  & Blessing, D. I.  (2022).@Assessment of Sawmill and other Associated Wastes on the Water Quality of Ilo-abuchi Creek, Rivers State, Niger Delta.@Asian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Research, 17(4), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.9734/ajfar/2022/v17i430406@Yes$Aiyeloja, A.A, Oladele, A.T. & Furo, S.B. (2013).@Sustaining livelihood through sawn wood marketing in Port Harcourt, Nigeria.@International Journal of Science and Nature, 4(1), 84-89.@Yes$Ravindrarajah, R. S., Carroll, C., & Appleyard, N. (2001).@Development of sawdust concrete for block making.@Centre for Infrastructure Research, University of Technology, Sydney, Australia, 23.@Yes$Neville, A. M., & Brooks, J. J. (2010).@Concrete technology.@Prentice Hall.@No$Adinkrah-Appiah, K., Assiamah, S. & Agyeman, S. (2025).@Effect of partial replacement of sawdust with sand on the properties of sandcrete blocks for sustainable non-load bearing walls in Ghana.@Discover Civil Engineering 2, 95. https://doi.org/10.1007/s44290-025-00246-4@Yes$Ekhuemelo, D. O., Ademu, O., & Tembe, E. T. (2016).@Physical and strength properties of bricks produced from Portland cement and sawdust of Danielia oliverii wood.@Pro Ligno, 12(4), 53-60. https://www.researchgate.net/ publication/312218200@Yes$Neville, A. M. (2011).@Properties of Concrete (5th ed.).@Pearson Education. 872 pages@Yes$Mwango, A. and Kambole, C. (2019).@Engineering characteristics and potential increased utilisation of sawdust composites in construction—A review.@Journal of Building Construction and Planning Research, 7, 59-88. doi: 10.4236/jbcpr.2019.73005@Yes$Alabduljabbar, H., Benjeddou, O., Soussi, C., Khadimallah, M. A., & Alyousef, R. (2021).@Effects of incorporating wood sawdust on the firing program and the physical and mechanical properties of fired clay bricks.@Journal of Building Engineering, 35, Article 102106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2020.102106@Yes$Aigbomian, P.E. & Fan, M. (2013).@Development of Wood-Crete from Hardwood and Softwood Sawdust.@The Open Construction and Building Technology Journal, 7, 108117. https://doi.org/ 10.2174/187483 6801307010108@Yes$Turgut, P. and Algin, H.M. (2007).@Limestone dust and wood sawdust as brick material.@Building and Environment Journal, 42(9) 3399-3403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2006.08.012@Yes$Bdeir, L. M. H. (2012).@Study Some Mechanical Properties of Mortar with Sawdust as a Partially Replacement.@Anbar Journal for Engineering Sciences, 5, (1), 22-30.@Yes$Folagbade, S.O. (2018).@Effect of sawdust ash on the compressive strength and sorptivity of laterised concrete.@Civil and Environmental Research,10(10), 5-14@Yes$Udin, S. N. B. M. (2017).@Mechanical properties of concrete containing sawdust as partial sand replacement (Doctoral Dissertation, Universiti Malaysia Pahang).@@Yes$Ekhuemelo, D., Alfa, V., & Tembe, E. (2020).@Optimization of hollow blocks production from sawdust waste from Khaya senegalensis (Desr.) A. Juss. and Anogeissusleiocarpus (DC.) Guill. & Perr., as partial replacement for sand.@Plants and Environment, 2, 63–68. https://doi.org/10.22271/2582-3744.2020.jun.63@Yes$Ubachukwu, O. A., Ubi, S. E., Esochaghi, K. P., &Nwokoukwu, K. B. (2022).@Properties of eco-friendly concrete produced by partial replacement of sand with sawdust with emphasis on water-cement ratio.@Nigerian Journal of Technology (NIJOTECH), 41(1), 26–31. https://doi.org/10.4314/njt.v41i1.4@Yes$Ekhuemelo, D., Tembe, E., & Versue, A. (2017).@Some aspects of physical and mechanical properties of hollow blocks produced from hot water treated sawdust.@Sustainability, Agri, Food and Environmental Research, 5(4). https://doi.org/10.7770/safer-V5N4-art1304@Yes
@Review Paper
<#LINE#>Applications of drone technology in the agricultural industry worldwide and in Africa: bibliographic review<#LINE#>Léandre Mathias @Vissoh,Jules Anicet Sagnon @Yamonche,Alain Comlan Nicaise @Adomou <#LINE#>17-29<#LINE#>3.ISCA-RJAFS-2025-010.pdf<#LINE#>Laboratoire des Procédés et Innovations Technologiques de Lokossa, INSTI/UNSTIM, Bénin@Laboratoire des Procédés et Innovations Technologiques de Lokossa, INSTI/UNSTIM, Bénin@Laboratoire des Procédés et Innovations Technologiques de Lokossa, INSTI/UNSTIM, Bénin<#LINE#>10/7/2025<#LINE#>13/9/2025<#LINE#>With technological and technical developments, research on drones is intensifying more, and practical applications in many fields of human activity, especially in agriculture, have become more extensive. Currently, drone technology has matured, and drones are creating a new industrial revolution. It is estimated that the financial gains from the use of drones or UAVs (Unmanned Aerial Vehicles) in the agricultural sector