Evaluation of Physico-chemical Characteristics of Drinking Water Supply in Kathmandu, Nepal

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Evaluation of Physico-chemical Characteristics of Drinking Water Supply in Kathmandu, Nepal

Tamrakar Chirika Shova

Author Affiliations

¹ Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Padma Kanya Multiple Campus, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, NEPAL

Res.J.chem.sci., Volume 4, Issue (4), Pages 33-36, April,18 (2014)

Abstract

In order to understand the quality of drinking water supply in Kathmandu metropolitan city, physico-chemical characteristics were studied and analyzed. Various physico-chemical parameters, such as turbidity, water temperature, pH, conductivity, total alkalinity, total hardness, calcium, magnesium, chloride, iron and total ammonia were studied and compared with National Drinking Water Quality Standard (NDWQS) of Nepal and WHO water quality guidelines. The results revealed that most of the parameters were in normal range and indicated suitability for drinking purposes.

References

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World Health Organization, Guidelines for drinking water quality, 3rd Edn., WHO, Geneva, (2006)
International Center for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD), Kathmandu Valley Environmental Outlook, Kathmandu, Nepal (2007)
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Katiwada N.R., Takizawa S., Tran T.V.N. and Inoue M., Groundwater contamination assessment for sustainable water supply in Kathmandu valley, Nepal, Water Sci. Tech., 46, 147-154 (2002)
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Wetzel R.G. and Likens G.E., Limnology Analyses, Springer-Verlag, New York (1991)
Manivasakam N., Physicochemical Examination of Water, Sewage and Industrial Effluents, 2nd edn., Pragati Prakashan (2000)
Fulvio D.E. and Olori L., In: Hardness of Drinking Water and Public Health, Pergamon Publication, New York (1965)
McCarthy M.F., Should we restrict chloride rather than sodium? Med Hypotheses, 63, 138-148 (2004)
Purohit S.S. and Saxena M.M., In: Water life and pollution, Agro Botanical Publication, New Delhi (1990)
Trivedy R.K. and Goel P.K., Chemical and Biological Methods for Water Pollution Studies, Environmental Publications, Oriental Printing Press, Aligarh (1986)
Versari A., Parpinello G.P. and Galassi S., Chemometric survey of Italian bottled mineral waters by means of their labelled physico-chemical and chemical composition, J. Food Compos. Anal., 15, 251-264 (2002)
Pandey V.P., Chapagain S.K. and Kazama F. Evaluation of groundwater environment of Kathmandu Valley. Environ. Earth Sci., 60, 1329-1342 (2010)

[ref1] Ikem A., Odueyungbo S. and Egiebor Nyavor N.O.K., Chemical Quality of Bottled Waters from Three Cities in Eastern Alabama, Sci. Total Environ, 285, 165-175 (2002)

[ref2] World Health Organization, Guidelines for drinking water quality, 3rd Edn., WHO, Geneva, (2006)

[ref3] International Center for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD), Kathmandu Valley Environmental Outlook, Kathmandu, Nepal (2007)

[ref4] WHO, Guidelines for drinking-water quality, 3rd ed. WHO, Geneva, Switzerland, (2004)

[ref5] Standard methods for examination of waters and waste waters, 16th ed., APHA, AWWA and WPCF Inc. New York (1985)

[ref6] Katiwada N.R., Takizawa S., Tran T.V.N. and Inoue M., Groundwater contamination assessment for sustainable water supply in Kathmandu valley, Nepal, Water Sci. Tech., 46, 147-154 (2002)

[ref7] Kumar A., Gupta H.P. and Singh D.K., 1996. Impact of sewage pollution on chemistry and primary productivity of two fresh water bodies in Santal Paragana (Bihar), India, J. Ecol., 23, 82-86 (1996)

[ref8] Parihar S.S., Kumar A., Kumar A., Gupta R.N., Pathak M., Shrivastav A. and Pandey A.C., Physico-Chemical and Microbiological Analysis of Underground Water in and Around Gwalior City, MP, India, Res. J. Recent Sci., 1, 62-65, (2012)

[ref9] Wetzel R.G., Limology, W.B., Saunders Co., Philadelphia, USA, 743 (1975)

[ref10] Wetzel R.G. and Likens G.E., Limnology Analyses, Springer-Verlag, New York (1991)

[ref11] Manivasakam N., Physicochemical Examination of Water, Sewage and Industrial Effluents, 2nd edn., Pragati Prakashan (2000)

[ref12] Fulvio D.E. and Olori L., In: Hardness of Drinking Water and Public Health, Pergamon Publication, New York (1965)

[ref13] McCarthy M.F., Should we restrict chloride rather than sodium? Med Hypotheses, 63, 138-148 (2004)

[ref14] Purohit S.S. and Saxena M.M., In: Water life and pollution, Agro Botanical Publication, New Delhi (1990)

[ref15] Trivedy R.K. and Goel P.K., Chemical and Biological Methods for Water Pollution Studies, Environmental Publications, Oriental Printing Press, Aligarh (1986)

[ref16] Versari A., Parpinello G.P. and Galassi S., Chemometric survey of Italian bottled mineral waters by means of their labelled physico-chemical and chemical composition, J. Food Compos. Anal., 15, 251-264 (2002)

[ref17] Pandey V.P., Chapagain S.K. and Kazama F. Evaluation of groundwater environment of Kathmandu Valley. Environ. Earth Sci., 60, 1329-1342 (2010)