will reach billions of dollars in the coming years. But the African continent is struggling to integrate into this process to take its share of this economic windfall that is developing. As farmers in the Global South struggle to adapt to climate change and other challenges, drones are expected to help all agricultural businesses and improve their efficiency and productivity. The objective of this work is to present the technology of drones on architectural, structural and conceptual level applied to sustainable and efficient agriculture and to emphasize the advantages of their uses in Africa and Benin. Also, operating principles coupled with a functional study of the technology of these unmanned vehicles are developed. Different applications of UAVs in the agricultural industry and their limitations are exposed. This work is part of a view to designing, sizing and producing drones for agricultural use within the limits of aviation safety and security regulations in Benin.<#LINE#>Javad, S., Elaheh, T., Pedram R. and Mostafa H, (2020).@A Comprehensive Review of Applications of Drone Technology in the Mining Industry.@Drones; 4, 34; doi :10.3390/drones4030034. www.mdpi.com/journal/drones.@Yes$Kazuki S., Salif D. and Ibnou D. (2015).@On-farm testing of a nutrient management decision-support tool for rice in the Senegal River valley.@Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 116(5), 36-44.@Yes$Pasquale, D., De Vito, L., Glielmo, L., Picariello, F. and Giuseppe S. (2018).@A review on the use of drones for precision agriculture.@IOP Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science, 275(1), 012022, https://iopscience.iop.org/article, doi:10.1088/1755-1315/275/1/012022.@Yes$Ahirwar, S., Swarnkar, R., Bhukya, S. and Namwade, G.  (2019).@Application of Drone in Agriculture.@International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 8(01), 2500-2505.@Yes$Labreuche, J., François, L. and Jean Roger, E. (2014).@Faut-il travailler le sol? Acquis et innovations pour une agriculture durable.@Référence e-Book [e-Pub] : 02463EPB, Éditions Quae, pp. 1-192.ISBN :978-2-7592-2193-6@Yes$Dimosthenis, C. T., Stamatia, B. and Panagiotis, G. S. (2019).@A Review on UAV-Based Applications for Precision Agriculture.@10(11), 349 https://doi.org/10. 3390/info10110349.@Yes$Bartosz, B., Daponte, P., De Vito, L. and Lamonaca, F. (2018).@A remote-controlled platform for UAS testing.@IEEE Aerospace and Electronic Systems Magazine, 33(8). 48-56, doi :10.1109/MAES.2018.170176.@Yes$Daponte, P., Luca, D. V., Glielmo, L., Luigi Iannelli, Davide L., Francesco P. and Silano, G. (2019).@A review on the use of drones for precision agriculture.@PIOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci. 275 012022 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/275/1/012022.@Yes$Boris, B., Damien, P., Chinnapat, T. and Jean-Marc M. (2007).@Fixed-Wing Micro Air Vehicles with Hovering Capabilities”.@Platform Innovations and system integration for Unmanned Air, Land and Sea Vehicles. AVT-SCI Joint Symposium Meeting Proceedings RTO-MP-AVT-146 Paper 38, 1 – 16.@Yes$Kardasz, P., Doskocz, J., Hejduk, M., Wiejkut, P and Zarzycki H. (2016).@Drones and Possibilities of their Using.@J Civil Environ Eng, 6, 233. doi:10.4172/2165-784X.1000233.@Yes$Amoussou, K. (2018).@Commande d’un système sous actionné par apprentissage machine: cas d’un quadrirotor UAC-EPAC Abomey Calavi.@@No$Luthffi, I. I., Thibault, V., Dambre, J. and Francis W. (2019).@Leveraging Robotics Research for Children with Autism: A Review.@International Journal of Social Robotics, 11(7). DOI:10.1007/s12369-018-0508-1.@Yes$Bacco, M., Ferro, E and Gotta, A. (2014).@UAVs in WSNs for agricultural applications: An analysis of the two-ray radio propagation model.@IEEE SENSORS, 130 – 133. DOI: 10.1109/ICSENS.2014.6984950.@Yes$Christian Dupaty (2018).@Mini drones Quadra et Hexa Comment fonctionnent-t-ils?.@Bordeaux.@No$Mondal, Sabyasachi & Williamson, Alex & Xu, Zhengjia & Tsourdos, Antonios (2019).@Autonomous Architecture for UAV-based Agricultural Survey.@10.2514/6.2020-2298.https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2020-2298.@Yes$Singhal, G., Bansod, B. and Mathew, L. (2018),@Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Classification, Applications and Challenges: A Review.@Preprints 2018110601 doi: 10.20944/preprints201811. 0601.v1.@Yes$Kimon, P. V., George, J. V. (2015).@Handbook of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles.@Springer Netherlands; ISBN : 978-90-481-9706-4 978-90-481-9707-1.@No$Quan, Q. (2017).@Introduction to Multicopter Design and Control.@Springer.@No$Bhandari, S., Raheja, A., Chaichi, M. R., Green, R. L., Do, D.  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